The effects of acute tryptophan depletion on brain activation during cognition and emotional processing in healthy volunteers

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 16, Issue 18, 2010, Pages 1998-2011

  Evers, E A T ^a   Sambeth, A ^a   Ramaekers, J G ^a   Riedel, W J ^a   van der Veen, F M ^b  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Acute tryptophan depletion; Cognition; Eeg; Emotion; Fmri; Meg; Pet; Serotonin

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN; OXYGEN;

ARTICLE; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SEROTONIN RELEASE; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; STIMULUS RESPONSE; VERBAL FLUENCY; VERBALIZATION; WORD RECOGNITION; ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL; BLOOD; BRAIN; DEFICIENCY; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; COGNITION; EMOTIONS; FEEDBACK, PSYCHOLOGICAL; HUMANS; OXYGEN; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN;

EID: 77953485293     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161210791293060     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. st ed. Sunderland MA: Sinauer 1997; pp. 345-389.
2. Stahl SM. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology; Neuroscientific basis and practical applications. New York: Cambridge University press 2008; pp. 205-206.
3. Stahl SM. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology; Neuroscientific basis and practical applications. New York: Cambridge University press 2008; pp. 343-345.
4. Wurtman RJ, Hefti F, Melamed E. Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmacol Rev 1980; 32: 315-35.
5. Biggio G, Fadda F, Fanni P, Tagliamonte A, Gessa GL. Rapid depletion of serum tryptophan, brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid by a tryptophan-free diet. Life Sci 1974; 14: 1321-9.
6. Reilly JG, McTavish SF, Young AH. Rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan: a review of studies and experimental methodology. J Psychopharmacol 1997; 11: 381-92.
7. Van der Does AJW. The effects of tryptophan depletion on mood and psychiatric symptoms. J Affect Disord 2001; 64: 107-19.
8. Fernstrom JD, Faller DV. Neutral amino acids in the brain: changes in response to food ingestion. J Neurochem 1978; 30: 1531-8.
9. Oldendorf WH, Szabo J. Amino acid assignment to one of three blood-brain-barrier amino acid carriers. Am J Physiol 1976; 230:94-8.
10. Blokland A, Lieben C, Deutz NE. Anxiogenic and depressive-like effects, but no cognitive deficits, after repeated moderate tryptophan depletion in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 2002; 16: 39-49.
11. Lieben CK, Blokland A, Westerink B, Deutz NE. Acute tryptophan and serotonin depletion using an optimized tryptophan-free protein-carbohydrate mixture in the adult rat. Neurochem Int 2004; 44: 9-16.
12. Nishizawa S, Benkelfat C, Young SN, Leyton M, Mzengeza S, de Montigny C, et al. Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 5308-13.
13. Williams WA, Shoaf SE, Hommer D, Rawlings R, Linnoila M. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in normal volunteers. J Neurochem 1999; 72: 1641-7.
14. Young S, Smith SE, Pihl RO, Ervin FR. Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males. Psycho-pharmacology (Berl) 1985; 87: 173-7.
15. Mendelsohn D, Riedel WJ, Sambeth A. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on memory, attention and executive functions: a systematic review. Neurosci Behav Rev 2009; 33: 926-52.
16. Mazer C, Muneyyirci J, Taheny K, Raio N, Borella A, Whitaker-Azmitia P. Serotonin depletion during synaptogenesis leads to decreased synaptic density and learning deficits in the adult rat: a possible model of neurodevelopmental disorders with cognitive deficits. Brain Res 1997; 760: 68-73.
17. Barnes J, Costall B, Coughlan J, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelly ME, et al. The effects of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on cognition in rodents and primates. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 35: 955-62.
18. Harrison AA, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Central 5-HT depletion enhances impulsive responding without affecting the accuracy of attentional performance: interactions with dopaminergic mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997; 133: 329-42.
19. Harrison AA, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Central serotonin depletion impairs both the acquisition and performance of a symmetrically reinforced go/no-go conditional visual discrimination. Behav Brain Res 1999; 100: 99-112.
20. Rogers R, Blackhaw AJ, Middleton HC, Matthews K, Hawtin H, Crowley C, et al. Tryptophan depletion impairs stimulus-reward learning while methylphenidate disrupts attentional control in healthy young adults: implications for the monoaminergic basis of impulsive behaviour. Psychopharmacology 1999; 146: 482-91.
21. Park SB, Coull JT, McShane RH, Young AH, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, et al. Tryptophan depletion in normal volunteers produces selective impairments in learning and memory. Neuropharmacology 1994; 33: 575-88
22. Murphy FC, Smith KA, Cowen PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. The effects of tryptophan depletion on cognitive and affective proces-sing in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 2002; 163: 42-53.
23. Rogers R, Tunbridge EM, Bhagwagar Z, Drevets WC, Sahakian BJ, Carter CS. Tryptophan depletion alters decision-making of healthy volunteers through altered processing of reward cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 153-62.
24. Sobczak S, Riedel WJ, Booij I, Aan Het Rot M, Deutz NE, Honig A. Cognition following acute tryptophan depletion: difference between first-degree relatives of bipolar disorder patients and matched healthy control volunteers. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 503-15.
25. Gallagher P, Massey AE, Young AH, McAllister-Williams RH. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on executive function in healthy male volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3: 10.
26. Booij L, van der Does AJ, Haffmans PM, Riedel WJ, Fekkes D, Blom MJ. The effects of high-dose and low-dose tryptophan depletion on mood and cognitive functions of remitted depressed patients. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19: 267-7.
27. Schmitt JA, Jorissen BL, Sobczak S, van Boxtel MP, Hogervorst E, Deutz NE, et al. Tryptophan depletion impairs memory consolidation but improves focused attention in healthy young volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2000; 14: 21-9.
28. Scholes KE, Harrison BJ, O'Neill BV, Leung S, Croft RJ, Pipingas A, et al. Acute serotonin and dopamine depletion improves attentional control: findings from the Stroop task. Neuropsy-chopharmacology 2007; 32: 1600-10.
29. Cools R, Roberts AC, Robbins TW. Cognitive-emotional interactions: Serotonergic regulation of emotional and behavioural control processes. Trends Cogn Sci 2007; 12: 31-40.
30. Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Riedel WJ. Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8: 951-73.
31. Harmer CJ, Rogers RD, Tunbridge E, Cowen PJ, Goodwin GM. Tryptophan depletion decreases the recognition of fear in female volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 167: 411-7.
32. Booij L, Van der Does W, Benkelfat C, Bremner JD, Cowen PJ, Fava M, et al. Predictors of mood response to ATD. A reanalysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 852-61.
33. Debener S, Strobel A, Kürschner K, Kranczioch C, Hebenstreit J, Maercker A, et al. Is auditory evoked potential augmenting/ reducing affected by acute tryptophan depletion? Biol Psychol 2002; 59: 121-33.
34. Dierks T, Barta S, Demisch L, Schmeck K, Englert E, Kewitz A, et al. Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) as biological marker for cerebral serotonin levels: effects of tryptophan depletion in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 146: 101-7.
35. Kähkönen S, Jääskeläinen IP, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ahveninen J. Acute tryptophan depletion decreases intensity dependence of auditory evoked magnetic N1/P2 dipole source activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 164: 221-7.
36. Kähkönen S, Ahveninen J, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Jääskeläinen IP. Serotonin modulates early cortical auditory processing in healthy subjects: evidence from MEG with acute tryptophan depletion. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 862-8.
37. Kähkönen S, Ahveninen J, Jääskeläinen IP, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Nikulin VV. Acute tryptophan depletion does not change somatosensory evoked magnetic fields. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 170: 332-3.
38. Knott VJ, Howson AL, Perugini M, Ravindran AV, Young SN. The effect of acute tryptophan depletion and fenfluramine on quantitative EEG and mood in healthy male subjects. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 229-38.
39. Rubia K, Lee F, Cleare AJ, Tunstall N, Fu CH, Brammer M, et al. Tryptophan depletion reduces right inferior prefrontal activation during response inhibition in fast, event-related fMRI. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179: 791-803.
40. Soubrié P. Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and animal behaviour. Behav Brain Res 1986; 9: 319-64.
41. Robbins TW. Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Exp Brain Res 2000; 133: 130-8.
42. Evers EA, van der Veen FM, van Deursen JA. Schmitt JA, Deutz NE, Jolles J. Acute tryptophan depletion modulates the BOLD response during performance monitoring and response inhibition in healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 187: 200-8.
43. Clark L, Roiser JP, Cools R, Rubinsztein DC, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Stop signal response inhibition is not modulated by tryptophan depletion or the serotonin transporter polymorphism in healthy volunteers: implications of the 5-HT theory of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 182: 570-8.
44. Cools R, Blackwell A, Clark L, Menzies L, Cox S, Robbins TW. Tryptophan depletion disrupts the motivational guidance of goal-directed behavior as a function of trait impulsivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 1362-73.
45. LeMarquand DG, Pihl RO, Young SN, Tremblay RE, Seguin JR, Palmour RM, et al. Tryptophan depletion, executive functions, and disinhibition in aggressive, adolescent males. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 19: 333-41.
46. LeMarquand DG, Benkelfat C, Pihl RO, Palmour RM, Young SN. Behavioral disinhibition induced by tryptophan depletion in nonalcoholic young men with multigenerational family histories of paternal alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1771-9.
47. Crockett MJ, Clark L, Robbins TW. Reconciling the role of serotonin in behavioral inhibition and aversion: acute tryptophan depletion abolishes punishment-induced inhibition in humans. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 11993-9.
48. Horacek J, Zavesicka L, Tintera J, Dockery C, Platilova V, Kopecek M, et al. The effect of tryptophan depletion on brain activation measured by fMRI during the Stroop test in healthy volunteers. Physiol Res 2005; 54: 235-44.
49. Evers EA, van der Veen FM, Jolles J, Deutz NE, Schmitt JA. Acute tryptophan depletion improves performance and modulates the BOLD response during a Stroop task in healthy females. NeuroImage 2006; 32: 248-55.
50. Lamar M, Cutter WJ, Rubia K, Brammer M, Daly EM, Craig MC, et al. 5-HT, prefrontal function and aging: fMRI of inhibition and acute tryptophan depletion. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30: 1135-46.
51. Evers EA, Cools R, Clark L, van der Veen FM, Jolles J, Sahakian BJ, et al. Serotonergic modulation of prefrontal cortex during negative feedback in probabilistic reversal learning. Neuro-psychopharmacology 2005; 30: 1138-47.
52. Van der Veen FM, Mies GW, van der Molen MW, Evers EA. Acute tryptophan depletion in healthy males attenuates phasic cardiac slowing but does not affect electro-cortical response to negative feedback. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199: 255-63.
53. Allen PP, Cleare AJ, Lee F, Fusar-Poli P, Tunstall N, Fu CH, et al. Effect of acute tryptophan depletion on pre-frontal engagement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 187: 486-97.
54. McAllister-Williams RH, Massey AE, Rugg MD. Effects of tryptophan depletion on brain potential correlates of episodic memory retrieval. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 160: 434-42.
55. Friedman D, Johnson R, Jr. Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: a selective review. Microsc Res Technol 2000; 51: 6-28.
56. Van der Veen FM, Evers EA, van Deursen JA, Deutz NE, Backes WH, Schmitt JA. Acute tryptophan depletion reduces activation in the right hippocampus during encoding in an episodic memory task. Neuroimage 2006; 31: 1188-96.
57. Wang L, Mullette-Gillman O, Gadde KM, Kuhn CM, McCarthy G, Huettel SA. The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on emotional distraction and subsequent memory. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; 4(4): 357-68.
58. Riedel WJ, Klaassen T, Deutz NE, van Someren A, van Praag HM. Tryptophan depletion in normal volunteers produces selective impairment in memory consolidation. Psychopharmacol 1999; 141: 362-9.
59. Robbins TW, Arnsten AF. The neuropsychopharmacology of front-executive function: monoaminergic modulation. Annu Rev Neurosci 2009; 32: 267-87.
60. Kondo H, Osaka N, Osaka M. Cooperation of the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for attention shifting. Neuroimage 2004; 23: 670-9.
61. Pollmann S. Anterior prefrontal cortex contributions to attention control. Exp Psychol 2004; 51: 270-8.
62. Hughes JH, Ashton CH, Matthews D, Young AH. Acute depletion of plasma tryptophan does not alter electrophysiological variables in healthy males. Psychopharmacology 2000; 152: 119-21.
63. Ahveninen J, Kähkönen S, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Jääskeläinen IP. Tryptophan depletion effects on EEG and MEG responses suggest serotonergic modulation of auditory involuntary attention in humans. Neuroimage 2002; 16: 1052-61.
64. Ahveninen J, Jääskeläinen IP, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kähkönen S. Auditory selective attention modulated by tryptophan depletion in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003; 340: 181-4.
65. Kähkönen S, Mäkinen V, Jääskeläinen IP, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ahveninen J. Serotonergic modulation of mismatch negativity. Psychiatry Res 2005; 138: 61-74.
66. Näätänen R, Jacobsen T, Winkler I. Memory-based or afferent processes in mismatch negativity (MMN): a review of the evidence. Psychophysiology 2005; 42: 25-32.
67. Cools R, Calder AJ, Lawrence AD, Clark L, Bullmore E, Robbins TW. Individual differences in threat sensitivity predict serotonergic modulation of amygdala response to fearful faces. Psychophar-macology (Berl) 2005; 180: 670-9.
68. Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 67: 319-33.
69. Van der Veen FM, Evers EA, Deutz NE, Schmitt JA. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on mood and facial emotion perception related brain activation and performance in healthy females with and without a family history of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 216-24.
70. Fusar-Poli P, Allen P, Lee F, Surguladze S, Tunstall N, Fu CH, et al. Modulation of neural response to happy and sad faces by acute tryptophan depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193: 31-44.
71. Williams JH, Perrett DI, Waiter GD, Pechey S. Differential effects of tryptophan depletion on emotion processing according to face direction. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2007; 2: 264-73.
72. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 2005; 48: 175-87.
73. Munafò MR, Brown SM, Hariri AR. Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 852-7.
74. Drevets WC, Price JL, Bardgett ME, Reich T, Todd RD, Raichle ME. Glucose metabolism in the amygdala in depression: relation-ship to diagnostic subtype and plasma cortisol levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 71: 431-47.
75. Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA. Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 651-8.
76. Fu CH, Williams SC, Cleare AJ, Brammer MJ, Walsh ND, Kim J. Attenuation of the neural response to sad faces in major depression by antidepressant treatment: a prospective, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 877-89.
77. Del-Ben CM, Deakin JF, McKie S, Delvai NA, Williams SR, Elliott R. The effect of citalopram pretreatment on neuronal responses to neuropsychological tasks in normal volunteers: an FMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 1724-34.
78. Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Wang H, Hasler G, Sahakian BJ, et al. The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on the neural correlates of emotional processing in healthy volunteers. Neuropsy-chopharmacology 2008; 33: 1992-2006.
79. Risch S, Nemeroff CB. Neurochemical alterations of serotonergic neuronal systems in depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53(Suppl): 3-7.
80. Benkelfat C, Ellenbogen MA, Dean P, Palmour RM, Young SN. Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at risk for major affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 687-97.
81. Ellenbogen MA, Young SN, Dean P, Palmour RN, Benkelfat C. Mood response to acute tryptophan depletion in healthy volunteers: Sex differences and temporal stability. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 15: 465-74.
82. Klaassen T, Riedel WJ, van Someren A, Deutz NE, Honig A, van Praag HM. Mood effects of 24-hour tryptophan depletion in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 15: 489-97.
83. Neumeister A, Konstantinidis A, Stastny J, Schwarz MJ, Vitouch O, Willeit M, et al. Association between serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and behavioural responses to tryptophan depletion in healthy women with and without family history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 613-20.
84. Riedel W, Klaassen T, Schmitt JA. Tryptophan, mood, and cognitive function. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16: 581-9.
85. Riedel W, Sobczak S, Schmitt JA. Tryptophan modulation and cognition. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 527: 207-13.
86. Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct 2008; 213: 93-118. Review.
87. Sakai Y, Nishikawa M, Leyton M, Benkelfat C, Young SN, Diksic M. Cortical trapping of alpha-[(11)C]methyl-l-tryptophan, an index of serotonin synthesis, is lower in females than males. Neuroimage 2006; 33: 815-24.
88. Blakely RD, Ramamoorthy S, Schroeter S, Qian Y, Apparsundaram S, Galli A, et al. Regulated phosphorylation and trafficking of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter proteins. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 169-78. Review.
89. Zahniser NR, Doolen S. Chronic and acute regulation of Na+/Cl--dependent neurotransmitter transporters: drugs, substrates, presynaptic receptors, and signaling systems. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 92: 21-55. Review.
90. Talbot P, Frankle WG, Hwang D-R, Huang Y, Suckow RF, Slifstein M, et al. Effects of reduced endogenous 5-HT on in vivo binding of the serotonin transporter radioligand 11C-DASB in healthy humans. Synapse 2005; 55: 164-75.
91. Praschak-Rieder N, Wilson AA, Hussey D, Carella A, Wei C, Ginovart N, et al. Effects of tryptophan depletion on the serotonin transporter in healthy humans. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 558: 825-30.
92. Udo de Haes JI, Bosker FJ, Van Waarde A, Pruim J, Willemsen AT, Vaalburg W, et al. 5-HT1A receptor imaging in the human brain: effects of tryptophan depletion and infusion on [18F]MPPF binding. Synapse 2002; 46: 108-15.
93. Rabiner EA, Sargent PA, Opacka-Juffry J, Gunn RN, Bench CJ, Cowen PJ, et al. Is [11C]WAY-100635 sensitive to changes in brain 5-HT? Neuroimage 2000; 11: S9.
94. Yatham L, Liddle PF, Shiah IS, Lam RW, Adam MJ, Zis AP, et al. Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion on brain 5-HT2 receptors: a PET study. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 448-53.
95. Cahir M, Ardis T, Reynolds GP, Cooper SJ. Acute and chronic tryptophan depletion differentially regulate central 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor binding in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190: 497-506.
96. Briand LA, Gritton H, Howe WM, Young DA, Sarter M. Modulators in concert for cognition: modulator interactions in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83: 69-9.
97. Robbins TW. Arousal systems and attentional processes. Biol Psychol 1997; 45: 57-71.
98. Young S, Ervin FR, Pihl RO, Finn P. Biochemical aspects of tryptophan depletion in primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989; 98: 508-11.
99. Ardis TC, Cahir M, Elliott JJ, Bell R, Reynolds GP, Cooper SJ. Effect of acute tryptophan depletion on noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat brain. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23: 51-5.
100. Van der Plasse G, Meerkerk DT, Lieben CK, Blokland A, Feenstra MG. Lack of evidence for reduced prefrontal cortical serotonin and dopamine efflux after acute tryptophan depletion. Psycho-pharmacology (Berl) 2007; 195: 377-85.
101. Lieben CK, Blokland A, Sik A, Sung E, van Nieuwenhuizen P, Schreiber R. The selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist Ro4368554 restores memory performance in cholinergic and serotonergic models of memory deficiency in the rat. Neuropsychophar-macology 2005; 30: 2169-79.
102. Roiser JP, Blackwell AD, Cools R, Clark L, Rubinsztein DC, Robbins TW, et al. Serotonin transporter polymorphism mediates vulnerability to loss of incentive motivation following acute tryptophan depletion. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 2264-72.
103. Roiser JP, de Martino B, Tan GC, Kumaran D, Seymour B, Wood NW, et al. A genetically mediated bias in decision making driven by failure of amygdala control. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 5985-91.
104. Sambeth A, Blokland A, Harmer CJ, Kilkens TO, Nathan PJ, Porter RJ, et al. Sex differences in the effect of acute tryptophan depletion on declarative episodic memory: a pooled analysis of nine studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31: 516-29.
105. Ianetti GD, Wise RG. BOLD response functional MRI in disease and pharmacological studies: Room for improvement? Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25: 978-88.
106. Van Donkelaar EL. Challenging the serotonin system; a mechanistic approach to the method of acute tryptophan depletion in rodents. PhD thesis. Maastricht 2009.
107. Moreno FA, Parkinson D, Palmer C, Castro WL, Misiaszek J, El Khoury A, et al. CSF neurochemicals during tryptophan depletion in individuals with remitted depression and healthy controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 20(1): 18-24.
108. Trulson ME. Dietary tryptophan does not alter the function of brain serotonin neurons. Life Sci 1985; 37: 1067-72.
109. De Kloet ER, Kovács GL, Szabó G, Telegdy G, Bohus B, Versteeg DH. Decreased serotonin turnover in the dorsal hippocampus of rat brain shortly after adrenalectomy: selective normalization after corticosterone substitution. Brain Res 1982; 239: 659-63.
110. De Kloet ER, Versteeg DH, Kovacs GL. Aldosterone blocks the response to corticosterone in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin system. Brain Res 1983; 264: 323-7.
111. Van Donkelaar EL, van den Hove DL, Blokland A, Steinbusch HW, Prickaerts J. Stress-mediated decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor as potential confounding factor for acute trypto-phan depletion-induced neurochemical effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19: 812-21.
112. Van Donkelaar EL, Ferrington L, Blokland A, Steinbusch HW, Prickaerts J, Kelly PA. Acute tryptophan depletion in rats alters the relationship between cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism independent of central serotonin. Neuroscience 2009b; 163: 683-94.
113. Talbot PS, Cooper SJ. Anterior cingulate and subgenual prefrontal blood flow changes following tryptophan depletion in healthy males. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1757-67.
114. Neumeister A, Yuan P, Young TA, Bonne O, Luckenbaugh DA, Charney DS, et al. Effects of tryptophan depletion on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in unmedicated patients with remitted depression and healthy subjects. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 805-7.
115. Cahir M, Ardis TC, Elliott JJ, Kelly CB, Reynolds GP, Cooper SJ. Acute tryptophan depletion does not alter central or plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18: 317-22.
116. D'Souza DN, Zhang Y, Garcia F, Battaglia G, Van de Kar LD. Fluoxetine-induced changes in body weight and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hormone secretion in rats on a tryptophan-deficient diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286: R390-7.
117. Riedel WJ, Sobczak S, Nicolson N, Honig A. Stress, cortisol and memory as markers of serotonergic vulnerability. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2002b; 14: 186-91.
118. Paiva FF, Tannús A, Silva AC. Measurement of cerebral perfusion territories using arterial spin labelling. NMR Biomed 2007; 20: 633-42. Review.
119. Davis TL, Kwong KK, Weisskoff RM, Rosen BR. Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 1834-9.