2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 36, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1201-1216

  Hindié, Elif ^a   Ugur, Ömer ^b   Fuster, David ^c   O'Doherty, Michael ^d   Grassetto, Gaia ^e   Ureña, Pablo ^f   Kettle, Andrew ^g   Gulec, Seza A ^h   Pons, Francesca ^c   Rubello, Domenico ^e  

^a SAINT LOUIS HOSPITAL   (France)

^b HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^d ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e 'Santa Maria della Misericordia' Hospital   (Italy)

^f HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

^g KENT AND CANTERBURY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

99mTc sestamibi; Hyperparathyroidism; Localization studies; Minimally invasive surgery; Parathyroid adenoma; Parathyroid hyperplasia; Parathyroid surgery; Primary hyperparathyroidism; Scintigraphy; Secondary hyperparathyroidism; Subtraction scanning

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; IODINE 123; METHIONINE C 11; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PERTECHNETIC ACID TC 99M; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SELENOMETHIONINE SE 75; TETROFOSMIN TC 99M; THALLIUM 201;

CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DOSIMETRY; ECHOGRAPHY; ECTOPIC TISSUE; EUROPE; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MULTIPLE PARATHYROID GLAND DISEASE; NECK; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL; ORGANIZATION; PARATHYROID ADENOMA; PARATHYROID CARCINOMA; PARATHYROID DISEASE; PARATHYROID FUNCTION; PARATHYROID GLAND; PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA; PARATHYROID SCINTISCANNING; PARATHYROID TUMOR; PARATHYROIDECTOMY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOACTIVITY; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REOPERATION; REVIEW; SCINTILLATION CAMERA; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SURGEON; THYROID NODULE; ULTRASOUND;

HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; PARATHYROID GLANDS; RADIOMETRY; SODIUM PERTECHNETATE TC 99M; SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE; TECHNETIUM TC 99M SESTAMIBI; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 67349111316     PISSN: 16197070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1131-z     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Elgazzar A, editor. "" from The pathophysiologic basis of nuclear medicine. Berlin, Springer; 2001. Chap. 7, Parathyroid gland. p. 141-46.
2. Giordano A, Rubello D. Le Paratiroidi - sez. endocrinologia. In: Dondi M, Giubbini R: Medicina nucleare nella pratica clinica. Bologna: Patron ed.; 2003. p.171-83.
3. G Grassetto A Alavi D Rubello 2008 PET and parathyroid PET Clin 2 385 393 10.1016/j.cpet.2008.04.005
4. G Mariani SA Gulec D Rubello G Boni M Puccini MR Pelizzo 2003 Preoperative localization and radioguided parathyroid surgery J Nucl Med 44 1443 1458 (Pubitemid 39663359)
5. Guyton A. Ormone paratiroideo. Calcitonina. Metabolismo del calico e del fosforo. Vitamina D. Osso e denti. from Trattato di fisiologia medica. Piccin ed. 1995, Chap. 79, p. 948-66.
6. JP Bilezikian AA Khan JT Potts Jr Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperthyroidism 2009 Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the third international workshop J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 335 339 10.1210/jc.2008-1763
7. RA DeLellis P Mazzaglia S Mangray 2008 Primary hyperparathyroidism: a current perspective Arch Pathol Lab Med 132 8 1251 1262
8. RA DeLellis 2005 Parathyroid carcinoma: an overview Adv Anat Pathol 12 2 53 61 10.1097/01.pap. 0000151319.42376.d4 (Pubitemid 40515793)
9. RC Hopkins CC Reading 1995 Thyroid and parathyroid imaging Semin Ultrasound CT MR 16 4 279 295 10.1016/0887-2171(95) 90033-0
10. MF Bozkurt O Uǧur E Hamaloǧlu I Sayek SA Gulec 2003 Optimization of the gamma probe-guided parathyroidectomy Am Surg 69 720 725
11. EL Loney EA Dick IS Francis JR Buscombe 2001 Localization of parathyroid nodules Radiology 218 916 917 (Pubitemid 32172584)
12. ML De Feo S Colagrande C Biagini A Tonarelli G Bisi L Vaggelli 2000 Parathyroid glands: combination of (99 m)Tc MIBI scintigraphy and US for demonstration of parathyroid glands and nodules Radiology 214 393 402 (Pubitemid 30077694)
13. G Tomasella 2001 Diagnostic imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism. Radiological techniques: US-CAT-MR [in Italian] Minerva Endocrinol 26 3 12
14. WH Beierwaltes 1991 Endocrine imaging: parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, and other endocrine tumors. Part II J Nucl Med 32 1627 1639
15. D Delbeke RE Coleman MJ Guiberteau ML Brown HD Royal BA Siegel 2006 Procedure Guideline for SPECT/CT Imaging 1.0 J Nucl Med 47 1227 1234 (Pubitemid 47544920)
16. L Harris J Yoo A Driedger K Fung J Franklin D Gray R Holliday 2008 Accuracy of technetium-99m SPECT-CT hybrid images in predicting the precise intraoperative anatomical location of parathyroid adenomas Head Neck 30 509 517 10.1002/hed.20727
17. WC Lavely S Goetze KP Friedman JP Leal Z Zhang E Garret-Mayer 2007 Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase (99m) Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy J Nucl Med 48 1084 1089 10.2967/jnumed.107.040428
18. PJ Roach GP Schembri IA Ho Shon EA Bailey DL Bailey 2006 SPECT/CT imaging using a spiral CT scanner for anatomical localization: impact on diagnostic accuracy and reporter confidence in clinical practice Nucl Med Commun 27 977 987 10.1097/01.mnm.0000243372.26507.e7
19. IW Gayed EE Kim WF Broussard D Evans J Lee LD Broemeling 2005 The value of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT over conventional SPECT in the evaluation of parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia J Nucl Med 46 248 252 (Pubitemid 43073431)
20. Y Krausz L Bettman L Guralnik G Yosilevsky Z Keidar R Bar-Shalom 2006 Technetium-99m-MIBI SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism World J Surg 30 76 83 10.1007/s00268-005-7849-2
21. G Ferlin N Borsato M Camerani N Conte D Zotti 1983 New perspectives in localizing enlarged parathyroi s by technetium-thallium subtraction scan J Nucl Med 24 438 441
22. AJ Coakley AG Kettle CP Wells MJ O'Doherty RE Collins 1989 99Tcm sestamibi - a new agent for parathyroid imaging Nucl Med Commun 10 791 794
23. MJ O'Doherty AG Kettle PC Wells REC Collins AJ Coakley 1992 Parathyroid imaging with technetium-99m-sestamibi: preoperative localization and tissue uptake studies J Nucl Med 33 313 318
24. JG Fjeld K Erichsen PF Pfeffer OP Clausen K Rootwelt 1997 Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy: comparison with sestamibi J Nucl Med 38 831 834 (Pubitemid 27251968)
25. JC Sisson NW Thompson RJ Ackerman RL Wahl 1994 Use of 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET to locate parathyroid adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism Radiology 192 280 (Pubitemid 24191561)
26. P Melon A Luxen E Hamoir M Meurisse 1995 Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for preoperative parathyroid imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism Eur J Nucl Med 22 556 558
27. DR Neumann CB Esselstyn WJ [tmp] MacIntyre RT Go NA Obuchowski EQ Chen 1996 Comparison of FDG-PET and sestamibi-SPECT in primary hyperparathyroidism J Nucl Med 37 1809 1815 (Pubitemid 26378367)
28. GJ Cook JC Wong WJ Smellie AE Young MN Maisey I Fogelman 1998 [11C]Methionine positron emission tomography for patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism after surgery Eur J Endocrinol 139 195 197 10.1530/eje.0.1390195 (Pubitemid 28389678)
29. D Rubello S Fanti C Nanni M Farsad P Castellucci S Boschi 2006 11C-methionine PET/CT in 99mTc-sestamibi-negative hyperparathyroidism in patients with renal failure on chronic haemodialysis Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33 4 453 459 10.1007/s00259-005-0008-z
30. O Hessman P Stålberg A Sundin U Garske C Rudberg LG Eriksson P Hellman G Akerström 2008 High success rate of parathyroid reoperation may be achieved with improved localization diagnosis World J Surg 32 5 774 781 10.1007/s00268-008-9537-5 discussion 782-3
31. MG Stabin 1997 Health concerns related to radiation exposure of the female nuclear medicine patient Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 6 1403 1409 (Pubitemid 28050930)
32. M Lassmann L Biassoni M Monsieurs C Franzius F Jacobs EANM Dosimetry and Paediatrics Committees 2007 The new EANM paediatric dosage card Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34 5 796 798 10.1007/s00259-007-0370-0
33. E Hindié D Melliere D Simon L Perlemuter P Galle 1995 Primary hyperparathyroidism: is technetium 99m-sestamibi/iodine-123 subtraction scanning the best procedure to locate enlarged glands before surgery? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 1 302 307 10.1210/jc.80.1.302
34. A Giordano D Rubello D Casara 2001 New trends in parathyroid scintigraphy Eur J Nucl Med 28 1409 1420 10.1007/s002590100596 Review
35. Hindié E, Mellière D, Jeanguillaume C, Ché hadé F, Galle P. Acquisition double-fenêtre 99mTc-MIBI/123I vs 99mTc-MIBI seul dans l'hyperparathyroïdie primitive. Oral communication, XXXVe Colloque de Médecine Nucléaire, Lille, 15-18 October 1996.
36. E Hindié D Mellière C Jeanguillaume L Perlemuter F Chéhadé P Galle 1998 Parathyroid imaging using simultaneous double-window recording of technetium-99m-sestamibi and iodine-123 J Nucl Med 39 1100 1105 (Pubitemid 28270135)
37. CJ Weber J Vansant N Alazraki J Christy N Watts LS Phillips 1993 Value of technetium 99m sestamibi iodine 123 imaging in reoperative parathyroid surgery Surgery 114 1011 1018 (Pubitemid 24004717)
38. E Hindié D Mellière L Perlemuter C Jeanguillaume P Ga le 1997 Primary hyperparathyroidism: higher success rate of first surgery after preoperative Tc-99m sestamibi-I-123 subtraction scanning Radiology 204 221 228 (Pubitemid 27281737)
39. D Rubello MR Pelizzo D Casara 2003 Nuclear medicine and minimally invasive surgery of parathyroid adenomas: a fair marriage Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30 189 192 (Pubitemid 36686835)
40. NR Borley RE Collins M O'Doherty A Coakley 1996 Technetium-99m sestamibi parathyroid localization is accurate enough for scan-directed unilateral neck exploration Br J Surg 83 989 991 10.1002/bjs.1800830734
41. LB Johnston MJ Carroll KE Britton DG Lowe W Shand GM Besser AB Grossman 1996 The accuracy of parathyroid gland localization in primary hyperparathyroidism using sestamibi radionuclide imaging J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 1 346 352 10.1210/jc.81.1.346
42. E Hindié D Mellière C Jeanguillaume P Ureña C deLabriolle-Vaylet L Perlemuter 2000 Unilateral surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism on the basis of technetium Tc 99m sestamibi and iodine 123 subtraction scanning Arch Surg 135 1461 1468 10.1001/archsurg.135.12.1461
43. R Taillefer Y Boucher C Potvin R Lambert 1992 Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study) J Nucl Med 33 1801 1807
44. D Martin IB Rosen M Ichise 1996 Evaluation of single isotope technetium 99M-sestamibi in localization efficiency for hyperparathyroidism Am J Surg 172 633 636 10.1016/S0002-9610(96) 00030-X (Pubitemid 27045711)
45. RS Haber CK Kim WB Inabnet 2002 Ultrasonography for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism: comparison with (99m) technetium sestamibi scintigraphy Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57 241 249 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01583.x
46. AM Chesser MC Carroll C Lightowler IC Macdougall KE Britton LR Baker 1997 Technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) imaging of the parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure Nephrol Dial Transplant 12 1 97 100 10.1093/ndt/12.1.97
47. C Jeanguillaume P Ureña E Hindié P Prieur M Pétrover V Menoyo-Calonge 1998 Secondary hyperparathyroidism: detection with I-123-Tc-99m-sestamibi subtraction scintigraphy versus US Radiology 207 1 207 213
48. E Hindié P Ureña C Jeanguillaume D Mellière JM Berthelot V Manoyo-Calonge 1999 Preoperative imaging of parathyroid glands with technetium-99m-labelled sestamibi and iodine-123 subtraction scanning in secondary hyperparathyroidism Lancet 353 2200 2204 10.1016/S0140-6736(98) 09089-8 (Pubitemid 29295253)
49. DR Neumann CB Esselstyn Jr A Madera CO Wong M Lieber 1998 Parathyroid detection in secondary hyperparathyroidism with 123I/99mTc-sestamibi subtraction single photon emission computed tomography J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 11 3867 3871 10.1210/jc.83.11.3867 (Pubitemid 28513564)
50. G Akerström J Malmaeus R Bergström 1984 Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands Surgery 95 14 21 (Pubitemid 14215453)
51. VS Dontu AG Kettle MJ O'Doherty AJ Coakley 2004 Optimization of parathyroid imaging by simultaneous dual energy planar and single photon emission tomography Nucl Med Commun 25 11 1089 1093 10.1097/00006231-200411000- 00004
52. D Taïeb R Hassad F Sebag C Colavolpe E Guedj E Hindié 2007 Tomoscintigraphy improves the determination of the embryologic origin of parathyroid adenomas, especially in apparently inferior glands: imaging features and surgical implications J Nucl Med Technol 35 3 135 139 10.2967/jnmt.107. 039743
53. D Rubello G Saladini D Casara N Borsato A Toniato A Piotto 2000 Parathyroid imaging with pertechnetate plus perchlorate/MIBI subtraction scintigraphy: a fast and effective technique Clin Nucl Med 25 7 527 531 10.1097/00003072-200007000-00007
54. O Geatti B Shapiro PG Orsolon G Proto UP Guerra F Antonucci D Gasparini 1994 Localization of parathyroid enlargement: experience with technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile and thallium-201 scintigraphy, ultrasonography and computed tomography Eur J Nucl Med 21 1 17 22 10.1007/BF00182301 (Pubitemid 24009659)
55. Casara D, Rubello D, Saladini G, Piotto A, Toniato A, Pellizzo MR. Imaging procedures in evaluation of hyperparathyroidism: the role of scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI. In: Ravelli E, Samori G, editors. Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Milan: Wichtig Ed; 1992. p. 133-6.
56. DR Neumann NA Obuchowski FP Difilippo 2008 Preoperative 123I/99mTc-sestamibi subtraction SPECT and SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism J Nucl Med 49 12 2012 2017 10.2967/jnumed.108.054858
57. BS Greenspan ML Brown GL Dillehay M [tmp] McBiles MP Sandler JE Seabold JC Sisson 1998 Procedure guideline for parathyroid scintigraphy. Society of Nuclear Medicine J Nucl Med 39 6 1111 1114
58. D Fuster J Ybarra J Ortiz JV Torregrosa R Gilabert X Setoain 2006 Role of pre-operative imaging using 99mTc-MIBI and neck ultrasound in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism who are candidates for subtotal parathyroidectomy Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33 467 473 10.1007/s00259-005-0021-2
59. RM Aigner GF Fueger R Nicoletti 1996 Parathyroid scintigraphy: comparison of technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile and technetium-99m tetrofosmin studies Eur J Nucl Med 23 693 696 10.1007/BF00834533
60. M Lorberboym I Minski S Macadziob G Nikolov P Schachter 2003 Incremental diagnostic value of preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in patients with a parathyroid adenoma J Nucl Med 44 904 908 (Pubitemid 39663401)
61. JE Perez-Monte ML Brown AN Shah NT Ranger CG Watson SE Carty MR Clarke 1996 Parathyroid adenomas: accurate detection and localization with Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT Radiology 201 85 91 (Pubitemid 26314370)
62. C Billotey E Sarfati A Aurengo M Duet O Mündler ME Toubert 1996 Advantages of SPECT in technetium-99m-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy J Nucl Med 37 1773 1778 (Pubitemid 26378360)
63. M Piga A Serra A Uccheddu M Letizia Lai G Faa 2006 Decisive presurgical role of MIBI SPECT/CT in identifying within a calcific thyroid nodule the parathyroid responsible for primary hyperparathyroidism Surgery 140 5 837 838 10.1016/j.surg.2006.04.009
64. A Spanu A Falchi A Manca P Marongiu A Cossu N Pisu 2004 The usefulness of neck pinhole SPECT as a complementary tool to planar scintigraphy in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism J Nucl Med 45 40 48 (Pubitemid 47611606)
65. T Carlier A Oudoux E Mirallié A Seret I Daumy C Leux 2008 99mTc-MIBI pinhole SPECT in primary hyperparathyroidism: comparison with conventional SPECT, planar scintigraphy and ultrasonography Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35 637 643 10.1007/s00259-007-0625-9
66. AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism 2005 The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism Endocr Pract 11 49 54
67. SA Gulec O Uǧur 2004 The intellectual and scientific basis of parathyroid surgery Turk J Med Sci 34 81 84 (Pubitemid 38525230)
68. F Mandl 1925 Therapeutic attempt of osteitis fibrosa generalisata by excision of an epithelial-corpuscle tumors Wien Klin Wochenschr 195 1343 1344
69. NIH confer nce 1991 diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: consensus development conference statement Ann Intern Med 114 593 597
70. C Rudberg G Akerström M Palmér S Ljunghall HO Adami H Johansson 1986 Late results of operation for primary hyperparathyroidism in 441 patients Surgery 99 643 651 (Pubitemid 16069104)
71. AJ Coakley 1995 Parathyroid imaging Nucl Med Commun 16 522 533 10.1097/00006231-199507000-00002
72. JG Norman 1998 Minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy: an endocrine surgeon's perspective J Nucl Med 39 15N 24N
73. WB Inabnet CK Kim RS Haber RA Lopchinsky 2002 Radioguidance is not necessary during parathyroidectomy Arch Surg 137 967 970 10.1001/archsurg.137.8. 967 (Pubitemid 34851896)
74. RA Saaristo JJ Salmi T Kööbi V Turjanmaa JA Sand IH Nordback 2002 Intraoperative localization of parathyroid glands with gamma counter probe in primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective study J Am Coll Surg 195 19 22 10.1016/S1072-7515(02) 01178-X (Pubitemid 34742994)
75. ND Perrier PH Ituarte E Morita T Hamill R Gielow QY Duh OH Clark 2002 Parathyroid surgery: separating promise from reality J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 1024 1029 10.1210/jc.87.3.1024
76. BN Fahy RJ Bold L Beckett PD Schneider 2002 Modern parathyroid surgery: a cost-benefit analysis of localizing strategies Arch Surg 137 917 923 10.1001/archsurg.137.8.917 (Pubitemid 34851886)
77. WR Sackett B Barraclough TS Reeve LW Delbridge 2002 Worldwide trends in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in the era of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy Arch Surg 137 1055 1059 10.1001/archsurg.137.9.1055 (Pubitemid 35006369)
78. D Rubello D Casara B Shapiro 2002 Recent advances in preoperative and intraoperative nuclear medicine procedures in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism Panminerva Med 44 99 105 (Pubitemid 41315645)
79. O Ugur MF Bozkurt D Rubello 2008 Nuclear medicine techniques for radio-guided surgery of hyperparathyroidism Minerva Endocrinol 33 95 104
80. J Norman H Chheda 1997 Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy facilitated by intraoperative nuclear mapping Surgery 122 998 1004 10.1016/S0039-6060(97) 90201-4 (Pubitemid 28016665)
81. D Casara D Rubello A Piotto MR Pelizzo 2000 Tc99m-MIBI radio-guided minimally invasive parathyroid surgery planned on the basis of a preoperative combined 99mTc-pertechnetate/99mTc-MIBI and ultrasound imaging protocol Eur J Nucl Med 27 1300 1304 10.1007/s002590000297
82. D Rubello D Casara MR Pelizzo 2003 Optimization of preoperative procedures Nucl Med Commun 24 133 140 10.1097/00006231-200302000-00005
83. C Murphy J Norman 1999 The 20% rule: a simple, instantaneous radioactivity measurement defines cure and allows elimination of frozen sections and hormone assays during parathyroidectomy Surgery 126 1023 1029 10.1067/msy.2099.101578
84. O Ugur PO Kara MF Bozkurt E Hamaloglu GG Tezel BV Salanci 2006 In vivo characterisation of parathyroid lesions by use of gamma probe: comparison with ex vivo count method and frozen section results Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134 316 320 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.08.010
85. M Friedman B Gurpinar P Schalch NJ Joseph 2007 Guidelines for radioguided parathyroid surgery Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133 1235 1239 10.1001/archotol.133.12.1235
86. D Rubello A Piotto D Casara PC Muzzio B Shapiro MR Pelizzo 2003 Role of gamma probes in performing minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: Optimization of preoperative and intraoperative procedures Eur J Endocrinol 149 7 15 10.1530/eje.0.1490007 (Pubitemid 36874198)
87. J Gough M Anliker ME Spieth DL Kasner 2004 Parathyroid adenoma radiation dose simulator Clin Med Res 2 55 58
88. A al Zahrani MA Levine 1997 Primary hyperparathyroidism Lancet 349 1233 1238 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06176-4 (Pubitemid 27190056)
89. E Lundgren J Rastad E Thurfjell G Akerström S Ljunghall 1997 Population-based screening for primary hyperparathyroidism with serum calcium and parathyroid hormone values in menopausal women Surgery 121 287 294 10.1016/S0039-6060(97) 90357-3 (Pubitemid 27114448)
90. SJ Marx WF Simonds SK Agarwal AL Burns LS Weinstein C Cochran 2002 Hyperparathyroidism in hereditary syndromes: special expressions and special managements J Bone Miner Res 17 Suppl 2 N37 N43
91. KE Levin OH Clark 1989 The reasons for failure in parathyroid operations Arch Surg 124 911 915 (Pubitemid 19214536)
92. CF Russell AJ Edis 1982 Surgery for hyperparathyroidism: experience with 500 consecutive cases and evaluation of the role of surgery in the asymptomatic patient Br J Surg 69 244 247 10.1002/bjs.1800690503
93. C Baliski B Nosyk A Melck S Bugis F Rosenberg AH Anis 2008 The cost-effectiveness of three strategies for the surgical treatment of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism Ann Surg Oncol 15 10 2653 2660 10.1245/s10434-008- 0066-0
94. F Tentori MJ Blayney JM Albert BW Gillespie PG Kerr J Bommer 2008 Mortality risk for dialysis patients with different levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and PTH: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Am J Kidney Dis 52 3 519 530 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.03.020