"Sex, drugs and the brain": The interaction between drugs of abuse and sexual behavior in the female rat

Hormones and Behavior

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 138-148

  Guarraci, Fay A ^a  

^a SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphetamine; Caffeine; Medial amygdala; Medial preoptic area; Methamphetamine; Morphine; Nucleus accumbens; Paced mating; Partner preference

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; CAFFEINE; DOPAMINE; METHAMPHETAMINE; MORPHINE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; BODY POSTURE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONDITIONING; COPULATION; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; FEMALE; FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; FOREBRAIN; LIBIDO; LORDOSIS; MATE CHOICE; MATING; MEDIAL PREOPTIC AREA; MESENCEPHALON; MOTIVATION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PLACE PREFERENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL FUNCTION; ANIMAL; BRAIN; DRUG EFFECTS; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; RATS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL;

EID: 77953480802     PISSN: 0018506X     EISSN: 10956867     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.12.002     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Abercrombie E.D., Keefe K.A., DiFrischia D.S., Zigmond M.J. Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 1989, 52:1655-1658.
2. Anden N.E., Jackson D.M. Locomotor activity stimulation in rats produced by dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: potentiation by caffeine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1975, 27:666-670.
3. Avitsur R., Yirmiya R. The partner preference paradigm: a method to study sexual motivation and performance of female rats. Brain Res. Protoc. 1999, 3:320-325.
4. Bakker J. Sexual differentiation of the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating mate recognition in mammals. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003, 15:615-621.
5. Bang-Ping J. Sexual dysfunction in men who abuse illicit drugs: a preliminary report. J. Sex. Med. 2009, 6:1072-1080.
6. Beach F.A. Sexual attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity in female mammals. Horm. Behav. 1976, 7:105-138.
7. Becker J.B., Rudick C.N., Jenkins W.J. The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum during sexual behavior in the female rat. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3236-3241.
8. Bedingfield J.B., King D.A., Holloway F.A. Cocaine and caffeine: conditioned place preference, locomotor activity, and additivity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1998, 61:291-296.
9. Behbehani M.M. Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Prog. Neurobiol. 1995, 46:575-605.
10. Bishop M.P., Elder S.T., Heath R.G. Intracranial self-stimulation in man. Science 1963, 140:394-396.
11. Blaustein J.D., Erskine M.S. Feminine sexual behavior: cellular integration of hormonal and afferent information in the rodent forebrain 2002, Academic Press, New York, NY.
12. Carlezon W.A.J. Methods in molecular medicine. Opioids research: methods and protocols 2003, 243-249. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ. Z.Z. Pan (Ed.).
13. Cauli O., Morelli M. Caffeine and the dopaminergic system. Behav. Pharmacol. 2005, 16:63-77.
14. Chu X., Zhavbert E.S., Dugina J.L., Kheyfets I.A., Sergeeva S.A., Epstein O.I., Agmo A. Sildenafil and a compound stimulating endothelial NO synthase modify sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behavior in male Wistar and Fisher 344 rats. J. Sex. Med. 2008, 5:2085-2099.
15. Clark A.S., Guarraci F.A., Megroz A.B., Porter D.M., Henderson L.P. The display of sexual behaviors by female rats administered ICI 182,780. Horm. Behav. 2003, 43:454-464.
16. Clark A.S., Kelton M.C., Guarraci F.A., Clyons E.Q. Hormonal status and test condition, but not sexual experience, modulate partner preference in female rats. Horm. Behav. 2004, 45:314-323.
17. Clark A.S., Meerts S.H., Guarraci F.A. Zaprinast, a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, alters paced mating behavior in female rats. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 96:289-293.
18. Comer S.D., Carroll M.E. Oral caffeine pretreatment produced modest increases in smoked cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 126:281-285.
19. Coopersmith C., Erskine M.S. Influence of paced mating and number of intromissions on fertility in the laboratory rat. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1994, 102:451-458.
20. Coria-Avila G.A., Jones S.L., Solomon C.E., Gavrila A.M., Jordan G.J., Pfaus J.G. Conditioned partner preferences in female rats for strain of male. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 88:529-537.
21. Damsma G., Pfaus J.G., Wenkstern D., Phillips A.G., Fibiger H.C. Sexual behavior increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of male rats: comparison with novelty and locomotion. Behav. Neurosci. 1992, 106:181-191.
22. Drickamer L.C., Gowaty P.A., Holmes C.M. Free female mate choice in house mice affects reproductive success and offspring viability and performance. Animal Behaviour 2000, 59:371-378.
23. Dringenberg H.C., Wightman M., Beninger R.J. The effects of amphetamine and raclopride on food transport: possible relation to defensive behavior in rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 2000, 11:447-454.
24. Ellis M. Brain mechanisms of pleasure and addiction. The mind: teaching modules 1999, Anneberg Media, U.S.A.
25. Erskine M.S. Solicitation behavior in the estrous female rat: a review. Horm. Behav. 1989, 23:473-502.
26. Erskine M.S. Mating-induced increases in FOS protein in preoptic area and medial amygdala of cycling female rats. Brain Res. Bull. 1993, 32:447-451.
27. Estler C.J. Influence of pimozide on the locomotor hyperactivity produced by caffeine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1979, 31:126-127.
28. Fastbom J., Pazos A., Palacios J.M. The distribution of adenosine A1 receptors and 5'-nucleotidase in the brain of some commonly used experimental animals. Neuroscience 1987, 22:813-826.
29. Ferreira-Nuno A., Morales-Otal A., Paredes R.G., Velazquez-Moctezuma J. Sexual behavior of female rats in a multiple-partner preference test. Horm. Behav. 2005, 47:290-296.
30. File S.E., Hyde J.R. A test of anxiety that distinguishes between the actions of benzodiazepines and those of other minor tranquilisers and of stimulants. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 11:65-69.
31. Fiorino D.F., Phillips A.G. Facilitation of sexual behavior in male rats following d-amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Psychopharmacology 1999, 142:200-208.
32. Fleckenstein A.E., Gibb J.W., Hanson G.R. Differential effects of stimulants on monoaminergic transporters: pharmacological consequences and implications for neurotoxicity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 406:1-13.
33. Ford B., Bolton J., Winland C., Oakley B.J., Jampana S., Spencer T., Frohardt R.J., Guarraci F.A. Methamphetamine enhances sexual motivation in female rats 2009, Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.
34. Fredholm B.B. Activation of adenylate cyclase from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium by adenosine. Med. Biol. 1977, 55:262-267.
35. Fredholm B.B., Battig K., Holmen J., Nehlig A., Zvartau E.E. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol. Rev. 1999, 51:83-133.
36. Fukui R., Svenningsson P., Matsuishi T., Higashi H., Nairn A., Greengard P., Nishi A. Effect of methylphenidate on dopamine/DARPP signalling in adult, but not young mice. J. Neurochem. 2003, 87:1391-1401.
37. Garcia-Horsman S.P., Agmo A., Paredes R.G. Infusions of naloxone into the medial preoptic area, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and amygdala block conditioned place preference induced by paced mating behavior. Horm. Behav. 2008, 54:709-716.
38. Ginsburg M., Greenstein B.D., MacLusky N.J., Morris I.D., Thomas P.J. An improved method for the study of high-affinity steroid binding: -oestradiol binding in brain and pituitary. Steroids 1974, 23:773-792.
39. Gomora P., Beyer C., Gonzalez-Mariscal G., Komisaruk B.R. Momentary analgesia produced by copulation in female rats. Brain Res. 1994, 656:52-58.
40. Goodman R.R., Synder S.H. Autoradiographic localization of adenosine receptors in rat brain using [3H]cyclohexyladenosine. J. Neurosci. 1982, 2:1230-1241.
41. Goudie A.J. Aversive stimulus properties of drugs. Neuropharmacology 1979, 18:971-979.
42. Goudie A.J., Thornton E.W. Effects of drug experience on drug induced conditioned taste aversions: studies with amphetamine and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacologia 1975, 44:77-82.
43. Griffiths R.R., Woodson P.P. Caffeine physical dependence: a review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988, 94:437-451.
44. Griffiths R.R., Woodson P.P. Reinforcing properties of caffeine: studies in humans and laboratory animals. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1988, 29:419-427.
45. Guarraci F.A., Kapp B.S. An electrophysiological characterization of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons during differential pavlovian fear conditioning in the awake rabbit. Behav. Brain Res. 1999, 99:169-179.
46. Guarraci F.A., Clark A.S. Amphetamine modulation of paced mating behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 76:505-515.
47. Guarraci F.A., Benson A. "Coffee, tea and me": moderate doses of caffeine affect sexual behavior in female rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2005, 82:522-530.
48. Guarraci F.A., Clark A.S. Ibotenic acid lesions of the medial preoptic area disrupt the expression of partner preference in sexually receptive female rats. Brain Res. 2006, 1076:163-170.
49. Guarraci F.A., Megroz A.B., Clark A.S. Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on paced mating behavior in the female rat. Behav. Neurosci. 2002, 116:568-576.
50. Guarraci F.A., Megroz A.B., Clark A.S. Paced mating behavior in the female rat following lesions of three regions responsive to vaginocervical stimulation. Brain Res. 2004, 999:40-52.
51. Guarraci F.A., Frohardt R.J., Hines D., Navaira E., Smith J., Wampler L. Intracranial infusions of amphetamine into the medial preoptic area but not the nucleus accumbens affect paced mating behavior in female rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2008, 89:253-262.
52. Hadfield M.G., Milio C. Caffeine and regional brain monoamine utilization in mice. Life Sciences 1989, 45:2637-2644.
53. Halldner L., Aden U., Dahlberg V., Johansson B., Ledent C., Fredholm B.B. The adenosine A1 receptor contributes to the stimulatory, but not the inhibitory effect of caffeine on locomotion: a study in mice lacking adenosine A1 and/or A2A receptors. Neuropharmacology 2004, 46:1008-1017.
54. Holder, M.K., Hadjimarkou, M.M., Zup, S.L., Blustein, T., Benham, R.S., McCarthy, M.M., Mong, J.A., in press. Methamphetamine facilitates female sexual behavior and enhances neuronal activation in the medial amygdala and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Psychoneuroendocrinology.
55. Holtzman S.G. Caffeine as a model drug of abuse. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1990, 11:355-356.
56. Hoshina Y., Takeo T., Nakano K., Sato T., Sakuma Y. Axon-sparing lesion of the preoptic area enhances receptivity and diminishes proceptivity among components of female rat sexual behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 1994, 61:197-204.
57. Kalivas P.W., Duffy P. Selective activation of dopamine transmission in the shell of the nucleus accumbens by stress. Brain Res. 1995, 675:325-328.
58. Kato A., Sakuma Y. Neuronal activity in female rat preoptic area associated with sexually motivated behavior. Brain Res. 2000, 862:90-102.
59. Keefer D.A. Nuclear retention characteristics of [3H]estrogen by cells in four estrogen target regions of the rat brain. Brain Res 1981, 229:224-229.
60. Kelley A.E., Berridge K.C. The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:3306-3311.
61. Kokoshka J.M., Vaughan R.A., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Nature of methamphetamine-induced rapid and reversible changes in dopamine transporters. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 361:269-275.
62. Komisaruk B.R., Wallman J. Antinociceptive effects of vaginal stimulation in rats: neurophysiological and behavioral studies. Brain Res. 1977, 137:85-107.
63. Kunin D., Gaskin S., Borjas M.B., Smith B.R., Amit Z. Differences in locomotor response to an inescapable novel environment predict sensitivity to aversive effects of amphetamine. Behav. Pharmacol. 2001, 12:61-67.
64. Lorvick J., Martinez A., Gee L., Kral A.H. Sexual and injection risk among women who inject methamphetamine in San Francisco. J. Urban Health 2006, 83:497-505.
65. Lovell J.L., Diehl A., Joyce E., Cohn J., Lopez J., Guarraci F.A. "Some guys have all the luck": mate preference influences paced-mating behavior in female rats. Physiol. Behav. 2007, 90:537-544.
66. Meerts S.H., Clark A.S. Female rats exhibit a conditioned place preference for nonpaced mating. Horm. Behav. 2007, 51:89-94.
67. Meerts S.H., Clark A.S. Artificial vaginocervical stimulation induces a conditioned place preference in female rats. Horm. Behav. 2009, 55:128-132.
68. Mendrek A., Blaha C.D., Phillips A.G. Pre-exposure of rats to amphetamine sensitizes self-administration of this drug under a progressive ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology 1998, 135:416-422.
69. Mermelstein P.G., Becker J.B. Increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of the female rat during paced copulatory behavior. Behav. Neurosci. 1995, 109:354-365.
70. Meyerson B.J. Amphetamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibition of copulatory behaviour in the female rat. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 1968, 46:394-398.
71. Michanek A., Meyerson B.J. A comparative study of different amphetamines on copulatory behavior and stereotype activity in the female rat. Psychopharmacology 1977, 53:175-183.
72. Molitor F., Ruiz J.D., Flynn N., Mikanda J.N., Sun R.K., Anderson R. Methamphetamine use and sexual and injection risk behaviors among out-of-treatment injection drug users. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1999, 25:475-493.
73. Nehlig A., Daval J.L., Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res.: Brain Res. Rev. 1992, 17:139-170.
74. Paredes R.G., Agmo A. Facilitation of sexual behavior shortly after electrolytic lesion of the medial preoptic area: what does it mean?. Brain Res. Bull. 1992, 29:125-128.
75. Paredes R.G., Alonso A. Sexual behavior regulated (paced) by the female induces conditioned place preference. Behav. Neurosci. 1997, 111:123-128.
76. Paredes R.G., Vazquez B. What do female rats like about sex? Paced mating. Behav. Brain Res.. 1999, 105:117-127.
77. Paredes R.G., Martinez I. Naloxone blocks place preference conditioning after paced mating in female rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2001, 115:1363-1367.
78. Paredes R.G., Agmo A. Has dopamine a physiological role in the control of sexual behavior? A critical review of the evidence. Prog. Neurobiol.. 2004, 73:179-226.
79. Parkinson F.E., Fredholm B.B. Autoradiographic evidence for G-protein coupled A2-receptors in rat neostriatum using [3H]-CGS 21680 as a ligand. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1990, 342:85-89.
80. Parkinson J.A., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell differentially affect aversive Pavlovian conditioning to discrete and contextual cues. Psychobiology 1999, 27:256-266.
81. Pezze M.A., Heidbreder C.A., Feldon J., Murphy C.A. Selective responding of nucleus accumbens core and shell dopamine to aversively conditioned contextual and discrete stimuli. Neuroscience 2001, 108:91-102.
82. Pfaus J.G. Of rats and women: preclincial insights into the nature of female sexual desire. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 2006, 21:463-476.
83. Pfaus J.G., Gorzalka B.B. Opioids and sexual behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1987, 11:1-34.
84. Pfaus J.G., Phillips A.G. Differential effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on the sexual behavior of male rats. Psychopharmacology 1989, 98:363-368.
85. Pfaus J.G., Phillips A.G. Role of dopamine in anticipatory and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in the male rat. Behav. Neurosci. 1991, 105:727-743.
86. Pfaus J.G., Marcangione C., Smith W.J., Manitt C., Abillamaa H. Differential induction of Fos in the female rat brain following different amounts of vaginocervical stimulation: modulation by steroid hormones. Brain Res. 1996, 741:314-330.
87. Piazza P.V., Deminiere J.M., le Moal M., Simon H. Stress- and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res. 1990, 514:22-26.
88. Polston E.K., Erskine M.S. Patterns of induction of the immediate-early genes c-fos and egr-1 in the female rat brain following differential amounts of mating stimulation. Neuroendocrinology 1995, 62:370-384.
89. Polston E.K., Erskine M.S. Excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala differentially disrupt prolactin secretory responses in cycling and mated female rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2001, 13:13-21.
90. Powers B., Valenstein E.S. Sexual receptivity: facilitation by medial preoptic lesions in female rats. Science 1972, 175:1003-1005.
91. Premont J., Perez M., Blanc G., Tassin J.P., Thierry A.M., Herve D., Bockaert J. Adenosine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat brain homogenates: kinetic characteristics, specificity, topographical, subcellular and cellular distribution. Mol. Pharmacol. 1979, 16:790-804.
92. Pringle R.B., Mouw N.J., Lukkes J.L., Foster G.L. Amphetamine treatment increases corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Neurosci. Res. 2008, 62:62-65.
93. Rawson R.A., Washton A., Domier C.P., Reiber C. Drugs and sexual effects: role of drug type and gender. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 2002, 22:103-108.
94. Reynolds S.M., Berridge K.C. Fear and feeding in the nucleus accumbens shell: rostrocaudal segregation of GABA-elicited defensive behavior versus eating behavior. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3261-3270.
95. Riedel G., Harrington N.R., Hall G., Macphail E.M. Nucleus accumbens lesions impair context, but not cue, conditioning in rats. Neuroreport 1997, 8:2477-2481.
96. Rizvi T.A., Ennis M., Shipley M.T. Reciprocal connections between the medial preoptic area and the midbrain periaqueductal gray in rat: a WGA-HRP and PHA-L study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 315:1-15.
97. Salamone J.D. The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation. Behav. Brain Res. 1994, 61:117-133.
98. Schenk S., Valadez A., Horger B.A., Snow S., Wellman P.J. Interactions between caffeine and cocaine in tests of self-administration. Behav. Pharmacol. 1994, 5:153-158.
99. Semple S.J., Grant I., Patterson T.L. Female methamphetamine users: social characteristics and sexual risk behavior. Women Health 2004, 40:35-50.
100. Semple S.J., Patterson T.L., Grant I. The context of sexual risk behavior among heterosexual methamphetamine users. Addict. Behav. 2004, 29:807-810.
101. Seta K.A., Jansen H.T., Kreitel K.D., Lehman M., Behbehani M.M. Cold water swim stress increases the expression of neurotensin mRNA in the lateral hypothalamus and medial preoptic regions of the rat brain. Brain Res.: Mol. Brain Res. 2001, 86:145-152.
102. Sherman S.G., Gann D., German D., Sirirojn B., Thompson N., Aramrattana A., Celentano D. A qualitative study of sexual behaviors among methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand: a typology of risk. Drug and Alcohol Reviews 2008, 27:263-269.
103. Siciliano K.L., Lee K.H., Vonderheide K., Frohardt R.J., Guarraci F.A. The role of the medial amygdala in mate preference of female rats 2008, Society for Neuroscience, Washington, D.C.
104. Silva E., Hernandez L., Quinonez B., Gonzalez L.E., Colasante C. Selective amino acids changes in the medial and lateral preoptic area in the formalin test in rats. Neuroscience 2004, 124:395-404.
105. Solinas M., Ferre S., You Z.B., Karcz-Kubicha M., Popoli P., Goldberg S.R. Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6321-6324.
106. Soulairac A., Soulairac M.L. Relationships between the nervous and endocrine regulation of sexual behavior in male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1978, 3:17-29.
107. Szechtman H., Hershkowitz M., Simantov R. Sexual behavior decreases pain sensitivity and stimulated endogenous opiods in male rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1981, 70:279-285.
108. Tetel M.J., Getzinger M.J., Blaustein J.D. Fos expression in the rat brain following vaginal-cervical stimulation by mating and manual probing. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1993, 5:397-404.
109. Tetel M.J., Celentano D.C., Blaustein J.D. Intraneuronal convergence of tactile and hormonal stimuli associated with female reproduction in rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1994, 6:211-216.
110. Tuazon D.B., Suzuki T., Misawa M., Watanabe S. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theophylline) blocked methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in mice but enhanced that induced by cocaine. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1992, 654:531-533.
111. Watanabe H., Uramoto H. Caffeine mimics dopamine receptor agonists without stimulation of dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology 1986, 25:577-581.
112. Whitney J.F. Effect of medial preoptic lesions on sexual behavior of female rats is determined by test situation. Behav. Neurosci. 1986, 100:230-235.
113. Wise R.A. The role of reward pathways in the development of drug dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 1987, 35:227-263.
114. Wise R.A., Bozarth M.A. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol. Rev. 1987, 94:469-492.
115. Wise R.A., Bauco P., Carlezon W.A., Trojniar W. Self-stimulation and drug reward mechanisms. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1992, 654:192-198.
116. Yang L.Y., Clemens L.G. MPOA lesions affect female pacing of copulation in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2000, 114:1191-1202.
117. Zewail-Foote M., Diehl A., Benson A., Lee K.H., Guarraci F.A. Reproductive success and mate choice in Long-Evans rats. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 96:98-103.
118. Zimbardo P.G., Barry H. Effects of caffeine and chlorpromazine on the sexual behavior of male rats. Science 1958, 127:84-85.