Martian rifts: Structural geology and geophysics

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 294, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 393-410

  Hauber, Ernst ^a   Grott, Matthias ^a   Kronberg, Peter ^b  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b CLAUSTHAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Continental extension; Mars; Rifting; Structural geology; Tectonics

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION ZONE; CONTINENTAL EXTENSION; CONTINENTAL RIFT; ELASTIC LITHOSPHERE; EXTENSIONAL STRESS; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY; HEAT FLOWS; HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS; LITHOSPHERIC; MARS; RADIAL ORIENTATION; RIFT SYSTEMS; STRESS FIELD; STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE; SURFACE UNITS; THARSIS; TOPOGRAPHIC DATA;

GALLIUM; GRAVITATION; TECTONICS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; GEOPHYSICS; HEAT FLOW; MARS; RIFTING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; UPLIFT; VOLCANISM;

EID: 77953286132     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.005     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Acocella V., Korme T., Salvini F. Formation of normal faults along the axial zone of the Ethiopian Rift. J. Struct. Geol. 2003, 25:503-513.
2. Anderson S., Grimm R.E. Rift processes at the Valles Marineris, Mars: constraints from gravity on necking and rate-dependent strength evolution. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(E5):11,113-11,124.
3. Anderson R.C., Dohm J.M., Golombek M.P., Haldemann A.F.C., Franklin B.J., Tanaka K.L., Lias J., Peer B. Primary centers and secondary concentrations of tectonic activity through time in the western hemisphere of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(E9):20,563-20,586. 10.1029/2000JE001278.
4. Andrews-Hanna J.C., Zuber M.T., Hauck S.A. Strike-slip faults on Mars: observations and implications for global tectonics and geodynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:E08002. 10.1029/2007JE002980.
5. Anguita F., Farelo A.F., López V., Mas C., Muñoz-Espadas M.J., Márquez Á., Ruiz J. Tharsis dome, Mars: new evidence for Noachian-Hesperian thick-skin and Amazonian thin-skin tectonics. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(E4):7577-7589.
6. Anguita F., Fernández C., Cordero G., Carrasquilla S., Anguita J., Núñez A., Rodríguez S., García J. Evidences for a Noachian-Hesperian orogeny in Mars. Icarus 2006, 185:331-357.
7. Baer G., Hamiel Y., Shamir G., Nof R. Evolution of a magma-driven earthquake swarm and triggering of the nearby Oldoinyo Lengai eruption, as resolved by InSAR, ground observations and elastic modeling, East African Rift,. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 272:339-352.
8. Baker B.H., Wohlenberg J. Structure and evolution of the Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 1971, 229:538-542.
9. Baker B.H., Mohr P.A., Williams L.A.J. The Geology of the Eastern Rift System of Africa. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 1972, 136. 66pp.
10. Bally A.W. Musings over sedimentary basin evolution. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. 1982, 305:325-337.
11. Banerdt W.B., Golombek M.P. Tectonics of the Tharsis region of Mars: insights from MGS topography and gravity. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 2000, abstract no. 2038.
12. Banerdt W.B., Golombek M.P., Tanaka K.L. Stress and tectonics on Mars. Mars 1992, 249-297. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
13. Barnett D.N., Nimmo F. Strength of faults on Mars from MOLA topography. Icarus 2002, 157:34-42. 10.1006/icar.2002.6817.
14. Bosworth W. Geometry of propagating continental rifts. Nature 1985, 316:625-627.
15. Bosworth W. Off axis volcanism in Gregory rift, East Africa: implications for models of continental rifting. Geology 1987, 15:397-400.
16. Bott M.H.P. Mechanisms of rifting: geodynamic modelling of continental rift systems. Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure, Tectonics 1995, 27-43. Elsevier, New York. K.H. Olsen (Ed.).
17. Braile L.W., Keller G.R., Wendlandt R.F., Morgan P., Khan M.A. The East African Rift System. Continental Rifts: Evolution, Structure, Tectonics 1995, 213-231. Elsevier, New York. K.H. Olsen (Ed.).
18. Breuer D., Spohn T. Early plate tectonics versus single-plate tectonics on Mars: evidence from magnetic field history and crust evolution. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108(E7):5072. 10.1029/2002JE001999.
19. Buck W.R. Modes of continental lithospheric extension. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:20,161-20,178.
20. Buck W.R. Consequences of asthenospheric variability on continental rifting. Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphere at Continental Margins 2004, 1-30. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. G.D. Karner, B. Taylor, N.W. Driscoll, B.L. Kohlstedt (Eds.).
21. Burov E.B., Diament M. The effective elastic thickness (Te) of continental lithosphere: what does it really mean?. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(B3):3905-3927.
22. Bücker C.J., Jarrard R.D., Wonik T. Downhole temperature, radiogenic heat production, and heat flow from the CRP-3 Drillhole, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica. Terra Antarctica 2001, 8:151-159.
23. Busetti M., Spadini G., Van der Wateren F.M., Cloetingh S., Zanolla C. Kinematic modelling of the West Antarctic Rift System, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Global Planet. Change 1999, 23:79-103.
24. Calais E., d'Oreye N., Albaric J., Deschamps A., Delvaux D., Déverchère J., Ebinger C., Ferdinand R.W., Kervyn F., Macheyeki A.S., Oyen A., Perrot J., Saria E., Smets B., Stamps D.S., Wauthier C. Strain accommodation by slow slip and dyking in a youthful continental rift, East Africa. Nature 2008, 456:783-787.
25. Clauser C., Villinger H. Analysis of conductive and convective heat transfer in a sedimentary basin, demonstrated for the Rheingraben. Geophys. J. Int. 1990, 100:393-414.
26. Coblentz D.D., Richardson R.M., Sandiford M. On the gravitational potential of the Earth's lithosphere. Tectonics 1994, 13:929-945.
27. Coblentz D.D., Sandiford M. Tectonic stresses in the African plate: constraints on the ambient lithospheric stress state. Geology 1994, 22:831-834.
28. Connerney J.E.P., Acuña M.H., Ness N.F., Kletetschka G., Mitchell D.L., Lin R.P., Reme H. Tectonic implications of Mars crustal magnetism. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 2005, 102:14970-14975.
29. Corti G. Control of rift obliquity on the evolution and segmentation of the main Ethiopian rift. Nature Geosci. 2008, 1:258-262.
30. Courtillot V., Jaupart C., Manighetti I., Tapponnier P., Besse J. On causal links between flood basalts and continental breakup. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 166:177-195.
31. Coward M.P., Dewey J.F., Hancock P.L. Continental extensional tectonics. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ 1987, 28. Blackwell, Oxford, 637pp.
32. Craddock R.A., Howard A.D. The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107. CiteID 5111. 10.1029/2001JE001505.
33. Decker E.R., Smithson S.B. Heat flow and gravity measurements across the Rio Grande rift in southern New Mexico and west Texas. J. Geophys. Res. 1975, 80:2542-2552.
34. Dimitrova L.L., Holt W.E., Haines A.J., Schultz R.A. Toward understanding the history and mechanisms of Martian faulting: the contribution of gravitational potential energy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L08202. 10.1029/2005GL025307.
35. Dohm, J.M., Tanaka, K.L., Hare, T.M., 2001. Geologic, paleotectonic, and paleoerosional maps of the Thaumasia Region, Mars, scale 1:5,000,000, U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Invest. Ser., Map I-2650.
36. Ebinger C.J. Geometric and kinematic development of border faults and accommodation zones, Kivu-Rusizi rift, Africa. Tectonics 1989, 8:117-137.
37. Ebinger C.J. Tectonic development of the western branch of the East African rift system. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 1989, 101:885-903.
38. Ebinger C.J., Casey M. Continental breakup in magmatic provinces: an Ethiopian example. Geology 2001, 29:527-530.
39. Ebinger C.J. Continental break-up: the East African perspective. Astron. Geophys. 2005, 46:2.16-2.21.
40. Ebinger C.J., Hayward N.J. Soft plates and hot spots: views from Afar. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101(B10):21859-21876.
41. Ebinger C.J., Karner G.D., Weissel J.K. Mechanical strength of extended continental lithosphere: constraints from the Western Rift System, East Africa. Tectonics 1991, 10:1239-1256.
42. Ebinger C.J., Keir D., Ayele A., Calais E., Wright T.J., Belachew M., Hammond J.O.S., Campbell E., Buck W.R. Capturing magma intrusion and faulting processes during continental rupture: seismicity of the Dabbahu (Afar) rift. Geophys. J. Int. 2008, 174:1138-1152.
43. Ellis M., King G. Structural control of flank volcanism in continental rifts. Science 1991, 254:839-842.
44. Engelhardt H. Ice temperature and high geothermal flux at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, from borehole measurements. J. Glaciol. 2004, 50:251-256.
45. Fernández C., Anguita F. Oblique rifting at Tempe Fossae, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. CiteID E09007. 10.1029/2007JE002889.
46. Foster A., Ebinger C.J., Mbede E., Rex D. Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1997, 154:689-700.
47. Frey H. Martian canyons and African rifts: structural comparisons and implications. Icarus 1979, 37:142-155.
48. Sedimentation in the African rifts. Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 25 1986, Blackwell, Oxford, 382pp. L.E. Frostick, R.W. Renault, I. Reid, J.J. Tiercelin (Eds.).
49. Furman T., Bryce J.G., Karson J., Iotti A. East African Rift System (EARS) plume structure: insights from Quaternary mafic lavas of Turkana, Kenya. J. Petrology 2004, 45:1069-1088.
50. Furman T., Bryce J.G., Rooney T., Hanan B., Yirgu G., Ayalew D. Heads and tails: 30 million years of the Afar plume. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2006, vol. 259:95-119. G. Yirgu, C.J. Ebinger, P.K.H. Maguire (Eds.).
51. Gawthorpe J.J., Leeder M.R. Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins. Basin Res. 2000, 12:195-218.
52. Gendrin A., Mangold N., Bibring J.-P., Langevin Y., Gondet B., Poulet F., Bonello G., Quantin C., Mustard J., Arvidson R., LeMouélic S. Sulfates in Martian layered terrains: the OMEGA/Mars Express view. Science 2005, 307:1587-1591.
53. Golombek M.P., Grant J.A., Crumpler L.S., Greeley R., Arvidson R.E., Bell J.F., Weitz C.M., Sullivan R., Christensen P.R., Soderblom L.A., Squyres S.W. Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111(E12). CiteID E12S10. 10.1029/2006JE002754.
54. Goudy C.L., Schultz R.A. Dike intrusions beneath grabens south of Arsia Mons. Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L05201. 10.1029/2004GL021977.
55. Grott M. Late crustal growth on Mars: evidence from lithospheric extension. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L23201. 10.1029/2005GL024492.
56. Grott M., Breuer D. The evolution of the Martian elastic lithosphere and implications for crustal and mantle rheology. Icarus 2008, 193:503-515.
57. Grott M., Breuer D. Implications of large elastic thicknesses for the composition and current thermal state of Mars. Icarus 2009, 201:540-548.
58. Grott M., Hauber E., Werner S.C., Kronberg P. High heat flux on ancient Mars: evidence from rift flank uplift at Coracis Fossae. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L21201. 10.1029/2005GL023894.
59. Grott M., Kronberg P., Hauber E., Cailleau B. Formation of the double rift system in the Thaumasia Highlands. Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:E06006. 10.1029/2006JE002800.
60. Grott M., Hauber E., Werner S.C., Kronberg P., Neukum G. Mechanical modeling of thrust faults in the Thaumasia region, Mars, and implications for the Noachian heat flux. Icarus 2007, 186:517-526.
61. Gudmundsson A. Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland. Terra Nova 1992, 4:464-471.
62. Gwinner K., Scholten F., Spiegel M., Schmidt R., Giese B., Oberst J., Jaumann R., Neukum G., the HRSC Co-Investigator Team Hochauflösende Digitale Geländemodelle auf der Grundlage von Mars Express HRSC-Daten. Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung. Geoinformation 2005, 5(2005):387-394.
63. Gwinner, K., Scholten, F., Spiegel, M., Schmidt, R., Giese, B., Oberst, J., Heipke, C., Jaumann, R., Neukum, G., 2009. Derivation and Validation of High-Resolution Digital Elevation Models from Mars Express HRSC-Data. PE&RS 75 (9) 1127-1142.
64. Gwinner K., Scholten F., Preusker F., Elgner S., Roatsch T., Spiegel M., Schmidt R., Oberst J., Jaumann R., Heipke C. Topography of Mars from global mapping by HRSC high-resolution digital elevation models and orthoimages: characteristics and performance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 294:506-519. (this volume).
65. Hartmann W.K., Neukum G. Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Sci. Rev. 2001, 96:165-194.
66. Hauber E., Kronberg P. Tempe Fossae, Mars: a planetary analogon to a terrestrial continental rift?. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(E9):20,587-20,602.
67. Hauber E., Kronberg P. The large Thaumasia graben on Mars: is it a rift?. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110. CiteID E07003. 10.1029/2005JE002407.
68. Hauber, E., Charalambakis, E., Gwinner, K., Knapmeyer, M., Grott, M., 2007. Displacement-Length Relationships of Normal Faults on Mars: New Observations with MOLA and HRSC. 7th Int. Conf. Mars, LPI Contrib. 1353, abstract 3110.
69. Hauber E., Gwinner K., Kleinhans M., Reiss D., di Achille G., Ori G.-G., Scholten F., Marinangeli L., Jaumann R., Neukum G. Sedimentary deposits in Xanthe Terra: implications for the ancient climate on Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 2009, 57:944-957.
70. Hayward N.J., Ebinger C.J. Variations in the along-axis segmentation of the Afar Rift system. Tectonics 1996, 15(2):244-257.
71. Hofmann C., Courtillot V., Féraud G., Rochette P., Yirgu G., Ketefo E., Pik R. Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implications for plume birth and global change. Nature 1997, 389:838-841.
72. Hoogenboom T., Smrekar S.E. Elastic thickness estimates for the northern lowlands of Mars. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 2006, 248:830-839.
73. Howard A.D., Moore J.M., Irwin R.P. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 1. Valley network incision and associated deposits. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110(E12). CiteID E12S14. 10.1029/2005JE002459.
74. Irwin R.P., Howard A.D., Craddock R.A., Moore J.M. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110(E12). CiteID E12S15. 10.1029/2005JE002460.
75. Jaumann R., Neukum G., Behnke T., Duxbury T.C., Eichentopf K., Flohrer J., van Gasselt S., Giese B., Gwinner K., Hauber E., Hoffmann H., Hoffmeister A., Köhler U., Matz K.-D., McCord T.B., Mertens V., Oberst J., Pischel R., Reiss D., Ress E., Roatsch T., Saiger P., Scholten F., Schwarz G., Stephan K., Wählisch M., the HRSC Co-Investigator Team The high-resolution stereo camera (HRSC) experiment on Mars Express: instrument aspects and experiment conduct from interplanetary cruise through the nominal mission. Planet. Space Sci. 2007, 55:928-952.
76. Lacustrine basin exploration - case studies and modern analogs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 1990, vol. 50. Tulsa, 340pp. B. Katz (Ed.).
77. Keller G.R., Khan M.A., Morgan P., Wendland R.F., Baldridge W.S., Olsen K.H., Prodehl C., Braile L.W. A comparative study of the Rio Grande and Kenya rifts. Tectonophysics 1991, 197:355-371.
78. Kiselev A.I. Volcanism of the Baikal rift zone. Tectonophysics 1987, 143:235-244.
79. Kronberg P., Hauber E., Grott M., Werner S.C., Schäfer T., Gwinner K., Giese B., Masson P., Neukum G. Acheron Fossae, Mars: tectonic rifting, volcanism, and implications for lithospheric thickness. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. CiteID E04005. 10.1029/2006JE002780.
80. Lachenbruch A.H. Heat flow in the basin and range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1978/79, 117:34-50.
81. Lachenbruch A.H., Sass J.H., Morgan P. Thermal regime of the southern Basin and Range Province. 2: Implications of heat flow for regional extension and metamorphic core complexes. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99(B11):22,121-22,133.
82. Lambiase J.J. A model for tectonic control of lacustrine stratigraphic sequences in continental rift basins. AAPG Memoir 1990, 50:265-276. B.J. Katz (Ed.).
83. Lambiase J.J. Hydrocarbon habitat in rift basins. Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 80 1995, London, 380 pp.
84. Lambiase J.J., Bosworth W. Structural controls on sedimentation in continental rifts. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 1995, vol. 80:117-144. J.J. Lambiase (Ed.).
85. Latin D., Norry M.J., Tarzey R.J.E. Magmatism in the Gregory Rift: East Africa: evidence for melt generation by a plume. J. Petrology 1993, 34:1007-1027.
86. LeMasurier W.E. Neogene extension and basin deepening in the West Antarctic rift inferred from comparisons with the East African rift and other analogs. Geology 2008, 36:247-250.
87. Lewis K.W., Aharonson O., Grotzinger J.P., Kirk R.L., McEwen A.S., Suer T.-A. Quasi-periodic bedding in the sedimentary rock record of Mars. Science 2008, 322:1532-1535.
88. Lucchitta B.K., Isbell N.K., Howington-Kraus A. Topography of Valles Marineris: implications for erosional and structural history. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:3783-3798.
89. Lysak S.V. Heat flow, geology and geophysics in the Baikal rift zone and adjacent regions. Geoelectric and Geothermal Studies (East-Central Europe, Soviet Asia) 1976, 455-462. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. A. Adams (Ed.).
90. Lysak S.V. Heat flow variations in continental rifts. Tectonophysics 1992, 208:309-323.
91. Macdonald R., Rogers N.W., Fitton J.G., Black S., Smith M. Plume-lithosphere interactions in the generation of the basalts of the Kenya Rift, East Africa. J. Petrol. 2001, 42:877-900.
92. Malin M.C., Bell J.F., Cantor B.A., Caplinger M.A., Calvin W.M., Clancy R.T., Edgett K.S., Edwards L., Haberle R.M., James P.B., Lee S.W., Ravine M.A., Thomas P.C., Wolff M.J. Context camera investigation on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. CiteID E05S04. 10.1029/2006JE002808.
93. Masson P. Structure pattern analysis of the Noctis Labyrinthus-Valles Marineris regions of Mars. Icarus 1977, 30:49-62.
94. Masson P. Contribution to the structural interpretation of the Valles Marineris-Noctis Labyrinthus-Claritas Fossae regions of Mars. Moon Planets 1980, 22:211-219.
95. McClay K.R., White M.J. Analogue modelling of orthogonal and oblique rifting. Marine Petrol. Geol. 1995, 12:137-151.
96. McClay K.R., Dooley T., Whitehouse P., Mills M. 4-D evolution of rift systems: insights from scaled physical models. AAPG Bulletin 2002, 86:935-959.
97. McGovern P.J., Solomon S.C., Smith D.E., Zuber M.T., Simons M., Wieczorek M.A., Phillips R.J., Neumann G.A., Aharonson O., Head J.W. Correction to "Localized gravity/topography admittance and correlation spectra on Mars: implications for regional and global evolution". J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109(E7). CiteID E07007. 10.1029/2004JE002286.
98. McKenzie D., Bickle M.J. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. J. Petrol. 1988, 29:625-679.
99. McNutt M.K. Lithospheric flexure and thermal anomalies. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:11,180-11,194.
100. Mechie J., Keller G.R., Prodehl C., Gaciri S.J., Braile L.W., Mooney W.D., Gajewski D., Sandmeier K.-J. Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data. Tectonophysics 1994, 236:179-200.
101. Mechie J., Keller G.R., Prodehl C., Khan M.A., Gaciri S.J. A model for the structure, composition and evolution of the Kenya rift. Tectonophysics 1997, 278:95-119.
102. Mège D., Masson P. Amounts of crustal stretching in the Valles Marineris, Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 1996, 44:749-782.
103. Mège D., Masson P. Stress models for Tharsis formation, Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 1996, 44:1471-1497.
104. Mège D., Masson P. A plume tectonics model for the Tharsis province, Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 1996, 44:1499-1546.
105. Mège D., Cook A.C., Garel E., Lagabrielle Y., Cormier M.-H. Volcanic rifting at Martian grabens. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108. CiteID 5044. 10.1029/2002JE001852.
106. Morgan P. Heat flow in rift zones. Am. Geophys. Union, Geodyn. Ser. 1982, vol. 8:107-122. G. Palmason (Ed.).
107. Morgan P. Constraints on rift thermal processes from heat flow and uplift. Tectonophysics 1983, 94:277-298.
108. Morgan W.J. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature 1971, 230:42-43.
109. Morley C.K. Variable extension in Lake Tanganyika. Tectonics 1988, 7:785-801.
110. Morley C.K. Developments in the structural geology of rifts over the last decade and their impact on hydrocarbon exploration. Hydrocarbon habitat in rift basins 1995, vol. 80:1-32. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. J.J. Lambiase (Ed.).
111. Morley C.K. Evolution of large normal faults: evidence from seismic reflection data. AAPG Bull. 2002, 86:961-978.
112. Morley C.K., Nelson R.A., Patton T.L., Munn S.G. Transfer zones in the East African rift system and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts. AAPG Bull. 1990, 74:1234-1253.
113. Morley C.K., Wescott W.A., Stone D.M., Harper R.M., Wigger S.T., Karanja F.M. Tectonic evolution of the northern Kenyan Rift. J. Geol. Soc. 1992, 149(3):333-348.
114. Moustafa A.R. Internal structure and deformation of an accommodation zone in the northern part of the Suez rift. J. Struct. Geol. 1996, 18:93-107.
115. Moustafa A.R. Controls on the development and evolution of transfer zones: the influence of basement structure and sedimentary thickness in the Suez rift and Red Sea. J. Struct. Geol. 1997, 19:755-768.
116. Moustafa A.R. Controls on the geometry of transfer zones in the Suez rift and northwest Red Sea: implications for the structural geometry of rift systems. AAPG Bull. 2002, 86:979-1002.
117. Mugisha F., Ebinger C.J., Strecker M., Pope D. Two-stage rifting in the Kenya rift: implications for half-graben models. Tectonophysics 1997, 278:63-81.
118. Mutch T.A., Saunders R.S. The geologic development of Mars - a review. Space Sci. Rev. 1976, 19:3-57.
119. Neukum G., Jaumann R. The high resolution stereo camera of Mars Express. ESA Spec. Publ. 2004, 1240:17-35. the HRSC Science and Experiment Team.
120. Neukum G., Jaumann R., Hoffmann H., Hauber E., Head J.W., Basilevsky A.T., Ivanov B.A., Werner S.C., van Gasselt S., Murray J.B., McCord T. Recent and episodic volcanic and glacial activity on Mars revealed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera. Nature 2004, 432:971-979. HRSC Co-Investigator Team.
121. Neumann G.A., Zuber M.T., Wieczorek M.A., McGovern P.J., Lemoine F.G., Smith D.E. The crustal structure of Mars from gravity and topography. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 108(E8):E08002. 10.1029/2004JE002262.
122. Olsen K.H., Baldridge W.S., Callender J.F. Rio Grande rift: an overview. Tectonophysics 1987, 143:119-139.
123. Peacock D.C.P. Propagation, interaction and linkage in normal fault systems. Earth Sci. Rev. 2002, 58:121-142.
124. Petit C., Déverchère J. Structure and evolution of the Baikal rift: a synthesis. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 2006, 7(11):Q11016. 10.1029/2006GC001265.
125. Peulvast J.-P., Masson P. Erosion and tectonics in Central Valles Marineris (Mars): a new morpho-structural model. Earth, Moon, Planets 1993, 61:191-217.
126. Peulvast J.-P., Mège D., Chiciak J., Costard F., Masson P. Morphology, evolution, and tectonics of Valles Marineris wall slopes, Mars. Geomorphology 2001, 37:329-352.
127. Phillips R.J., Zuber M.T., Solomon S.C., Golombek M.P., Jakosky B.M., Banerdt W.B., Smith D.E., Williams R.M.E., Hynek B.M., Aharonson O., Hauck S.A. Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars. Science 2001, 291:2587-2591.
128. Pollack H.N., Hurter J.J., Johnson J.R. Heat flow from the earth's interior - analysis of the global data set. Rev. Geophys. 1993, 31:267-280.
129. Poort J., Klerkx J. Absence of a regional surface thermal high in the Baikal rift; new insights from detailed contouring of heat flow anomalies. Tectonophysics 2004, 383:217-241.
130. Prodehl C., Ritter J.R.R., Mechie J., Keller G.R., Khan M.A., Jacob B., Fuchs K., Nyambok I.O., Obel J.D., Riaroh D. The KRISP 94 lithospheric investigation of southern Kenya - the experiments and their main results. Tectonophysics 1997, 278:121-147.
131. Purucker M., Ravat D., Frey H., Voorhies C., Sabaka T., Acuna M. An altitude-normalized magnetic map of Mars and its interpretation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:2449-2452.
132. Reiter M., Edwards C.L., Hartman H., Weidman C. Terrestrial heat flow along the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico and Southern Colorado. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 1975, 86:811-818.
133. Reiter M., Shearer C., Edwards C.L. Geothermal anomalies along the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico. Geology 1978, 6:85-88.
134. Sedimentation in Continental Rifts 2002, vol. 73. SEPM, Tulsa, Spec. Publ. R.W. Renault, G.M. Ashley (Eds.).
135. The Geometry of Normal Faults 1991, vol. 56. Geol. Soc. Lond, London, Spec. Publ. A.M. Roberts, G. Yielding, B. Freeman (Eds.).
136. Rosendahl B.R. Architecture of continental rifts with special reference to East Africa. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1987, 15:445-503.
137. Rosendahl B.R., Reynolds D., Lorber P., Burgess C., McGill J., Scott D., Lambiase J., Derksen S. Structural expressions of rifting: lessons from Lake Tanganyika. Sedimentation in the East African Rifts 1986, vol. 25:29-43. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. L.E. Frostick (Ed.).
138. Rubin A.M., Pollard D.D. Dike-induced faulting in rift zones of Iceland and Afar. Geology 1988, 16:413-417.
139. Ruiz J., Fernández C., Gomez-Ortiz D., Dohm J.M., López V., Tejero R. Ancient heat flow, crustal thickness, and lithospheric mantle rheology in the Amenthes region. Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 270:1-12.
140. Ruppel C. Extensional processes in continental lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(B12):24,187-24,215.
141. Sass J.H., Lachenbruch A.H., Galanis S.P., Morgan P., Priest S.S., Moses T.H., Munroe R.J. Thermal regime of the southern Basin and Range Province: 1. Heat flow data from Arizona and the Mojave Desert of California and Nevada. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99(B11):22,093-22,119.
142. Schlische R.W. Half-graben basin filling models: new constraints on continental extensional basin development. Basin Res. 1991, 3:123-141.
143. Schlische R.W., Olsen P.E. Quantitative filling model for continental extensional basins with applications to early Mesozoic rifts of eastern North America. J. Geol. 1990, 98:135-155.
144. Scholten F., Gwinner K., Roatsch T., Matz K.-D., Wählisch M., Giese B., Oberst J., Jaumann R., Neukum G. Mars Express HRSC data processing - methods and operational aspects. PE&RS 2005, 71:1143-1152. the HRSC Co-Investigator Team.
145. Scholz C.H., Contreras J.C. Mechanics of continental rift architecture. Geology 1998, 26:967-970.
146. Schonfeld E. Origin of Valles Marineris. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, Lunar Planet. Inst., Houston 1979, 3031-3038.
147. Schultz R.A. Strike-slip faulting of ridged plains near Valles Marineris, Mars. Nature 1989, 341:424-426.
148. Schultz R.A. Structural development of Coprates Chasma and western Ophir Planum, Valles Marineris Rift, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:22,777-22,792.
149. Schultz R.A. Gradients in extension and strain at Valles Marineris. Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 1995, 43:1561-1566.
150. Schultz R.A. Fault-population statistics at the Valles Marineris Extensional Province, Mars: implications for segment linkage, crustal strains, and its geodynamical development. Tectonophysics 2000, 316:169-193.
151. Schultz R.A., Lin J. Three-dimensional normal faulting models of the Valles Marineris, Mars, and geodynamic implications. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:16,549-16,566.
152. Schultz R.A., Watters T.R. Forward mechanical modeling of the Amenthes Rupes thrust fault on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:4659-4662.
153. Schultz R.A., Zuber M.T. Observations, models, and mechanisms of failure of surface rocks surrounding planetary surface loads. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99(E7):14,691-14,702. 10.1029/94JE01140.
154. Schultz R.A., Moore J.M., Grosfils E.B., Tanaka K.L., Mège D. The Canyonland model for planetary grabens: revised physical basis and interpretation. The Geology of Mars 2007, 371-399. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. M. Chapman (Ed.).
155. Scott D.H., Tanaka K.L. Mars: paleostratigraphic restoration of buried surfaces in Tharsis Montes. Icarus 1981, 45:304-319.
156. Scott D.H., Tanaka K.L. Mars - a large highland volcanic province revealed by Viking images. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 12th 1982, 1449-1458. Pergamon Press, New York.
157. Scott, D.H., Tanaka, K.L., Greeley, R., Guest, J.E., 1986-1987. Geologic Maps of the Western and Eastern Equatorial and Polar Regions of Mars, scale 1:15,000,000, U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Inv. Ser., Map I-1802-A-B-C.
158. Şengör A.M., Burke K. Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on Earth and its tectonic implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1978, 5:419-421.
159. Şengör A.M., Natal'in B.A. Rifts of the world. Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time 2001, vol. 352:389-482. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. R.E. Ernst, K.L. Buchan (Eds.).
160. Serra S., Nelson R.A. Clay modeling of rift asymmetry and associated structures. Tectonophysics 1988, 153:307-312.
161. Smith D.E., et al. Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:23,689-23,722.
162. Solomon S.C. On volcanism and thermal tectonics on one-plate planets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1978, 5:461-464.
163. Spagnuolo M.G., Figueredo P.H., Ramos V.A. Reinterpretation of Tractus Fossae region as an asymmetric rift system on Mars. Icarus 2008, 198:318-330.
164. Squyres S.W. Martian fretted terrain - flow of erosional debris. Icarus 1978, 34:600-613.
165. Sykes L.R. Intraplate seismicity, reactivation of preexisting zones of weakness, alkaline magmatism, and other tectonism postdating continental fragmentation. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 1978, 16:621-688.
166. Tanaka K.L., Golombek M.P., Banerdt W.B. Reconciliation of stress and structural histories of the Tharsis Region of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:15,617-15,633.
167. Tesfaye S. Fault population investigation and estimating magnitude of extension in Guma Graben, Central Afar Ethiopia. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2005, 41:437-444.
168. Turcotte D.L., Oxburgh E.R. Mid-plate tectonics. Nature 1973, 244:337-339.
169. Turcotte D.L., Emerman S.H. Mechanisms of active and passive rifting. Tectonophysics 1983, 94:39-50.
170. Upcott N.M., Mukasa R.K., Ebinger C.J., Karner G.D. Along-axis segmentation and isostasy in the Western rift, East Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101(B2):3247-3268.
171. Vasseur G. Synthèse des résultats du flux géothermique en France. A. Géophys. 1982, 38:189-201.
172. Weissel J.K., Karner G.D. Flexural uplift of rift flanks due to mechanical unloading of the lithosphere during extension. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94(B10):13919-13950. 10.1029/JB094iB10p13919.
173. Wheildon J., Morgan P., Williamson K.H., Evans T.R., Swanberg C.A. Heat flow in the Kenya rift zone. Tectonophysics 1994, 236:131-149.
174. White R., McKenzie D. Magmatism at rift zones - the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:7685-7729.
175. Wilkins S.J., Schultz R.A., Anderson R.C., Dohm J.M., Dawers N.H. Deformation rates from faulting at the Tempe Terra extensional province, Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29(18):1884. 10.1029/2002GL015391.
176. Wood C.A., Head J.W. Rift valleys on Earth, Mars, and Venus. Tectonics and Geophysics of Continental Rifts 1978, 401-408. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht. I.B. Ramberg, E.R. Neumann (Eds.).
177. Wright T.J., Ebinger C., Biggs J., Ayele A., Yirgu G., Keir D., Stork A. Magma-maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode. Nature 2006, 442:291-294.
178. Younes A.I., McClay K. Development of accommodation zones in the Gulf of Suez-Red Sea rift, Egypt. AAPG Bull. 2002, 86(6):1003-1026.
179. Zeyen H., Volker F., Wehrle V., Fuchs K., Sobolev S.V., Altherr R. Styles of continental rifting: crust-mantle detachment and mantle plumes. Tectonophysics 1997, 278:329-352.
180. Ziegler P.A., Cloetingh S. Dynamic processes controlling evolution of rift basins. Earth Sci. Rev. 2004, 64:1-50.
181. Zuber M.T., Smith D.E., Solomon S.C., Muhleman D.O., Head J.W., Garvin J.B., Abshire J.B., Bufton J.L. The Mars Observer Laser Altimeter investigation. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:7781-7797.