Antiviral selection in the management of acute retinal necrosis

Clinical Ophthalmology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 11-20

  Tam, Patrick M K ^a   Hooper, Claire Y ^b   Lightman, Susan ^b  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute retinal necrosis; Acyclovir; Herpes; Retinitis

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; FAMCICLOVIR; GANCICLOVIR; PLACEBO; VALACICLOVIR; VALGANCICLOVIR;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFORMATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DELIRIUM; DIARRHEA; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FLANK PAIN; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENITAL HERPES; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HEPATITIS; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFERTILITY; INFLUENZA; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LETHARGY; LEUKOPENIA; MYASTHENIA; NAUSEA; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; RETINA NECROSIS; RETINITIS; REVIEW; RHINITIS; SEIZURE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SINUSITIS; SUICIDAL IDEATION; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIRUS PNEUMONIA; VIRUS RESISTANCE; VOMITING;

EID: 77953405639     PISSN: 11775467     EISSN: 11775483     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Sternberg P, Knox DK, Finkelstein D, Green WR, Murphy RP, Patz A. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Retina. 1982;2:145-151.
2. Holland GN. Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:663-667.
3. Urayama A, Yamada N, Susaki T, et al. Unilateral acute uveitis with periarteritis and detachment. J Clin Ophthalmol. 1971;25: 607-619.
4. Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz, Haines H, Gass DM, Mitchell KB, Norton EW. The acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Part 2: Histopathology and etiology. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:1317-1325.
5. Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Popose JS, et al. Varicella zoster virus is a cause of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:559-569.
6. Lewis ML, Culbertson WW, Post JD, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1: a cause of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1989; 96:875-878.
7. de Boer JH, Luyendijk L, Rothova A, et al. Detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses in acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117:201-210.
8. Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM. Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1452-1455.
9. Sims JL, Yeoh J, Stawell RJ. Acute retinal necrosis: a case series with clinical features and treatment outcomes. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2009;37:473-477.
10. Carney MD, Peyman GA, Goldberg MF, Packo J, Pulido J, Nicholson D. Acute retinal necrosis. Retina. 1986;6:85-94.
11. Hillenkamp J, Nolle B, Bruns C, Rautenberg P, Fickenscher H, Roider J. Acute retinal necrosis: clinical features, early vitrectomy, and outcomes. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1971-1975.
12. Ishida T, Sugamoto Y, Sugita S, Mochizuki M. Prophylactic vitrectomy for acute retinal necrosis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2009;53:486-489.
13. Martenet A. "Necrose" retinienne peripherique et decollement retinien total d'origine vasculaire. 5th Congress Soc Europ Ophtal Hambourg, 1976. Enke, Stuttgart 1978;180-182.
14. Young NJA, Bird AC. Bilateral acute retinal necrosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978;62:581-590.
15. Blumenkranz MS, Culbertson WW, Clarkson JG, Dix R. Treatment of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome with intravenous acyclovir. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:296-300.
16. Crapotta JA, Freeman WR, Feldman RM, et al. Visual outcome in acute retinal necrosis. Retina. 1993;13:208-213.
17. Palay DA, Sternberg P, Davis J, et al. Decrease in the risk of bilateral acute retinal necrosis by acyclovir therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:250-255.
18. Kawaguchi T, Spencer DB, Mochizuki M. Therapy for acute retinal necrosis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2008;23:285-290.
19. Tran THC, Cassoux N, Bodaghi B, Lehoang P. Successful treatment with combination of systemic antiviral drugs and intravitreal ganciclovir injections in the management of severe necrotizing herpetic retinitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2003;11:141-144.
20. Kim SJ, Lo WR. Acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmology. 2008;115: 1104-1105.
21. King J, Chung M, DiLoreto DA. A 9 year-old girl with herpes simplex virus type 2 acute retinal necrosis treated with intravitreal foscarnet. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007;15:395-398.
22. Kim SJ, Equi R, Belair ML, Fine HF, Dunn JP. Long-term preservation of vision in progressive outer retinal necrosis treated with combination antiviral drugs and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007;15:425-427.
23. Jabs DA, Schachat AP, Liss R, Knox DL, Michels RG. Presumed varicella zoster retinitis in immunocompromised patients. Retina. 1987;7:9-13.
24. Batisse D, Eliaszewicz M, Zazoun L, Baudrimont M, Pialoux G, Dupont B. Acute retinal necrosis in the course of AIDS: study of 26 cases. AIDS. 1996;10:55-60.
25. Chung H, Kim KH, Kim JG, Lee SY, Yoon YH. Retinal complications in patients with solid organ or bone marrow transplantations. Transplantation. 2007;83:694-699.
26. Torres JP, Concha EV, Juan P, Lopez G, Jose Cofre G. Acute retinal necrosis in an acute leukemia pediatric patient. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2007;24:323-326.
27. Akpek EK, Kent C, Jakobiec F, Caliendo AM, Foster CS. Bilateral acute retinal necrosis caused by cytomegalovirus in an immunocompromised patient. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:93-95.
28. Figueroa MS, Garabito I, Gutierrez C, Fortun J. Famciclovir for the treatment of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123:255-257.
29. Aslanides IM, De Souza S, Wong DTW, et al. Oral valacyclovir in the treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Retina. 2002;22:352-354.
30. Emerson GG, Smith JR, Wilson DJ, Rosenbaum JT, Flaxel CJ. Primary treatment of acute retinal necrosis with oral antiviral therapy. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:2259-2261.
31. Aizman A, Johnson MW, Elner SG. Treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome with oral antiviral medications. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:307-312.
32. Elion GB, Furman PA, Fyfe JA, de Miranda P, Beauchamp L, Schaeffer HJ. Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74:5716-5720.
33. Collins P. The spectrum of antiviral activities of acyclovir in vitro and in vivo. J Antimicrob Chemother. 12(Suppl B):19-27.
34. Biron KK, Elion GB. In vitro susceptibility of varicella-zoster virus to acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980;18:443-447.
35. Crumpacker CS, Schnipper LE, Zaia JA, et al. Growth inhibition by acycloguanosine of herpes viruses isolated from human infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979;15:642-645.
36. De Miranda P, Blum MR. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 12(Suppl B):29-37.
37. Sawyer MH, Webb DE, Balow JE, Straus SE. Acyclovir-induced renal failure. Clinical course and histology. Am J Med. 1988;84:1067-1071.
38. Keeney RE, Kirk LE, Bridgen D. Acyclovir tolerance in humans. Am J Med. 1982;73:176-181.
39. Schulman J, Peyman GA, Fiscella R, et al. Intraocular acyclovir levels after subconjunctival and topical administration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;70:138-140.
40. Schulman J, Peyman GA, Liu J, Scott M, Barber JC. The intraocular penetration of acyclovir after subconjunctival administration. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18:111-114.
41. Schulman JA, Peyman GA, Fiscella RG, Pulido J, Sugar J. Parentally administered acyclovir for viral retinitis associated with AIDS. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:1750.
42. Hung SO, Patterson A, Rees PJ. Pharmacokinetics of oral acyclovir (Zovirax) in the eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68:192-195.
43. Englund JA, Zimmerman ME, Swierkosz EM, et al. Herpes simplex virus resistant to acyclovir: a study in the tertiary care center. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:416-422.
44. Nugier F, Colin JN, Aymard M, Langlois M. Occurrence and characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus isolates: report on a 2-year sensitivity screening survey. K Med Virol. 1992;36:1-12.
45. Christophers J, Clayton K, Craske J, et al. Survey of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir in northewest England. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:868-872.
46. Larder BA, Cheng YC, Darby G. Characterization of abnormal thymidine kinases induced by drug-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Gen Virol. 1983;64:523-532.
47. Morfin F, Thouvenot D. Herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs. J Clin Virol. 2003;26:29-37.
48. Weller S, Blum MR, Doucette M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir pro-drug valaciclovir after escalating single- and multiple-dose administration to normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 1993;54:595-605.
49. Soul-Lawton J, Seaber E, On N, Wootton R, Rolan P, Posner J. Absolute bioavailability and metabolic disposition of valaciclovir, the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, following oral adminstration to humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39:2759-2764.
50. Jacobson MA, Gallant J, Wang LH, et al. Phase 1 trial of valaciclovir, the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38: 1534-1540.
51. Wang LH, Schultz M, Weller S, Smiley ML, Blum MR. Pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple-dose valaciclovir in geriatric volunteers with and without concomitant diuretic therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:80-85.
52. Perry CM, Faulds D. Valaciclovir: A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections. Drugs. 1996;52:754.
53. Huynh TH, Johnson MW, Comer GM, Fish DN. Vitreous penetration of orally administered valacyclovir. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008; 145:682-686.
54. Lycke J, Malmestrom C, Stahle L. Acyclovir levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration of valacyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:2438-2441.
55. Vere Hodge RA, Cheng YC. Famciclovir and penciclovir. The mode of action of famciclovir including its conversion to penciclovir. Antiviral Chem Chemother. 1993;4:67-84.
56. Thackray AM, Field HJ. Comparison of effects of famciclovir and valaciclovir on pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 2 in a murine infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:846-851.
57. Thackray AM, Field HJ. Famciclovir and valaciclovir differ in the prevention of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in mice: a quantitative study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:1555-1562.
58. Perry CM, Wagstaff AJ. Famciclovir. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections. Drugs. 1995;50:396-415.
59. Chong DY, Johnson MW, Huynh TH, Hall EF, Comer GM, Fish DN. Vireous penetration of orally administered famciclovir. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:38-42.
60. Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, et al. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1119-1126.
61. Savant V, Saeed T, Denniston A, Murray PI. Oral valganciclovir treatment of varicella zoster virus acute retinal necrosis. Eye. 2004; 18:544-555.
62. Cottet L, Kaiser L, Hirsch HH, Baglivo E. HSV2 acute retinal necrosis: diagnosis and monitoring with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Int Ophthalmol. 2009;29:199-201.
63. Jung D, Dorr A. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 39:800-804.
64. Brown F, Banken L, Saywell K, Arum I. Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir following multiple oral dosages of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;37:167.
65. Sawyer MH, Webb DE, Balow JE, Straus SE. Acyclovir-induced renal failure. Clinical course and histology. Am J Med. 1988; 84:1067-1071.
66. Tucker WE. Preclinical toxicology profile of acyclovir. Am J Med. 1982;73(Suppl):202-204.
67. Rashed A, Azadeh B, Abu Romeh SH. Acyclovir-indcued acute tubule-interstitial nephritis. Nephron. 1990;56:436-438.
68. Eck P, Siler SM, Clark EC. Acute renal failure and coma after a high dose of oral acyclovir. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:182-185.
69. Keeney RE, Kirk LE, Bridgen D. Acyclovir tolerance in humans. Am J Med. 1982;73:176-181.
70. Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deray G. Antiviral drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am J Kid Dis. 2005;45:804-817.
71. Davenport A, Goel S, Mackenzie JC. Neurotoxicity of acyclovir in patients with end-stage renal failure treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kindey Dis. 1992;20:647-649.
72. Stone KM, Reiff-Eldridge R, White AD, et al. Pregnancy outcomes following systemic prenatal acyclovir exposure: Conclusions from the international acyclovir pregnancy registry, 1984-1999. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004;70:201-207.
73. Vandercam T, Hintzen RQ, de Boer JH, Van der Lelij A. Herpetic encephalitis is a risk factor for acute retinal necrosis. Neurology. 2008;71:1268-1274.
74. Whitley RJ, Alford CA, Hirsch MS, et al. Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1986;16;314: 144-149.
75. Valencia I, Miles DK, Melvin J, et al. Relapse of herpes encephalitis after acyclovir therapy: report of two new cases and review of the literature. Neuropediatrics. 2004;35:371-376.
76. Tyring S, Baker D, Snowden W. Valacyclovir for herpes simplex virus infection: long-term safety and sustained efficacy after 20 years' experience with acyclovir. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:S40-S46.
77. Bell WR, Chulay JD, Feinberg JE. Manifestations resembling thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in a cytomegalovirus prophylaxis trial (ACTG 204). Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:369-380.
78. Hoglund M, Ljungman P, Weller S. Comparable acyclovir exposures produced by oral valaciclovir and itraveous acyclovir in immunocompromised cancer patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47:855-861.
79. Alrabiah FA, Sacks SL. New antiherpesvirus agents: Their targets and therapeutic agents. Their targets and therapeutic potential. Drugs. 1996;52:17-32.
80. Lowance D, Neumayer HH, Legendre CM, et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1462-1470.
81. Saltzman R, Jurewicz R, Boon R. Safety of famciclovir in patients with herpes zoster and genital herpes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2454-2457.
82. Abdel-Haq N, Chearskul P, Al-Tatari H, Asmar B. New antiviral agents. Indian J Pediatr. 2006;73:313-321.
83. Rothova A, de Boer JH, Ten NJ, et al. Usefulness of aqueous humor analysis for the diagnosis of posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:306-311.
84. Tran THC, Stanescu D, Caspers-Velu L, et al. Clinical characteristics of acute HSV-2 retinal necrosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004; 137:872-879.
85. Tajunisah I, Reddy SC, Tan LH. Acute retinal necrosis by cytomegalovirus in an immunocompetent adult: case report and review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol. 2009;29:85-90.