Detection technologies for Bacillus anthracis: Prospects and challenges

Journal of Microbiological Methods

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-10

  Rao, Shilpakala Sainath ^a   Mohan, Ketha V K ^a   Atreya, Chintamani D ^a  

^a CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Aptamers; Bacillus anthracis; Biological agents; Biological warfare agents; Detection

Indexed keywords

APTAMER; RNA 16S; RNA 23S;

ANTHRAX; ANTIGEN DETECTION; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACILLUS CEREUS; BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; BACTERIAL SPORE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BIOSENSOR; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION; PHAGE DISPLAY; POINT OF CARE TESTING; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; STRAIN DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; ANTHRAX; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES; HUMANS;

ANIMALIA; BACILLUS (BACTERIUM); BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); POSIBACTERIA;

EID: 77953540046     PISSN: 01677012     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.005     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Acharya G., Doorneweerd D.D., Chang C.L., Henne W.A., Low P.S., Savran C.A. Label-free optical detection of anthrax-causing spores. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129:732-733.
2. Adone R., Pasquali P., La R.G., Marianelli C., Muscillo M., Fasanella A., Francia M., Ciuchini F. Sequence analysis of the genes encoding for the major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis vaccine strain 'Carbosap'. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 93:117-121.
3. Aguilar Z.P., Sirisena M. Development of automated amperometric detection of antibodies against Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389:507-515.
4. Andersen G.L., Simchock J.M., Wilson K.H. Identification of a region of genetic variability among Bacillus anthracis strains and related species. J. Bacteriol. 1996, 178:377-384.
5. Antwerpen M.H., Schellhase M., Ehrentreich-Forster E., Bier F., Witte W., Nubel U. DNA microarray for detection of antibiotic resistance determinants in Bacillus anthracis and closely related Bacillus cereus. Mol. Cell. Probes 2007, 21:152-160.
6. Antwerpen M.H., Zimmermann P., Bewley K., Frangoulidis D., Meyer H. Real-time PCR system targeting a chromosomal marker specific for Bacillus anthracis. Mol. Cell. Probes 2008, 22:313-315.
7. Ash C., Collins M.D. Comparative analysis of 23S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Bacillus anthracis and emetic Bacillus cereus determined by PCR-direct sequencing. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1992, 73:75-80.
8. Ash C., Farrow J.A., Dorsch M., Stackebrandt E., Collins M.D. Comparative analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and related species on the basis of reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1991, 41:343-346.
9. Barth H., Aktories K., Popoff M.R., Stiles B.G. Binary bacterial toxins: biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2004, 68:373-402. table.
10. Belgrader P., Elkin C.J., Brown S.B., Nasarabadi S.N., Langlois R.G., Milanovich F.P., Colston B.W., Marshall G.D. A reusable flow-through polymerase chain reaction instrument for the continuous monitoring of infectious biological agents. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75:3446-3450.
11. Bell C.A., Uhl J.R., Hadfield T.L., David J.C., Meyer R.F., Smith T.F., Cockerill F.R. Detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA by LightCycler PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40:2897-2902.
12. Blackwood K.S., Turenne C.Y., Harmsen D., Kabani A.M. Reassessment of sequence-based targets for identification of bacillus species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:1626-1630.
13. Bode E., Hurtle W., Norwood D. Real-time PCR assay for a unique chromosomal sequence of Bacillus anthracis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:5825-5831.
14. Bourque S.N., Valero J.R., Lavoie M.C., Levesque R.C. Comparative analysis of the 16S to 23S ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences of Bacillus thuringiensis strains and subspecies and of closely related species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61:2811.
15. Bourque S.N., Valero J.R., Lavoie M.C., Levesque R.C. Comparative analysis of the 16S to 23S ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences of Bacillus thuringiensis strains and subspecies and of closely related species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61:1623-1626.
16. Boyer A.E., Quinn C.P., Woolfitt A.R., Pirkle J.L., McWilliams L.G., Stamey K.L., Bagarozzi D.A., Hart J.C., Barr J.R. Detection and quantification of anthrax lethal factor in serum by mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79:8463-8470.
17. Brigati J., Williams D.D., Sorokulova I.B., Nanduri V., Chen I.H., Turnbough C.L., Petrenko V.A. Diagnostic probes for Bacillus anthracis spores selected from a landscape phage library. Clin. Chem. 2004, 50:1899-1906.
18. Bruno J.G., Kiel J.L. In vitro selection of DNA aptamers to anthrax spores with electrochemiluminescence detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999, 14:457-464.
19. Bruno J.G., Kiel J.L. In vitro selection of DNA aptamers to anthrax spores with electrochemiluminescence detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999, 14:457-464.
20. Cable M.L., Kirby J.P., Sorasaenee K., Gray H.B., Ponce A. Bacterial spore detection by [Tb3+(macrocycle)(dipicolinate)] luminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129:1474-1475.
21. Callahan C., Castanha E.R., Fox K.F., Fox A. The Bacillus cereus containing sub-branch most closely related to Bacillus anthracis, have single amino acid substitutions in small acid-soluble proteins, while remaining sub-branches are more variable. Mol. Cell. Probes 2008, 22:207-211.
22. Callahan C., Fox K., Fox A. The small acid soluble proteins (SASP alpha and SASP beta) of Bacillus weihenstephanensis and Bacillus mycoides group 2 are the most distinct among the Bacillus cereus group. Mol. Cell. Probes 2009, 23:291-297.
23. Campbell G.A., Mutharasan R. Detection of Bacillus anthracis spores and a model protein using PEMC sensors in a flow cell at 1mL/min. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 22:78-85.
24. Campbell G.A., Mutharasan R. Piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors detect Bacillus anthracis at 300spores/mL. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21:1684-1692.
25. Campbell G.A., Mutharasan R. Method of measuring Bacillus anthracis spores in the presence of copious amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79:1145-1152.
26. Candela T., Mock M., Fouet A. CapE, a 47-amino-acid peptide, is necessary for Bacillus anthracis polyglutamate capsule synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 2005, 187:7765-7772.
27. Castanha E.R., Fox A., Fox K.F. Rapid discrimination of Bacillus anthracis from other members of the B. cereus group by mass and sequence of "intact" small acid soluble proteins (SASPs) using mass spectrometry. J. Microbiol. Methods 2006, 67:230-240.
28. Castanha E.R., Swiger R.R., Senior B., Fox A., Waller L.N., Fox K.F. Strain discrimination among B. anthracis and related organisms by characterization of bclA polymorphisms using PCR coupled with agarose gel or microchannel fluidics electrophoresis. J. Microbiol. Methods 2006, 64:27-45.
29. Castanha E.R., Vestal M., Hattan S., Fox A., Fox K.F., Dickinson D. Bacillus cereus strains fall into two clusters (one closely and one more distantly related) to Bacillus anthracis according to amino acid substitutions in small acid-soluble proteins as determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Mol. Cell. Probes 2007, 21:190-201.
30. Castro A., Okinaka R.T. Ultrasensitive, direct detection of a specific DNA sequence of Bacillus anthracis in solution. Analyst 2000, 125:9-11.
31. Charrel R.N., La S.B., Raoult D. Multi-pathogens sequence containing plasmids as positive controls for universal detection of potential agents of bioterrorism. BMC Microbiol. 2004, 4:21.
32. Cherif A., Borin S., Rizzi A., Ouzari H., Boudabous A., Daffonchio D. Characterization of a repetitive element polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction chromosomal marker that discriminates Bacillus anthracis from related species. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 93:456-462.
33. Choudhury B., Leoff C., Saile E., Wilkins P., Quinn C.P., Kannenberg E.L., Carlson R.W. The structure of the major cell wall polysaccharide of Bacillus anthracis is species-specific. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:27932-27941.
34. Christensen D.R., Hartman L.J., Loveless B.M., Frye M.S., Shipley M.A., Bridge D.L., Richards M.J., Kaplan R.S., Garrison J., Baldwin C.D., Kulesh D.A., Norwood D.A. Detection of biological threat agents by real-time PCR: comparison of assay performance on the R.A.P.I.D., the LightCycler, and the Smart Cycler platforms. Clin. Chem. 2006, 52:141-145.
35. Daffonchio D., Borin S., Frova G., Gallo R., Mori E., Fani R., Sorlini C. A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65:1298-1303.
36. Daffonchio D., Cherif A., Borin S. Homoduplex and heteroduplex polymorphisms of the amplified ribosomal 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers describe genetic relationships in the "Bacillus cereus group". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66:5460-5468.
37. Dang J.L., Heroux K., Kearney J., Arasteh A., Gostomski M., Emanuel P.A. Bacillus spore inactivation methods affect detection assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67:3665-3670.
38. Daubenspeck J.M., Zeng H., Chen P., Dong S., Steichen C.T., Krishna N.R., Pritchard D.G., Turnbough C.L. Novel oligosaccharide side chains of the collagen-like region of BclA, the major glycoprotein of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:30945-30953.
39. Davila A.P., Jang J., Gupta A.K., Walter T., Aronson A., Bashir R. Microresonator mass sensors for detection of Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores in air and water. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22:3028-3035.
40. De B.K., Bragg S.L., Sanden G.N., Wilson K.E., Diem L.A., Marston C.K., Hoffmaster A.R., Barnett G.A., Weyant R.S., Abshire T.G., Ezzell J.W., Popovic T. A two-component direct fluorescent-antibody assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 8:1060-1065.
41. Edwards K.A., Clancy H.A., Baeumner A.J. Bacillus anthracis: toxicology, epidemiology and current rapid-detection methods. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 384:73-84.
42. Ellerbrok H., Nattermann H., Ozel M., Beutin L., Appel B., Pauli G. Rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic and apathogenic Bacillus anthracis by real-time PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2002, 214:51-59.
43. Elsholz B., Nitsche A., Achenbach J., Ellerbrok H., Blohm L., Albers J., Pauli G., Hintsche R., Worl R. Electrical microarrays for highly sensitive detection of multiplex PCR products from biological agents. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24:1737-1743.
44. Farrell S., Halsall H.B., Heineman W.R. Immunoassay for B. globigii spores as a model for detecting B. anthracis spores in finished water. Analyst 2005, 130:489-497.
45. Fasanella A., Losito S., Adone R., Ciuchini F., Trotta T., Altamura S.A., Chiocco D., Ippolito G. PCR assay to detect Bacillus anthracis spores in heat-treated specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003, 41:896-899.
46. Fasanella A., Losito S., Trotta T., Adone R., Massa S., Ciuchini F., Chiocco D. Detection of anthrax vaccine virulence factors by polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine 2001, 19:4214-4218.
47. Floriano P.N., Christodoulides N., Romanovicz D., Bernard B., Simmons G.W., Cavell M., McDevitt J.T. Membrane-based on-line optical analysis system for rapid detection of bacteria and spores. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 20:2079-2088.
48. Fox A., Black G.E., Fox K., Rostovtseva S. Determination of carbohydrate profiles of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus including identification of O-methyl methylpentoses by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993, 31:887-894.
49. Fox A., Stewart G.C., Waller L.N., Fox K.F., Harley W.M., Price R.L. Carbohydrates and glycoproteins of Bacillus anthracis and related bacilli: targets for biodetection. J. Microbiol. Methods 2003, 54:143-152.
50. Franz D.R., Jahrling P.B., McClain D.J., Hoover D.L., Byrne W.R., Pavlin J.A., Christopher G.W., Cieslak T.J., Friedlander A.M., Eitzen E.M. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. Clin. Lab. Med. 2001, 21:435-473.
51. Fujinami Y., Hirai Y., Sakai I., Yoshino M., Yasuda J. Sensitive detection of Bacillus anthracis using a binding protein originating from gamma-phage. Microbiol. Immunol. 2007, 51:163-169.
52. Gatto-Menking D.L., Yu H., Bruno J.G., Goode M.T., Miller M., Zulich A.W. Sensitive detection of biotoxoids and bacterial spores using an immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence sensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1995, 10:501-507.
53. Gierczynski R., Zasada A.A., Raddadi N., Merabishvili M., Daffonchio D., Rastawicki W., Jagielski M. Specific Bacillus anthracis identification by a plcR-targeted restriction site insertion-PCR (RSI-PCR) assay. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2007, 272:55-59.
54. Gooding J.J. Nanoscale biosensors: significant advantages over larger devices?. Small 2006, 2:313-315.
55. Green B.D., Battisti L., Koehler T.M., Thorne C.B., Ivins B.E. Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 1985, 49:291-297.
56. Hao R., Wang D., Zhang X., Zuo G., Wei H., Yang R., Zhang Z., Cheng Z., Guo Y., Cui Z., Zhou Y. Rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis using monoclonal antibody functionalized QCM sensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24:1330-1335.
57. Harrell L.J., Andersen G.L., Wilson K.H. Genetic variability of Bacillus anthracis and related species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1995, 33:1847-1850.
58. Harrison L.H., Ezzell J.W., Abshire T.G., Kidd S., Kaufmann A.F. Evaluation of serologic tests for diagnosis of anthrax after an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in Paraguay. J. Infect. Dis. 1989, 160:706-710.
59. Helgason E., Okstad O.A., Caugant D.A., Johansen H.A., Fouet A., Mock M., Hegna I., Kolsto A.B. Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis-one species on the basis of genetic evidence. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66:2627-2630.
60. Henderson I., Yu D., Turnbull P.C. Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis and other 'Bacillus cereus group' bacteria using IS231-derived sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1995, 128:113-118.
61. Henriques A.O., Moran C.P. Structure and assembly of the bacterial endospore coat. Methods 2000, 20:95-110.
62. Higgins J.A., Nasarabadi S., Karns J.S., Shelton D.R., Cooper M., Gbakima A., Koopman R.P. A handheld real time thermal cycler for bacterial pathogen detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18:1115-1123.
63. Hilgren J., Swanson K.M., Diez-Gonzalez F., Cords B. Susceptibilities of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and avirulent Bacillus anthracis spores to liquid biocides. J. Food Prot. 2009, 72:360-364.
64. Hindson B.J., Brown S.B., Marshall G.D., McBride M.T., Makarewicz A.J., Gutierrez D.M., Wolcott D.K., Metz T.R., Madabhushi R.S., Dzenitis J.M., Colston B.W. Development of an automated sample preparation module for environmental monitoring of biowarfare agents. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76:3492-3497.
65. Hoffmaster A.R., Hill K.K., Gee J.E., Marston C.K., De B.K., Popovic T., Sue D., Wilkins P.P., Avashia S.B., Drumgoole R., Helma C.H., Ticknor L.O., Okinaka R.T., Jackson P.J. Characterization of Bacillus cereus isolates associated with fatal pneumonias: strains are closely related to Bacillus anthracis and harbor B. anthracis virulence genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006, 44:3352-3360.
66. Hoffmaster A.R., Meyer R.F., Bowen M.D., Marston C.K., Weyant R.S., Thurman K., Messenger S.L., Minor E.E., Winchell J.M., Rassmussen M.V., Newton B.R., Parker J.T., Morrill W.E., McKinney N., Barnett G.A., Sejvar J.J., Jernigan J.A., Perkins B.A., Popovic T. Evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 8:1178-1182.
67. Hoffmaster A.R., Ravel J., Rasko D.A., Chapman G.D., Chute M.D., Marston C.K., De B.K., Sacchi C.T., Fitzgerald C., Mayer L.W., Maiden M.C., Priest F.G., Barker M., Jiang L., Cer R.Z., Rilstone J., Peterson S.N., Weyant R.S., Galloway D.R., Read T.D., Popovic T., Fraser C.M. Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101:8449-8454.
68. Huang S., Yang H., Lakshmanan R.S., Johnson M.L., Wan J., Chen I.H., Wikle H.C., Petrenko V.A., Barbaree J.M., Chin B.A. Sequential detection of Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus anthracis spores using magnetoelastic biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24:1730-1736.
69. Hurtle W., Bode E., Kulesh D.A., Kaplan R.S., Garrison J., Bridge D., House M., Frye M.S., Loveless B., Norwood D. Detection of the Bacillus anthracis gyrA gene by using a minor groove binder probe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:179-185.
70. Hurtle W., Bode E., Kulesh D.A., Kaplan R.S., Garrison J., Bridge D., House M., Frye M.S., Loveless B., Norwood D. Detection of the Bacillus anthracis gyrA gene by using a minor groove binder probe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42:179-185.
71. Iacono-Connors L.C., Novak J., Rossi C., Mangiafico J., Ksiazek T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a recombinant baculovirus-expressed Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA): measurement of human anti-PA antibodies. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1994, 1:78-82.
72. Ibekwe A.M., Grieve C.M. Detection and quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environmental samples by real-time PCR. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 94:421-431.
73. Inglesby T.V., Henderson D.A., Bartlett J.G., Ascher M.S., Eitzen E., Friedlander A.M., Hauer J., McDade J., Osterholm M.T., O'Toole T., Parker G., Perl T.M., Russell P.K., Tonat K. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA 1999, 281:1735-1745.
74. Iqbal S.S., Mayo M.W., Bruno J.G., Bronk B.V., Batt C.A., Chambers J.P. A review of molecular recognition technologies for detection of biological threat agents. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2000, 15:549-578.
75. Jackson P.J., Hill K.K., Laker M.T., Ticknor L.O., Keim P. Genetic comparison of Bacillus anthracis and its close relatives using amplified fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction analysis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 87:263-269.
76. Jackson P.J., Walthers E.A., Kalif A.S., Richmond K.L., Adair D.M., Hill K.K., Kuske C.R., Andersen G.L., Wilson K.H., Hugh-Jones M., Keim P. Characterization of the variable-number tandem repeats in vrrA from different Bacillus anthracis isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63:1400-1405.
77. Johnson Y.A., Nagpal M., Krahmer M.T., Fox K.F., Fox A. Precise molecular weight determination of PCR products of the rRNA intergenic spacer region using electrospray quadrupole mass spectrometry for differentiation of B. subtilis and B. atrophaeus, closely related species of bacilli. J. Microbiol. Methods 2000, 40:241-254.
78. Katcher H.L., Schwartz I. A distinctive property of Tth DNA polymerase: enzymatic amplification in the presence of phenol. Biotechniques 1994, 16:84-92.
79. Keim P., Kalif A., Schupp J., Hill K., Travis S.E., Richmond K., Adair D.M., Hugh-Jones M., Kuske C.R., Jackson P. Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. J. Bacteriol. 1997, 179:818-824.
80. Klee S.R., Nattermann H., Becker S., Urban-Schriefer M., Franz T., Jacob D., Appel B. Evaluation of different methods to discriminate Bacillus anthracis from other bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 100:673-681.
81. Ko K.S., Kim J.M., Kim J.W., Jung B.Y., Kim W., Kim I.J., Kook Y.H. Identification of Bacillus anthracis by rpoB sequence analysis and multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003, 41:2908-2914.
82. Kolsto A.B., Tourasse N.J., Okstad O.A. What sets Bacillus anthracis apart from other Bacillus species?. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 63:451-476.
83. Krebs M.D., Mansfield B., Yip P., Cohen S.J., Sonenshein A.L., Hitt B.A., Davis C.E. Novel technology for rapid species-specific detection of Bacillus spores. Biomol. Eng. 2006, 23:119-127.
84. Kuehn A., Kovac P., Saksena R., Bannert N., Klee S.R., Ranisch H., Grunow R. Development of antibodies against anthrose tetrasaccharide for specific detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2009, 16:1728-1737.
85. Kumar S., Tuteja U. Detection of virulence-associated genes in clinical isolates of Bacillus anthracis by multiplex PCR and DNA probes. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 19:1475-1481.
86. Leoff C., Choudhury B., Saile E., Quinn C.P., Carlson R.W., Kannenberg E.L. Structural elucidation of the nonclassical secondary cell wall polysaccharide from Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987. Comparison with the polysaccharides from Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus type strain ATCC 14579 reveals both unique and common structural features. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:29812-29821.
87. Leoff C., Saile E., Rauvolfova J., Quinn C.P., Hoffmaster A.R., Zhong W., Mehta A.S., Boons G.J., Carlson R.W., Kannenberg E.L. Secondary cell wall polysaccharides of Bacillus anthracis are antigens that contain specific epitopes which cross-react with three pathogenic Bacillus cereus strains that caused severe disease, and other epitopes common to all the Bacillus cereus strains tested. Glycobiology 2009, 19:665-673.
88. Leoff C., Saile E., Sue D., Wilkins P., Quinn C.P., Carlson R.W., Kannenberg E.L. Cell wall carbohydrate compositions of strains from the Bacillus cereus group of species correlate with phylogenetic relatedness. J. Bacteriol. 2008, 190:112-121.
89. Leski T.A., Caswell C.C., Pawlowski M., Klinke D.J., Bujnicki J.M., Hart S.J., Lukomski S. Identification and classification of bcl genes and proteins of Bacillus cereus group organisms and their application in Bacillus anthracis detection and fingerprinting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75:7163-7172.
90. Lim D.V., Simpson J.M., Kearns E.A., Kramer M.F. Current and developing technologies for monitoring agents of bioterrorism and biowarfare. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2005, 18:583-607.
91. Longchamp P., Leighton T. Molecular recognition specificity of Bacillus anthracis spore antibodies. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 87:246-249.
92. Mabry R., Brasky K., Geiger R., Carrion R., Hubbard G.B., Leppla S., Patterson J.L., Georgiou G., Iverson B.L. Detection of anthrax toxin in the serum of animals infected with Bacillus anthracis by using engineered immunoassays. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2006, 13:671-677.
93. Makino S. Anthrax as a biological weapon. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2002, 43:J228-J232.
94. Makino S.I., Cheun H.I., Watarai M., Uchida I., Takeshi K. Detection of anthrax spores from the air by real-time PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2001, 33:237-240.
95. Makino S.I., Iinuma-Okada Y., Maruyama T., Ezaki T., Sasakawa C., Yoshikawa M. Direct detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA in animals by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993, 31:547-551.
96. Merrill L., Richardson J., Kuske C.R., Dunbar J. Fluorescent heteroduplex assay for monitoring Bacillus anthracis and close relatives in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:3317-3326.
97. Mesnage S., Tosi-Couture E., Mock M., Gounon P., Fouet A. Molecular characterization of the Bacillus anthracis main S-layer component: evidence that it is the major cell-associated antigen. Mol. Microbiol. 1997, 23:1147-1155.
98. Mikesell P., Ivins B.E., Ristroph J.D., Dreier T.M. Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 1983, 39:371-376.
99. Moayeri M., Wiggins J.F., Leppla S.H. Anthrax protective antigen cleavage and clearance from the blood of mice and rats. Infect. Immun. 2007, 75:5175-5184.
100. Mock M., Fouet A. Anthrax. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2001, 55:647-671.
101. Mogridge J., Cunningham K., Lacy D.B., Mourez M., Collier R.J. The lethal and edema factors of anthrax toxin bind only to oligomeric forms of the protective antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99:7045-7048.
102. Mutharasan R. Piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever biosensors. Methods Mol. Biol. 2009, 504:73-82.
103. Nagpal L., Fox K., Fox A. Utility of 16S-23S rRNA spacer region methodology: how similar are interspace regions within a genome and between strains for closely related organisms?. J. Microbiol. Meth. 1998, 33:211-219.
104. Nakamura L.K., Roberts M.S., Cohan F.M. Relationship of Bacillus subtilis clades associated with strains 168 and W23: a proposal for Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis subsp. nov. and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1999, 49(Pt 3):1211-1215.
105. Oggioni M.R., Meacci F., Carattoli A., Ciervo A., Orru G., Cassone A., Pozzi G. Protocol for real-time PCR identification of anthrax spores from nasal swabs after broth enrichment. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40:3956-3963.
106. Olsen J.S., Skogan G., Fykse E.M., Rawlinson E.L., Tomaso H., Granum P.E., Blatny J.M. Genetic distribution of 295 Bacillus cereus group members based on adk-screening in combination with MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing) used for validating a primer targeting a chromosomal locus in B. anthracis. J. Microbiol. Methods 2007, 71:265-274.
107. Pal S., Alocilja E.C. Electrically active polyaniline coated magnetic (EAPM) nanoparticle as novel transducer in biosensor for detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in food samples. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24:1437-1444.
108. Patra G., Sylvestre P., Ramisse V., Therasse J., Guesdon J.L. Isolation of a specific chromosomic DNA sequence of Bacillus anthracis and its possible use in diagnosis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 1996, 15:223-231.
109. Patra G., Vaissaire J., Weber-Levy M., Le D.C., Mock M. Molecular characterization of Bacillus strains involved in outbreaks of anthrax in France in 1997. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998, 36:3412-3414.
110. Patra G., Williams L.E., Qi Y., Rose S., Redkar R., Delvecchio V.G. Rapid genotyping of Bacillus anthracis strains by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2002, 969:106-111.
111. Petrenko V.A. Landscape phage as a molecular recognition interface for detection devices. Microelectron. J. 2008, 39:202-207.
112. Phillips A.P., Ezzell J.W. Identification of Bacillus anthracis by polyclonal antibodies against extracted vegetative cell antigens. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1989, 66:419-432.
113. Phillips A.P., Martin K.L. Comparison of direct and indirect immunoradiometric assays (IRMA) for Bacillus anthracis spores immobilised on multispot microscope slides. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1983, 55:315-324.
114. Pribil P.A., Patton E., Black G., Doroshenko V., Fenselau C. Rapid characterization of Bacillus spores targeting species-unique peptides produced with an atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization source. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 40:464-474.
115. Qi Y., Patra G., Liang X., Williams L.E., Rose S., Redkar R.J., Delvecchio V.G. Utilization of the rpoB gene as a specific chromosomal marker for real-time PCR detection of Bacillus anthracis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67:3720-3727.
116. Quinn C.P., Semenova V.A., Elie C.M., Romero-Steiner S., Greene C., Li H., Stamey K., Steward-Clark E., Schmidt D.S., Mothershed E., Pruckler J., Schwartz S., Benson R.F., Helsel L.O., Holder P.F., Johnson S.E., Kellum M., Messmer T., Thacker W.L., Besser L., Plikaytis B.D., Taylor T.H., Freeman A.E., Wallace K.J., Dull P., Sejvar J., Bruce E., Moreno R., Schuchat A., Lingappa J.R., Martin S.K., Walls J., Bronsdon M., Carlone G.M., Bajani-Ari M., Ashford D.A., Stephens D.S., Perkins B.A. Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 8:1103-1110.
117. Radnedge L., Agron P.G., Hill K.K., Jackson P.J., Ticknor L.O., Keim P., Andersen G.L. Genome differences that distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:2755-2764.
118. Radstrom P., Knutsson R., Wolffs P., Lovenklev M., Lofstrom C. Pre-PCR processing: strategies to generate PCR-compatible samples. Mol. Biotechnol. 2004, 26:133-146.
119. Ramisse V., Patra G., Garrigue H., Guesdon J.L., Mock M. Identification and characterization of Bacillus anthracis by multiplex PCR analysis of sequences on plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 and chromosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1996, 145:9-16.
120. Ramisse V., Patra G., Vaissaire J., Mock M. The Ba813 chromosomal DNA sequence effectively traces the whole Bacillus anthracis community. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 87:224-228.
121. Read T.D., Peterson S.N., Tourasse N., Baillie L.W., Paulsen I.T., Nelson K.E., Tettelin H., Fouts D.E., Eisen J.A., Gill S.R., Holtzapple E.K., Okstad O.A., Helgason E., Rilstone J., Wu M., Kolonay J.F., Beanan M.J., Dodson R.J., Brinkac L.M., Gwinn M., DeBoy R.T., Madpu R., Daugherty S.C., Durkin A.S., Haft D.H., Nelson W.C., Peterson J.D., Pop M., Khouri H.M., Radune D., Benton J.L., Mahamoud Y., Jiang L., Hance I.R., Weidman J.F., Berry K.J., Plaut R.D., Wolf A.M., Watkins K.L., Nierman W.C., Hazen A., Cline R., Redmond C., Thwaite J.E., White O., Salzberg S.L., Thomason B., Friedlander A.M., Koehler T.M., Hanna P.C., Kolsto A.B., Fraser C.M. The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature 2003, 423:81-86.
122. Regan J.F., Makarewicz A.J., Hindson B.J., Metz T.R., Gutierrez D.M., Corzett T.H., Hadley D.R., Mahnke R.C., Henderer B.D., Breneman J.W., Weisgraber T.H., Dzenitis J.M. Environmental monitoring for biological threat agents using the autonomous pathogen detection system with multiplexed polymerase chain reaction. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80:7422-7429.
123. Rollins S.M., Peppercorn A., Young J.S., Drysdale M., Baresch A., Bikowski M.V., Ashford D.A., Quinn C.P., Handfield M., Hillman J.D., Lyons C.R., Koehler T.M., Calderwood S.B., Ryan E.T. Application of in vivo induced antigen technology (IVIAT) to Bacillus anthracis. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e1824.
124. Rucker V.C., Havenstrite K.L., Herr A.E. Antibody microarrays for native toxin detection. Anal. Biochem. 2005, 339:262-270.
125. Sacchi C.T., Whitney A.M., Mayer L.W., Morey R., Steigerwalt A., Boras A., Weyant R.S., Popovic T. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene: a rapid tool for identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 8:1117-1123.
126. Saikaly P.E., Barlaz M.A., de Los Reyes F.L. Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73:6557-6565.
127. Sainath Rao S., Mohan K.V., Nguyen N., Abraham B., Abdouleva G., Zhang P., Atreya C.D. Peptides panned from a phage-displayed random peptide library are useful for the detection of Bacillus anthracis surrogates B. cereus 4342 and B. anthracis Sterne. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commmun. 2010, 2010 Mar 27. [Electronic publication ahead of print].
128. Sainathrao S., Mohan K.V., Atreya C. Gamma-phage lysin PlyG sequence-based synthetic peptides coupled with Qdot-nanocrystals are useful for developing detection methods for Bacillus anthracis by using its surrogates, B. anthracis-Sterne and B. cereus-4342. BMC Biotechnol. 2009, 9:67.
129. Santelli E., Bankston L.A., Leppla S.H., Liddington R.C. Crystal structure of a complex between anthrax toxin and its host cell receptor. Nature 2004, 430:905-908.
130. Sastry K.S., Tuteja U., Batra H.V. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 41:123-128.
131. Satterfield B.C., Kulesh D.A., Norwood D.A., Wasieloski L.P., Caplan M.R., West J.A. Tentacle Probes: differentiation of difficult single-nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions by presence or absence of a signal in real-time PCR. Clin. Chem. 2007, 53:2042-2050.
132. Schuch R., Nelson D., Fischetti V.A. A bacteriolytic agent that detects and kills Bacillus anthracis. Nature 2002, 418:884-889.
133. Schupp J.M., Klevytska A.M., Zinser G., Price L.B., Keim P. vrrB, a hypervariable open reading frame in Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 2000, 182:3989-3997.
134. Selvapandiyan A., Stabler K., Ansari N.A., Kerby S., Riemenschneider J., Salotra P., Duncan R., Nakhasi H.L. A novel semiquantitative fluorescence-based multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid simultaneous detection of bacterial and parasitic pathogens from blood. J. Mol. Diagn. 2005, 7:268-275.
135. Sergeev N., Distler M., Vargas M., Chizhikov V., Herold K.E., Rasooly A. Microarray analysis of Bacillus cereus group virulence factors. J. Microbiol. Methods 2006, 65:488-502.
136. Skottrup P.D., Nicolaisen M., Justesen A.F. Towards on-site pathogen detection using antibody-based sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 24:339-348.
137. Spencer R.C. Bacillus anthracis. J. Clin. Pathol. 2003, 56:182-187.
138. Steichen C., Chen P., Kearney J.F., Turnbough C.L. Identification of the immunodominant protein and other proteins of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium. J. Bacteriol. 2003, 185:1903-1910.
139. Stopa P.J. The flow cytometry of Bacillus anthracis spores revisited. Cytometry 2000, 41:237-244.
140. Sylvestre P., Couture-Tosi E., Mock M. A collagen-like surface glycoprotein is a structural component of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium. Mol. Microbiol. 2002, 45:169-178.
141. Sylvestre P., Couture-Tosi E., Mock M. Polymorphism in the collagen-like region of the Bacillus anthracis BclA protein leads to variation in exosporium filament length. J. Bacteriol. 2003, 185:1555-1563.
142. Taitt C.R., Anderson G.P., Lingerfelt B.M., Feldstein M.J., Ligler F.S. Nine-analyte detection using an array-based biosensor. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74:6114-6120.
143. Tang S., Moayeri M., Chen Z., Harma H., Zhao J., Hu H., Purcell R.H., Leppla S.H., Hewlett I.K. Detection of anthrax toxin by an ultrasensitive immunoassay using europium nanoparticles. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2009, 16:408-413.
144. Tims T.B., Lim D.V. Rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis spores directly from powders with an evanescent wave fiber-optic biosensor. J. Microbiol. Methods 2004, 59:127-130.
145. Titball R.W., Turnbull P.C., Hutson R.A. The monitoring and detection of Bacillus anthracis in the environment. Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser. 1991, 20:9S-18S.
146. Tomioka K., Peredelchuk M., Zhu X., Arena R., Volokhov D., Selvapandiyan A., Stabler K., Mellquist-Riemenschneider J., Chizhikov V., Kaplan G., Nakhasi H., Duncan R. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction microarray assay to detect bioterror pathogens in blood. J. Mol. Diagn. 2005, 7:486-494.
147. Turnbull P.C. Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future. Vaccine 1991, 9:533-539.
148. Turnbull P.C. Definitive identification of Bacillus anthracis-a review. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 87:237-240.
149. Vignali D.A. Multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assays. J. Immunol. Methods 2000, 243:243-255.
150. Volokhov D., Pomerantsev A., Kivovich V., Rasooly A., Chizhikov V. Identification of Bacillus anthracis by multiprobe microarray hybridization. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2004, 49:163-171.
151. Wang D.B., Bi L.J., Zhang Z.P., Chen Y.Y., Yang R.F., Wei H.P., Zhou Y.F., Zhang X.E. Label-free detection of B. anthracis spores using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Analyst 2009, 134:738-742.
152. Wang D.B., Yang R., Zhang Z.P., Bi L.J., You X.Y., Wei H.P., Zhou Y.F., Yu Z., Zhang X.E. Detection of B. anthracis spores and vegetative cells with the same monoclonal antibodies. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e7810.
153. Wang S.H., Wen J.K., Zhou Y.F., Zhang Z.P., Yang R.F., Zhang J.B., Chen J., Zhang X.E. Identification and characterization of Bacillus anthracis by multiplex PCR on DNA chip. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 20:807-813.
154. Wang S.H., Zhang J.B., Zhang Z.P., Zhou Y.F., Yang R.F., Chen J., Guo Y.C., You F., Zhang X.E. Construction of single chain variable fragment (ScFv) and BiscFv-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein for detection of Bacillus anthracis. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78:997-1004.
155. Weyant R.S., Edmonds P., Swaminathan B. Effect of ionic and nonionic detergents on the Taq polymerase. Biotechniques 1990, 9:308-309.
156. Williams D.D., Benedek O., Turnbough C.L. Species-specific peptide ligands for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:6288-6293.
157. Williams D.D., Turnbough C.L. Surface layer protein EA1 is not a component of Bacillus anthracis spores but is a persistent contaminant in spore preparations. J. Bacteriol. 2004, 186:566-569.
158. Wilson W.J., Erler A.M., Nasarabadi S.L., Skowronski E.W., Imbro P.M. A multiplexed PCR-coupled liquid bead array for the simultaneous detection of four biothreat agents. Mol. Cell. Probes 2005, 19:137-144.
159. Wunschel D., Fox K., Black G., Fox A. Discrimination among the B. cereus group, in comparison to B. subtilis, by structural carbohydrate profiles and ribosomal RNA spacer region PCR. System. Appl. Microbiol. 1994, 17:625-635.
160. Ye R.W., Wang T., Bedzyk L., Croker K.M. Applications of DNA microarrays in microbial systems. J. Microbiol. Methods 2001, 47:257-272.
161. Zahavy E., Fisher M., Bromberg A., Olshevsky U. Detection of frequency resonance energy transfer pair on double-labeled microsphere and Bacillus anthracis spores by flow cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:2330-2339.
162. Zahavy E., Heleg-Shabtai V., Zafrani Y., Marciano D., Yitzhaki S. Application of fluorescent nanocrystals (q-dots) for the detection of pathogenic bacteria by flow-cytometry. J. Fluoresc. 2010, 20:389-399.
163. Zhang N., Appella D.H. Colorimetric detection of anthrax DNA with a peptide nucleic acid sandwich-hybridization assay. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129:8424-8425.
164. Zhang X., Young M.A., Lyandres O., Van Duyne R.P. Rapid detection of an anthrax biomarker by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127:4484-4489.