Chronic fatigue syndrome: Harvey and Wessely's (bio)psychosocial model versus a bio(psychosocial) model based on inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways

BMC Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Maes, Michael ^a   Twisk, Frank N M ^b  

^a Piyavate Hospital   (Thailand)

^b ME de Patiënten Foundation   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 10; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; FREE RADICAL;

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FATIGUE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; KINESIOTHERAPY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL STRESS; NITROSATIVE STRESS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL STRESS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THERAPY EFFECT; VIRUS INFECTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; IMMUNOLOGY; LETTER; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS;

FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; FREE RADICALS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL;

EID: 77953433426     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-35     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Harvey SB, Wessely S. Chronic fatigue syndrome: identifying zebras amongst the horses. BMC Med 2009, 7:58. 10.1186/1741-7015-7-58, 2766380, 19818158.
2. Vercoulen JH, Swanink CM, Galama JM, Fennis JF, Jongen PJ, Hommes OR, van der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G. The persistence of fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis: development of a model. J Psychosom Res 1998, 45:507-517. 10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00023-3, 9859853.
3. Price J, Mitchell E, Tidy E, Hunot V. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 3:CD001027.
4. Maes M. Inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways underpinning chronic fatigue, somatization and psychosomatic symptoms. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2009, 22:75-83. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32831a4728, 19127706.
5. Maes M. "Functional" or "psychosomatic" symptoms, e.g. a flu-like malaise, aches and pain and fatigue, are major features of major and in particular of melancholic depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30:553-674.
6. Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1994, 121:953-959.
7. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is related to fatigue, autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms and is another risk factor explaining the early mortality in ME/CFS due to cardiovascular disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30:470-476.
8. Mihaylova I, DeRuyter M, Rummens JL, Bosmans E, Maes M. Decreased expression of CD69 in chronic fatigue syndrome in relation to inflammatory markers: evidence for a severe disorder in the early activation of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28:477-483.
9. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. Chronic fatigue syndrome is accompanied by an IgM-related immune response directed against neopitopes formed by oxidative or nitrosative damage to lipids and proteins. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006, 27:615-621.
10. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Bosmans E. Not in the mind of neurasthenic lazybones but in the cell nucleus: patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have increased production of nuclear factor kappa beta. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28:456-462.
11. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Bosmans E. Not in the mind but in the cell: increased production of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28:463-469.
12. Fletcher MA, Zeng XR, Barnes Z, Levis S, Klimas NG. Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med 2009, 7:96. 10.1186/1479-5876-7-96, 2779802, 19909538.
13. Klimas NG, Salvato FR, Morgan R, Fletcher MA. Immunologic abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28:1403-1410. 267940, 2166084.
14. Maher KJ, Klimas NG, Fletcher MA. Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with diminished intracellular perforin. Clin Exp Immunol 2005, 142:505-511. 1440524, 16297163.
15. Maes M, Mihaylova I, De Ruyter M. Lower serum zinc in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): relationships to immune dysfunctions and relevance for the oxidative stress status in CFS. J Affect Disord 2006, 90:141-147. 10.1016/j.jad.2005.11.002, 16338007.
16. Kennedy G, Spence VA, McLaren M, Hill A, Underwood C, Belch JJ. Oxidative stress levels are raised in chronic fatigue syndrome and are associated with clinical symptoms. Free Radic Biol Med 2005, 39:584-589. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.020, 16085177.
17. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E. Increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in major depression and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30:715-722.
18. Behan WM, More IA, Behan PO. Mitochondrial abnormalities in the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 1991, 83:61-65. 10.1007/BF00294431, 1792865.
19. Maes M. Moe en Uitgeput. 2010, Brussels, Belgium: Lampedaire.
20. Maes M, Coucke F, Leunis JC. Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from Gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28:739-744.
21. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS from Gram negative enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): indication for the involvement of Gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut permeability. J Affect Disord 2007, 99:237-240. 10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021, 17007934.
22. Maes M, Leunis JC. Normalization of leaky gut in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement: effects of age, duration of illness and the translocation of LPS from Gram-negative bacteria. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29:902-910.
23. Sheedy JR, Wettenhall RE, Scanlon D, Gooley PR, Lewis DP, McGregor N, Stapleton DI, Butt HL, DE Meirleir KL. Increased d-lactic Acid intestinal bacteria in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. In Vivo 2009, 23:621-628.
24. Myhill S, Booth NE, McLaren-Howard J. Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Int J Clin Exp Med 2009, 2:1-16. 2680051, 19436827.
25. Plioplys AV, Plioplys S. Serum levels of carnitine in chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical correlates. Neuropsychobiology 1995, 32:132-138. 10.1159/000119226, 8544970.
26. Nijs J, De Meirleir K. Impairments of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome. In Vivo 2005, 19:1013-1021.
27. Gow JW, Hagan S, Herzyk P, Cannon C, Behan PO, Chaudhuri A. A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Med Genom 2009, 2:38.
28. Kerr JR, Petty R, Burke B, Gough J, Fear D, Sinclair LI, Mattey DL, Richards SC, Montgomery J, Baldwin DA, Kellam P, Harrison TJ, Griffin GE, Main J, Enlander D, Nutt DJ, Holgate ST. Gene expression subtypes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Infect Dis 2008, 197:1171-1184. 10.1086/533453, 18462164.
29. Broderick G, Craddock RC, Whistler T, Taylor R, Klimas N, Unger ER. Identifying illness parameters in fatiguing syndromes using classical projection methods. Pharmacogenomics 2006, 7:407-419. 10.2217/14622416.7.3.407, 16610951.
30. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005, 26:745-751.
31. Gupta A, Vij G, Sharma S, Tirkey N, Rishi P, Chopra K. Curcumin, a polyphenolic antioxidant, attenuates chronic fatigue syndrome in murine water immersion stress model. Immunobiol 2009, 214:33-39.
32. Singh A, Naidu PS, Gupta S, Kulkarni SK. Effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants in a mouse model of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Med Food 2002, 5:211-220. 10.1089/109662002763003366, 12639396.
33. Krzyszton CP, Sparkman NL, Grant RW, Buchanan JB, Broussard SR, Woods J, Johnson RW. Exacerbated fatigue and motor deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral immune stimulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008, 295:R1109-1114. 2576089, 18650318.
34. Katafuchi T, Kondo T, Take S, Yoshimura M. Enhanced expression of brain interferon-alpha and serotonin transporter in immunologically induced fatigue in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 22:2817-2826. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04478.x, 16324116.
35. Rosa EF, Takahashi S, Aboulafia J, Nouailhetas VL, Oliveira MG. Oxidative stress induced by intensend exhaustive exercise impairs murine cognitive function. J Neurophysiol 2007, 98:1820-1826. 10.1152/jn.01158.2006, 17625057.
36. Maes M, . Board Editorial Psychological stress and the inflammatory response system. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001, 101:193-194. 10.1042/CS20010157, 11473495, Board Editorial.
37. Sivonova M, Zitnanova I, Hlincikova L, Skodacek I, Trebaticka J, Durackova Z. Oxidative stress in university students during examinations. Stress 2004, 7:183-188. 10.1080/10253890400012685, 15764015.
38. Kerr JR, Barah F, Mattey DL, Laing I, Hopkins SJ, Hutchinson IV, Tyrrell DA. Circulating tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma are detectable during acute and convalescent parvovirus B19 infection and are associated with prolonged and chronic fatigue. J Gen Virol 2001, 82:3011-3019.
39. Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Lloyd A, . Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2006, 333:575. 10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE, 1569956, 16950834, Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group.
40. Zhang L, Goudh J, Christmas D, Mattey D, Richards S, Main J, Enlander D, Honeybourne D, Ayres J, Nutt DJ, Kerr J. Microbial infections in eight genomic subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Clin Pathol 2010, 63:156-64. 10.1136/jcp.2009.072561, 19955554.
41. Chia JK, Chia AY, Voeller M, Lee TM, Chang R. Acute enterovirus infection followed by myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and viral persistence. J Clin Pathol 2010, 63:165-8. 10.1136/jcp.2009.070466, 19828908.
42. Tobi M, Morag A, Ravid Z, Chowers I, Feldman-Weiss V, Michaeli Y, Ben-Chetrit E, Shalit M, Knobler H. Prolonged atypical illness associated with serological evidence of persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection. Lancet 1982, 1:61-64. 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90210-0, 6119490.
43. Arashima Y, Kato K, Komiya T, Kumasaka K, Matsukawa Y, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Ikeda T, Arakawa Y. Improvement of chronic nonspecific symptoms by long-term minocycline treatment in Japanese patients with Coxiella burnetii infection considered to have post-Q fever fatigue syndrome. Intern Med 2004, 43:49-54. 10.2169/internalmedicine.43.49, 14964579.
44. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. Increased serum IgM antibodies directed against phosphatidyl inositol (Pi) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depression: evidence that an IgM-mediated immune response against Pi is one factor underpinning the comorbidity between both CFS and depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28:861-867.
45. Harboe E, Tjensvoll AB, Vefring HK, Gøransson LG, Kvaløy JT, Omdal R. Fatigue in primary Sjögren's syndrome - a link to sickness behaviour in animals?. Brain Behav Immun 2009, 23:1104-1108. 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.151, 19560535.
46. Inagaki M, Isono M, Okuyama T, Sugawara Y, Akechi T, Akizuki N, Fujimori M, Mizuno M, Shima Y, Kinoshita H, Uchitomi Y. Plasma interleukin-6 and fatigue in terminally ill cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008, 35:153-161. 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.03.009, 18082358.
47. Fox R, Eldred LJ, Fuchs EJ, Kaslow RA, Visscher BR, Ho M, Phair JP, Polk BF. Clinical manifestations of acute infection with human immunodeficiency virus in a cohort of gay men. AIDS Program, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892. AIDS 1987, 1:35-38.
48. Schroecksnadel K, Sarcletti M, Winkler C, Mumelter B, Weiss G, Fuchs D, Kemmler G, Zangerle R. Quality of life and immune activation in patients with HIV-infection. Brain Behav Immun 2008, 22:881-889. 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.011, 18261883.
49. Famularo G, De Simone C, Trinchieri V, Mosca L. Carnitines and its congeners: a metabolic pathway to the regulation of immune response and inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004, 1033:132-138. 10.1196/annals.1320.012, 15591010.
50. Song S, Jason LA. A population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experienced in differing patient groups: An effort to replicate Vercoulen et al's model of CFS. J Ment Health 2005, 4:277-289.
51. Twisk F, Maes M. A review on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30:284-299.
52. Wiborg JF, Knoop H, Stulemeijer M, Prins JB, Bleijenberg G. How does cognitive behaviour therapy reduce fatigue in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome? The role of physical activity. Psychol Med 2010, 5:1-7.
53. Jason LA, Torres-Harding S, Brown M, Sorenson M, Donalek J, Corradi K, Maher K, Fletcher MA. Predictors of change following participation in non-pharmacologic interventions for CFS. Tropl Med Health 2008, 36:23-32.
54. Roberts AD, Charler ML, Papadopoulos A, Wessely S, Chalder T, Cleare AJ. Does hypocortisolism predict a poor response to cognitive behavioural therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome?. Psychol Med 2010, 40:515-522. 10.1017/S0033291709990390, 19607750.
55. Carlo-Stella N, Badulli C, De Silvestri A, Bazzichi L, Martinetti M, Lorusso L, Bombardieri S, Salvaneschi L, Cuccia M. A first study of cytokine genomic polymorphisms in CFS: positive association of TNF-857 and IFN-gamma 874 rare alleles. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006, 24:179-182.
56. Helbig K, Harris R, Ayres J, Dunckley H, Lloyd A, Robson J, Marmion BP. Immune response genes in the post-Q-fever fatigue syndrome, Q fever endocarditis and uncomplicated acute primary Q fever. QJM 2005, 98:565-574. 10.1093/qjmed/hci086, 15955794.
57. Vollmer-Conna U, Piraino BF, Cameron B, Davenport T, Hickie I, Wakefield D, Lloyd AR, . Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group Cytokine polymorphisms have a synergistic effect on severity of the acute sickness response to infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:1418-1425. 10.1086/592967, 18937577, Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group.
58. Patarca R. Cytokines and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001, 933:185-200.
59. Liu J, Mori A. Stress, aging, and brain oxidative damage. Neurochem Res 1999, 24:1479-1497. 10.1023/A:1022597010078, 10555789.
60. Kovács P, Juránek I, Stankovicová T, Svec P. Lipid peroxidation during acute stress. Pharmazie 1996, 51:51-53.
61. Jones JF, Lin J-MS, Maloney EM, Boneva RS, Nater UM, Unger ER, Reeves WC. An evaluation of exclusionary medical/psychiatric conditions in the definition of chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Med 2009, 7:57. 10.1186/1741-7015-7-57, 2768736, 19818157.
62. Skapinakis P, Lewis G, Mavreas V. Temporal relations between unexplained fatigue and depression: longitudinal data from an international study in primary care. Psychosom Med 2004, 66:330-335. 10.1097/01.psy.0000124757.10167.b1, 15184691.
63. Roy-Byrne P, Afari N, Ashton S, Fischer M, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Chronic fatigue and anxiety/depression: a twin study. Br J Psychiatry 2002, 180:29-34. 10.1192/bjp.180.1.29, 11772848.
64. Hawk C, Jason LA, Torres-Harding S. Differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome and major depressive disorder. Int J Behav Med 2006, 13:244-251. 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1303_8, 17078775.
65. Zhang L, Goudh J, Christmas D, Mattey D, Richards S, Main J, Enlander D, Honeybourne D, Ayres J, Nutt DJ, Kerr J. Microbial infections in eight genomic subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Clin Pathol 2010, 63:156-164. 10.1136/jcp.2009.072561, 19955554.
66. Maes M, Meltzer HY, Scharpé S, Cooreman W, Uyttenbroeck W, Suy E, Vandervorst C, Calabrese J, Raus J, Cosyns P. Psychomotor retardation, anorexia, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and loss of energy: psychopathological correlates of hyperhaptoglobinemia during major depression. Psychiatry Res 1993, 47:229-241. 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90081-Q, 8372161.
67. Maes M, Yirmyia R, Noraberg J, Brene S, Hibbeln J, Perini G, Kubera M, Bob P, Lerer B, Maj M. The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis 2009, 24:27-53. 10.1007/s11011-008-9118-1, 19085093.
68. Wichers MC, Koek GH, Robaeys G, Praamstra AJ, Maes M. Early increase in vegetative symptoms predicts IFN-alpha-induced cognitive-depressive changes. Psychol Med 2005, 35:433-441. 10.1017/S0033291704003526, 15841878.
69. Martin KA, Krahn LE, Balan V, Rosati MJ. Modafinil's use in combating interferon-induced fatigue. Dig Dis Sci 2007, 52:893-896. 10.1007/s10620-006-9519-0, 17318387.
70. Goshen I, Kreisel T, Ben-Menachem-Zidon O, Licht T, Weidenfeld J, Ben-Hur T, Yirmiya R. Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:717-728. 10.1038/sj.mp.4002055, 17700577.
71. Qin L, Wu X, Block ML, Liu Y, Breese GR, Hong JS, Knapp DJ, Crews FT. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia 2007, 55:453-462. 10.1002/glia.20467, 2871685, 17203472.
72. Suhadolnik RJ, Peterson D, Reichenbach NL, Roen G, Metzger M, McCahen J, O'Brien K, Welsch S, Gabriel J, Gaughan JP, McGregor NR. Clinical and biochemical characteristics differentiating chronic fatigue syndrome from major depression and healthy control populations: relation to dysfunction and RNase L pathway. J Chron Fatigue Syndr 2004, 12:5-35.
73. Scott LV, Dinan TG. Urinary free cortisol excretion in chronic fatigue syndrome, major depression and in healthy volunteers. J Affect Disord 1998, 47:49-54. 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00101-8, 9476743.
74. Maes M, Twisk F. Chronic fatigue syndrome: la bête noire of the Belgian Health Care System. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30:300-311.
75. Wearden AJ, Morriss RK, Mullis R, Strickland PL, Pearson DJ, Appleby L, Campbell IT, Morris JA. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial of fluoxetine and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 172:485-490. 10.1192/bjp.172.6.485, 9828987.
76. Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Singletary K, Davenport T, Vernon S, Reeves WC, Hickie I, Wakefield D, Lloyd AR, . Dubbo Infective Outcomes Study Group Postinfective fatigue syndrome is not associated with altered cytokine production. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:732-735. 10.1086/520990, 17712757, Dubbo Infective Outcomes Study Group.
77. Jason LA, Corradi K, Gress S, Williams S, Torres-Harding S. Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Health Care Women Int 2006, 27:615-626. 10.1080/07399330600803766, 16844674.
78. Maes M, Twisk F. Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30:677-693.
79. Vermeulen RC, Scholte HR. Exploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med 2004, 66:276-282. 10.1097/01.psy.0000116249.60477.e9, 15039515.