The energetics of human walking: Is Froude number (Fr) useful for metabolic comparisons?

Gait and Posture

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 209-215

  Kramer, Patricia Ann ^a   Sarton Miller, Isabelle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Energy; LiMb; Locomotion; VO2

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENERGY TRANSFER; FEMALE; GAIT; HUMAN; KINEMATICS; LEG LENGTH; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; VELOCITY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; BIOMECHANICS; CHILD; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEG; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; WALKING;

EID: 38049022430     PISSN: 09666362     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.03.009     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Zuntz N., and Geppert G. Ueber die Natur der normalen Athemreize und den Ort ihrer Wirkung. Eur J Appl Physiol 38 (1886) 337-338
2. Taylor C.R., Heglund N.C., and Maloiy G.M. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 97 (1982) 1-21
3. Froget G., Butler P.J., Woakes A.J., et al. Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). J Exp Biol 207 Pt 22 (2004) 3917-3926
4. Nakatsukasa M., Ogihara N., Hamada Y., et al. Energetic costs of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol 124 3 (2004) 248-256
5. Griffin T.M., Kram R., Wickler S.J., and Hoyt D.F. Biomechanical and energetic determinants of the walk-trot transition in horses. J Exp Biol 207 Pt 24 (2004) 4215-4223
6. Taylor C.R. Relating the mechanics and energetics during exercise. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 38A (1994) 181-215
7. Roberts T.J., Kram R., Weyand P.G., and Taylor C.R. Energetics of bipedal running. I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J Exp Biol 201 Pt 19 (1998) 2745-2751
8. Taylor C.R., Schmidt-Nielsen K., and Raab J.L. Scaling of energetic cost of running to body size in mammals. Am J Physiol 219 4 (1970) 1104-1107
9. Pandolf K.B., Givoni B., and Goldman R.F. Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly. J Appl Physiol 43 4 (1977) 577-581
10. Bennett A.F., and John-Alder H.B. The effect of body temperature on the locomotory energetics of lizards. J Comp Physiol [B] 155 1 (1984) 21-27
11. Waters R.L., Lunsford B.R., Perry J., and Byrd R. Energy-speed relationship of walking: standard tables. J Orthop Res 6 2 (1988) 215-222
12. Steudel-Numbers K.L., and Tilkens M.J. The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: implications for fossil hominins. J Hum Evol 47 1-2 (2004) 95-109
13. Saibene F., and Minetti A.E. Biomechanical and physiological aspects of legged locomotion in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 88 4-5 (2003) 297-316
14. Thompson D. On growth and form (1917), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
15. Alexander R.M., and Jayes A.S. A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J Zool Lond 201 (1983) 135-152
16. Alexander R.M. Stride length and speed for adults, children, and fossil hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 63 1 (1984) 23-27
17. Bullimore S.R., and Burn J.F. Distorting limb design for dynamically similar locomotion. Proc Biol Sci 271 1536 (2004) 285-289
18. Alexander R.M. Elastic mechanisms in animal movement (1988), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
19. Bullimore S.R., and Burn J.F. Dynamically similar locomotion in horses. J Exp Biol 209 Pt 3 (2006) 455-465
20. Vaughan C.L., and O'Malley M.J. Froude and the contribution of naval architecture to our understanding of bipedal locomotion. Gait Posture 21 3 (2005) 350-362
21. Minetti A.E., Saibene F., Ardigo L.P., Atchou G., Schena F., and Ferretti G. Pygmy locomotion. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 68 4 (1994) 285-290
22. Minetti A.E., Ardigo L.P., Saibene F., Ferrero S., and Sartorio A. Mechanical and metabolic profile of locomotion in adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 142 1 (2000) 35-41
23. DeJaeger D., Willems P.A., and Heglund N.C. The energy cost of walking in children. Pflugers Arch 441 4 (2001) 538-543
24. Pontzer H. A new model predicting locomotor cost from limb length via force production. J Exp Biol 208 Pt 8 (2005) 1513-1524
25. Kram R., and Taylor C.R. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346 6281 (1990) 265-267
26. Frisancho A. Anthropometric standards for the assessment of growth and nutritional status (1990), The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
27. Sarton-Miller I. Non-invasive assessment of energy expenditure in children. Am J Hum Biol 18 5 (2006) 600-609
28. Hof A.L., and Zijlstra W. Comment on "normalization of temporal-distance parameters in pediatric gait". J Biomech 30 3 (1997) 299, 301-292
29. Steiger J.H. Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychol Bull 87 (1980) 245-251
30. Kronmal R. Spurious correlation and the fallacy of the ratio standard revisited. J Roy Stat Soc Ser A 156 (1993) 379-392
31. Weber C.L., Chia M., and Inbar O. Gender differences in anaerobic power of the arms and legs-a scaling issue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38 1 (2006) 129-137
32. Schwartz M.H., Koop S.E., Bourke J.L., and Baker R. A nondimensional normalization scheme for oxygen utilization data. Gait Posture 24 1 (2006) 14-22
33. Steudel-Numbers K.L., and Weaver T. Froude number corrections in anthropological studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 131 (2006) 27-32
34. Schepens B., Willems P.A., and Cavagna G.A. The mechanics of running in children. J Physiol 509 Pt 3 (1998) 927-940
35. Poehlman E.T., and Toth M.J. Mathematical ratios lead to spurious conclusions regarding age- and sex-related differences in resting metabolic rate. Am J Clin Nutr 61 3 (1995) 482-485
36. 2 max in children: problems with the use of "per body mass" standardization procedures. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 24 (1997) 203
37. Sutherland D. Editorial: dimensionless gait measurements and gait maturity. Gait Posture 4 (1996) 209-211
38. Alexander R.M., and Maloiy G. Locomotion of African mammals. Symp Zool Soc Lond 61 (1989) 163-180
39. Biewener A.A. Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245 4913 (1989) 45-48
40. Biewener A.A. Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion. Science 250 4984 (1990) 1097-1103
41. Farley C.T., and McMahon T.A. Energetics of walking and running: insights from simulated reduced-gravity experiments. J Appl Physiol 73 6 (1992) 2709-2712
42. Donelan J.M., and Kram R. The effect of reduced gravity on the kinematics of human walking: a test of the dynamic similarity hypothesis for locomotion. J Exp Biol 200 Pt 24 (1997) 3193-3201
43. Gottschall J.S., and Kram R. Energy cost and muscular activity required for leg swing during walking. J Appl Physiol 99 1 (2005) 23-30
44. Marsh R.L., Ellerby D.J., Carr J.A., Henry H.T., and Buchanan C.I. Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: swinging the limbs is expensive. Science 303 5654 (2004) 80-83
45. Burdett R.G., Skrinar G.S., and Simon S.R. Comparison of mechanical work and metabolic energy consumption during normal gait. J Orthop Res 1 1 (1983) 63-72
46. Griffin T.M., Roberts T.J., and Kram R. Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J Appl Physiol 95 1 (2003) 172-183