Imaging of parathyroid glands

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 399-415

  Chien, David ^a   Jacene, Heather ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Imaging; Nuclear medicine; Parathyroid; PET; Scintigraphy; Sestamibi

Indexed keywords

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; IODINE 123; METHIONINE C 11; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PERTECHNETIC ACID TC 99M; SELENOMETHIONINE SE 75; TETROFOSMIN TC 99M;

CANCER LOCALIZATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE QUALITY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARATHYROID ADENOMA; PARATHYROID HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; PARATHYROID SCINTISCANNING; PARATHYROIDECTOMY; PREDICTION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; RADIOSURGERY; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ULTRASOUND;

ADENOMA; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, PRIMARY; PARATHYROID GLANDS; PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS; PARATHYROIDECTOMY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MINIMALLY INVASIVE;

EID: 77953255751     PISSN: 00306665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2010.01.008     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Marx S.J. Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders. N Engl J Med 2000, 343(25):1863-1875.
2. Geatti O., Shapiro B., Orsolon P.G., et al. Localization of parathyroid enlargement: experience with technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile and thallium-201 scintigraphy, ultrasonography and computed tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 1994, 21(1):17-22.
3. Ishibashi M., Nishida H., Hiromatsu Y., et al. Localization of ectopic parathyroid glands using technetium-99m sestamibi imaging: comparison with magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 1997, 24(2):197-201.
4. Ishibashi M., Nishida H., Hiromatsu Y., et al. Comparison of technetium-99m-MIBI, technetium-99m-tetrofosmin, ultrasound and MRI for localization of abnormal parathyroid glands. J Nucl Med 1998, 39(2):320-324.
5. Peeler B.B., Martin W.H., Sandler M.P., et al. Sestamibi parathyroid scanning and preoperative localization studies for patients with recurrent/persistent hyperparathyroidism or significant comorbid conditions: development of an optimal localization strategy. Am Surg 1997, 63(1):37-46.
6. Melloul M., Paz A., Koren R., et al. 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy of parathyroid adenomas and its relation to tumour size and oxyphil cell abundance. Eur J Nucl Med 2001, 28(2):209-213.
7. Falke T.H.M., Sandler M.P., Schipper J. Parathyroid glands. Diagnostic nuclear medicine 1994, 991-1012. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore (MD). 3rd edition. M.P. Sandler, R.E. Coleman (Eds.).
8. Billotey C., Sarfati E., Aurengo A., et al. Advantages of SPECT in technetium-99m-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1996, 37(11):1773-1778.
9. Blanco I., Carril J.M., Banzo I., et al. Double-phase Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy in the preoperative location of lesions causing hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nucl Med 1998, 23(5):291-297.
10. Civelek A.C., Ozalp E., Donovan P., et al. Prospective evaluation of delayed technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT scintigraphy for preoperative localization of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2002, 131(2):149-157.
11. Hindie E., Melliere D., Jeanguillaume C., et al. Parathyroid imaging using simultaneous double-window recording of technetium-99m-sestamibi and iodine-123. J Nucl Med 1998, 39(6):1100-1105.
12. Lavely W.C., Goetze S., Friedman K.P., et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase (99m)Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 2007, 48(7):1084-1089.
13. Moka D., Voth E., Dietlein M., et al. Technetium 99m-MIBI-SPECT: a highly sensitive diagnostic tool for localization of parathyroid adenomas. Surgery 2000, 128(1):29-35.
14. Perez-Monte J.E., Brown M.L., Shah A.N., et al. Parathyroid adenomas: accurate detection and localization with Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. Radiology 1996, 201(1):85-91.
15. Sfakianakis G.N., Irvin G.L., Foss J., et al. Efficient parathyroidectomy guided by SPECT-MIBI and hormonal measurements. J Nucl Med 1996, 37(5):798-804.
16. Taillefer R., Boucher Y., Potvin C., et al. Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study). J Nucl Med 1992, 33(10):1801-1807.
17. Ruda J.M., Hollenbeak C.S., Stack B.C. A systematic review of the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism from 1995 to 2003. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005, 132(3):359-372.
18. Loftus K.A., Anderson S., Mulloy A.L., et al. Value of sestamibi scans in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Laryngoscope 2007, 117(12):2135-2138.
19. Ansquer C., Mirallie E., Carlier T., et al. Preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions. Value of 99mTc-MIBI tomography and factors influencing detection. Nuklearmedizin 2008, 47(4):158-162.
20. Carlier T., Oudoux A., Mirallie E., et al. 99mTc-MIBI pinhole SPECT in primary hyperparathyroidism: comparison with conventional SPECT, planar scintigraphy and ultrasonography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008, 35(3):637-643.
21. Jorna F.H., Jager P.L., Que T.H., et al. Value of 123I-subtraction and single-photon emission computed tomography in addition to planar 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy before parathyroid surgery. Surg Today 2007, 37(12):1033-1041.
22. Lorberboym M., Minski I., Macadziob S., et al. Incremental diagnostic value of preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in patients with a parathyroid adenoma. J Nucl Med 2003, 44(6):904-908.
23. Sharma J., Mazzaglia P., Milas M., et al. Radionuclide imaging for hyperparathyroidism (HPT): which is the best technetium-99m sestamibi modality?. Surgery 2006, 140(6):856-863.
24. Harris L., Yoo J., Driedger A., et al. Accuracy of technetium-99m SPECT-CT hybrid images in predicting the precise intraoperative anatomical location of parathyroid adenomas. Head Neck 2008, 30(4):509-517.
25. Neumann D.R., Obuchowski N.A., Difilippo F.P. Preoperative 123I/99mTc-sestamibi subtraction SPECT and SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Nucl Med 2008, 49(12):2012-2017.
26. Serra A., Bolasco P., Satta L., et al. Role of SPECT/CT in the preoperative assessment of hyperparathyroid patients. Radiol Med 2006, 111(7):999-1008.
27. Shen W., Duren M., Morita E., et al. Reoperation for persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg 1996, 131(8):861-867.
28. Ho Shon I.A., Yan W., Roach P.J., et al. Comparison of pinhole and SPECT 99mTc-MIBI imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism. Nucl Med Commun 2008, 29(11):949-955.
29. Nichols K.J., Tomas M.B., Tronco G.G., et al. Preoperative parathyroid scintigraphic lesion localization: accuracy of various types of readings. Radiology 2008, 248(1):221-232.
30. Tomas M.B., Pugliese P.V., Tronco G.G., et al. Pinhole versus parallel-hole collimators for parathyroid imaging: an intraindividual comparison. J Nucl Med Technol 2008, 36(4):189-194.
31. Alexandrides T.K., Kouloubi K., Vagenakis A.G., et al. The value of scintigraphy and ultrasonography in the preoperative localization of parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and concomitant thyroid disease. Hormones (Athens) 2006, 5(1):42-51.
32. Apostolopoulos D.J., Houstoulaki E., Giannakenas C., et al. Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: comparison to thallium-technetium scanning. J Nucl Med 1998, 39(8):1433-1441.
33. Fjeld J.G., Erichsen K., Pfeffer P.F., et al. Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: a comparison with sestamibi. J Nucl Med 1997, 38(6):831-834.
34. Wakamatsu H., Noguchi S., Yamashita H., et al. Technetium-99m tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: a direct comparison with (99m)Tc-MIBI, (201)Tl, MRI and US. Eur J Nucl Med 2001, 28(12):1817-1827.
35. Duarte P.S., Domingues F.C., Costa M.S., et al. Discordant results in Tc-99m tetrofosmin and Tc-99m sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphies. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2007, 51(7):1166-1168.
36. Froberg A.C., Valkema R., Bonjer H.J., et al. 99mTc-tetrofosmin or 99mTc-sestamibi for double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003, 30(2):193-196.
37. Giordano A., Meduri G., Marozzi P., et al. Differences between 99mTc-sestamibi and 99mTc-tetrofosmin uptake in thyroid and salivary glands: comparison with 99mTc-pertechnetate in 86 subjects. Nucl Med Commun 2003, 24(3):321-326.
38. Harrell R.M., Mackman D.M., Bimston D.N. Nonequivalent results of tetrofosmin and sestamibi imaging of parathyroid tumors. Endocr Pract 2006, 12(2):179-182.
39. Lorberboym M., Ezri T., Schachter P.P. Preoperative technetium Tc 99m sestamibi SPECT imaging in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with concomitant multinodular goiter. Arch Surg 2005, 140(7):656-660.
40. Palestro C.J., Tomas M.B., Tronco G.G. Radionuclide imaging of the parathyroid glands. Semin Nucl Med 2005, 35(4):266-276.
41. Bergson E.J., Sznyter L.A., Dubner S., et al. Sestamibi scans and intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004, 130(1):87-91.
42. Bhatnagar A., Vezza P.R., Bryan J.A., et al. Technetium-99m-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy: effect of P-glycoprotein, histology and tumor size on detectability. J Nucl Med 1998, 39(9):1617-1620.
43. Katz S.C., Wang G.J., Kramer E.L., et al. Limitations of technetium 99m sestamibi scintigraphic localization for primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiglandular disease. Am Surg 2003, 69(2):170-175.
44. Kandil E., Tufaro A.P., Carson K.A., et al. Correlation of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with severity of primary hyperparathyroidism and likelihood of parathyroid adenoma localization on sestamibi scan. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008, 134(10):1071-1075.
45. Parikshak M., Castillo E.D., Conrad M.F., et al. Impact of hypercalcemia and parathyroid hormone level on the sensitivity of preoperative sestamibi scanning for primary hyperparathyroidism. Am Surg 2003, 69(5):393-398.
46. Royal R.E., Delpassand E.S., Shapiro S.E., et al. Improving the yield of preoperative parathyroid localization: technetium Tc 99m-sestamibi imaging after thyroid suppression. Surgery 2002, 132(6):968-974.
47. Friedman K., Somervell H., Patel P., et al. Effect of calcium channel blockers on the sensitivity of preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT for hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2004, 136(6):1199-1204.
48. Gupta Y., Ahmed R., Happerfield L., et al. P-glycoprotein expression is associated with sestamibi washout in primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg 2007, 94(12):1491-1495.
49. Pons F., Torregrosa J.V., Fuster D. Biological factors influencing parathyroid localization. Nucl Med Commun 2003, 24(2):121-124.
50. Yamaguchi S., Yachiku S., Hashimoto H., et al. Relation between technetium 99m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile accumulation and multidrug resistance protein in the parathyroid glands. World J Surg 2002, 26(1):29-34.
51. Melton G.B., Somervell H., Friedman K.P., et al. Interpretation of 99mTc sestamibi parathyroid SPECT scan is improved when read by the surgeon and nuclear medicine physician together. Nucl Med Commun 2005, 26(7):633-638.
52. Gough I. Reoperative parathyroid surgery: the importance of ectopic location and multigland disease. ANZ J Surg 2006, 76(12):1048-1050.
53. Liew V., Gough I.R., Nolan G., et al. Re-operation for hyperparathyroidism. ANZ J Surg 2004, 74(9):732-740.
54. Rodriquez J.M., Tezelman S., Siperstein A.E., et al. Localization procedures in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg 1994, 129(8):870-875.
55. Jaskowiak N.T., Sugg S.L., Helke J., et al. Pitfalls of intraoperative quick parathyroid hormone monitoring and gamma probe localization in surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg 2002, 137(6):659-668.
56. Chou F.F., Lee C.H., Chen H.Y., et al. Persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. Ann Surg 2002, 235(1):99-104.
57. Weber C.J., Sewell C.W., McGarity W.C. Persistent and recurrent sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: histopathology, complications, and results of reoperation. Surgery 1994, 116(6):991-998.
58. Itoh K., Ishizuka R. Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy for recurrent hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy with autograft. Ann Nucl Med 2003, 17(4):315-320.
59. Bozkurt M.F., Ugur O., Hamaloglu E., et al. Optimization of the gamma probe-guided parathyroidectomy. Am Surg 2003, 69(8):720-725.
60. Casara D., Rubello D., Piotto A., et al. 99mTc-MIBI radio-guided minimally invasive parathyroid surgery planned on the basis of a preoperative combined 99mTc-pertechnetate/99mTc-MIBI and ultrasound imaging protocol. Eur J Nucl Med 2000, 27(9):1300-1304.
61. Casara D., Rubello D., Cauzzo C., et al. 99mTc-MIBI radio-guided minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: experience with patients with normal thyroids and nodular goiters. Thyroid 2002, 12(1):53-61.
62. Rubello D., Pelizzo M.R., Boni G., et al. Radioguided surgery of primary hyperparathyroidism using the low-dose 99mTc-sestamibi protocol: multiinstitutional experience from the Italian Study Group on Radioguided Surgery and Immunoscintigraphy (GISCRIS). J Nucl Med 2005, 46(2):220-226.
63. Rubello D., Giannini S., Martini C., et al. Minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy. Biomed Pharmacother 2006, 60(3):134-138.
64. Mariani G., Gulec S.A., Rubello D., et al. Preoperative localization and radioguided parathyroid surgery. J Nucl Med 2003, 44(9):1443-1458.
65. Murphy C., Norman J. The 20% rule: a simple, instantaneous radioactivity measurement defines cure and allows elimination of frozen sections and hormone assays during parathyroidectomy. Surgery 1999, 126(6):1023-1028.
66. Chen H., Mack E., Starling J.R. Radioguided parathyroidectomy is equally effective for both adenomatous and hyperplastic glands. Ann Surg 2003, 238(3):332-337.
67. McGreal G., Winter D.C., Sookhai S., et al. Minimally invasive, radioguided surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol 2001, 8(10):856-860.
68. Perrier N.D., Ituarte P.H., Morita E., et al. Parathyroid surgery: separating promise from reality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87(3):1024-1029.
69. Chen H., Sippel R.S., Schaefer S. The effectiveness of radioguided parathyroidectomy in patients with negative technetium tc 99m-sestamibi scans. Arch Surg 2009, 144(7):643-648.
70. Ahuja A.T., Wong K.T., Ching A.S., et al. Imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism-what beginners should know. Clin Radiol 2004, 59(11):967-976.
71. Hindie E., Ugur O., Fuster D., et al. 2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009, 36(7):1201-1216.
72. Tublin M.E., Pryma D.A., Yim J.H., et al. Localization of parathyroid adenomas by sonography and technetium tc 99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography before minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: are both studies really needed?. J Ultrasound Med 2009, 28(2):183-190.
73. De Feo M.L., Colagrande S., Biagini C., et al. Parathyroid glands: combination of (99m)Tc MIBI scintigraphy and US for demonstration of parathyroid glands and nodules. Radiology 2000, 214(2):393-402.
74. Loney E.L., Dick E.A., Francis I.S., et al. Localization of parathyroid nodules. Radiology 2001, 218(3):916-917.
75. Shah S., Win Z., Al-Nahhas A. Multimodality imaging of the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism. Minerva Endocrinol 2008, 33(3):193-202.
76. Sukan A., Reyhan M., Aydin M., et al. Preoperative evaluation of hyperparathyroidism: the role of dual-phase parathyroid scintigraphy and ultrasound imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2008, 22(2):123-131.
77. Dobrinja C., Trevisan G., Liguori G. Minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy. Initial experience in a general surgery department. J Endocrinol Invest 2009, 32(2):130-133.
78. Richard B. J Radiol 2009, 90(3 Pt 2):397-408. [in French].
79. Auffermann W., Guis M., Tavares N.J., et al. MR signal intensity of parathyroid adenomas: correlation with histopathology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989, 153(4):873-876.
80. Kabala J.E. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid. Eur J Radiol 2008, 66(3):480-492.
81. Seelos K.C., DeMarco R., Clark O.H., et al. Persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism: assessment with gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1990, 177(2):373-378.
82. Wakamatsu H., Noguchi S., Yamashita H., et al. Parathyroid scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI and 123I subtraction: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Nucl Med Commun 2003, 24(7):755-762.
83. Ruf J., Lopez H.E., Steinmuller T., et al. Preoperative localization of parathyroid glands. Use of MRI, scintigraphy, and image fusion. Nuklearmedizin 2004, 43(3):85-90.
84. Harari A., Zarnegar R., Lee J., et al. Computed tomography can guide focused exploration in select patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and negative sestamibi scanning. Surgery 2008, 144(6):970-976.
85. Randall G.J., Zald P.B., Cohen J.I., et al. Contrast-enhanced MDCT characteristics of parathyroid adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 193(2):W139-W143.
86. Rotstein L., Irish J., Gullane P., et al. Reoperative parathyroidectomy in the era of localization technology. Head Neck 1998, 20(6):535-539.
87. Ernst O. J Radiol 2009, 90(3 Pt 2):409-412. [in French].
88. Neumann D.R., Esselstyn C.B., MacIntyre W.J., et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: preoperative parathyroid imaging with regional body FDG PET. Radiology 1994, 192(2):509-512.
89. Neumann D.R., Esselstyn C.B., Maclntyre W.J., et al. Comparison of FDG-PET and sestamibi-SPECT in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Nucl Med 1996, 37(11):1809-1815.
90. Beggs A.D., Hain S.F. Localization of parathyroid adenomas using 11C-methionine positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Commun 2005, 26(2):133-136.
91. Cook G.J., Wong J.C., Smellie W.J., et al. [11C]Methionine positron emission tomography for patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism after surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 1998, 139(2):195-197.
92. Sundin A., Johansson C., Hellman P., et al. PET and parathyroid L-[carbon-11]methionine accumulation in hyperparathyroidism. J Nucl Med 1996, 37(11):1766-1770.
93. Otto D., Boerner A.R., Hofmann M., et al. Pre-operative localisation of hyperfunctional parathyroid tissue with 11C-methionine PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004, 31(10):1405-1412.
94. Rubello D., Fanti S., Nanni C., et al. 11C-methionine PET/CT in 99mTc-sestamibi-negative hyperparathyroidism in patients with renal failure on chronic haemodialysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006, 33(4):453-459.