Muscular force or work: What determines the metabolic energy cost of running?

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 138-142

  Kram, Rodger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Economy; Energetics; Locomotion

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RUNNING; SKELETAL MUSCLE; WEIGHT BEARING;

BIOMECHANICS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; RUNNING; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 0034220528     PISSN: 00916331     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. Alexander, R.M., A.S. Jays, G.M.O. Maloiy, and E.M. Wathutu. Allometry of the leg muscles of mammals. J. Zool. (Lond.) 194:539-552, 1981.
2. Biewener, A.A. Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245:45-48, 1989.
3. Carrier, D.R., C.S. Gregersen, and N.A. Silverton. Dynamic gearing in running dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 201:3185-3195, 1998.
4. Chang, Y.H., and R. Kram. Metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces in running. J. Appl. Physiol. 86:1657-1662, 1999.
5. Farley, C.T., and T.A. McMahon. Energetics of walking and running: insights from simulated reduced-gravity experiments. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:2709-2712, 1992.
6. Heglund, N.C., M.A. Fedak, C.R. Taylor, and G.A. Cavagna. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97:57-66, 1982.
7. Kram, R., and C.R. Taylor. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346:265-267, 1990.
8. Lejeune, T.M., P.A. Willems, and N.C. Heglund. Mechanics and energetics of human locomotion in sand. J. Exp. Biol. 201:2071-2080, 1998.
9. Minetti, A.E., L.P. Ardigo, and F. Saibene. Mechanical determinants of the minimum energy cost of gradient running in humans. J. Exp. Biol. 195:211-25, 1994.
10. Rall, J.A. Energetic aspects of skeletal muscle contraction: implications of fiber types. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 13:33-74, 1985.
11. Roberts, T.J., M.S. Chen, and C.R. Taylor. Energetics of bipedal running. Ii. Limb design and running mechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 201:2753-2762, 1998.
12. Roberts, T.J., R. Kram, P.O. Weyand, and C.R. Taylor. Energetics of bipedal running I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J. Exp. Biol. 201:2745-2751, 1998.
13. Roberts, T.J., R.L. Marsh, P.O. Weyand, and C.R. Taylor. Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 275:1113-1115, 1997.
14. Rome, L.C. Scaling of muscle fibres and locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 168:243-252, 1992.
15. Taylor, C.R., N.C. Heglund, T.A. McMahon, and T.R. Looney. Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: a comparison of small and large animals. J. Exp. Biol. 86:9-18, 1980.