Acute HIV Infection: Diagnosis and Management in the Emergency Department

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 381-392

  Self, Wesley H ^a,b  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute retroviral syndrome; AIDS; Emergency department; HIV

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; VIRUS RNA;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY WARD; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; LONG TERM CARE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT IDENTIFICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS; TREATMENT DURATION; VIREMIA; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ACUTE DISEASE; ARTICLE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNOLOGY; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; VIROLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ACUTE DISEASE; AIDS SERODIAGNOSIS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; HIV-1; HUMANS; LONG-TERM CARE; PATIENT SELECTION; PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; VIRAL LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 77952479988     PISSN: 07338627     EISSN: 07338627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2010.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Pinkerton S.D. Probability of HIV transmission during acute infection in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS Behav 2008, 12(5):677-684.
2. Jacquez J.A., Koopman J.S., Simon C.P., et al. Role of the primary infection in epidemics of HIV infection in gay cohorts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994, 7(11):1169-1184.
3. Pilcher C.D., Tien H.C., Eron J.J., et al. Brief but efficient: acute HIV infection and the sexual transmission of HIV. J Infect Dis 2004, 189(10):1785-1792.
4. Tindall B., Barker S., Donovan B., et al. Characterization of the acute clinical illness associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148(4):945.
5. Schacker T., Collier A.C., Hughes J., et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125(4):257-264.
6. Rucker J., Doms R.W. Chemokine receptors as HIV coreceptors: implications and interactions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998, 14:S241.
7. Vlahakis S.R. Cell death in HIV infection: gp120. Cell death during HIV infection 2005, 95-108. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton (FL). Kindle edition. A.D. Badley (Ed.).
8. Zhang Z., Schuler T., Zupancic M., et al. Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells. Science 1999, 286(5443):1353-1357.
9. Miller C.J., Li Q., Abel K., et al. Propagation and dissemination of infection after vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2005, 79(14):9217-9227.
10. Li Q., Duan L., Estes J.D., et al. Peak SIV replication in resting memory CD4+ T cells depletes gut lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Nature 2005, 434:1148-1152.
11. Little S.J., McLean A.R., Spina C.A., et al. Viral dynamics of acute HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med 1999, 190(6):841-850.
12. Lindback S., Karlsson A.C., Mittler J., et al. Viral dynamics in primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2000, 14(15):2283-2291.
13. Mattapallil J.J., Douek D.C., Hill B., et al. Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection. Nature 2005, 434(7037):1093-1097.
14. Brenchley J.M., Price D.A., Schacker T.W., et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med 2006, 12(12):1365-1371.
15. Weber B., Gurtler L., Thorstensson R., et al. Multicenter evaluation of a new fourth generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assay with a sensitive antigen detection module and high specificity. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40(6):1938-1946.
16. Schmitz J.E., Kuroda M.J., Santra S., et al. Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes. Science 1999, 283:857-860.
17. Koup R.A., Safrit J.T., Cao Y., et al. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol 1994, 68(7):4650-4655.
18. Stafford M.A., Corey L., Cao Y., et al. Modeling plasma virus concentration during primary HIV infection. J Theor Biol 2000, 203(3):285-301.
19. Cooper D.A., Gold J., Maclean P., et al. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet 1985, 1(8428):537-540.
20. Hecht F.M., Busch M.P., Rawal B., et al. Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection. AIDS 2002, 16(8):1119-1129.
21. Daar E.S., Little S., Pitt J. Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 Infection. Ann Intern Med 2001, 134:25-29.
22. Zetola N.M., Pilcher C.D. Diagnosis and management of acute HIV infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2007, 21:19-48.
23. Gaines H., von Sydow M., Pehrson P.O., et al. Clinical picture of primary HIV infection presenting as a glandular-fever-like illness. BMJ 1988, 297(6660):1363-1368.
24. Valle S.L. Febrile pharyngitis as the primary sign of HIV infection in a cluster of cases linked by sexual contact. Scand J Infect Dis 1987, 19(1):13-17.
25. Lapins J., Gaines H., Lindback S., et al. Skin and mucosal characteristics of symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1997, 11(2):67-70.
26. Kassutto S., Rosenberg E.S. Primary HIV type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38(10):1447-1453.
27. Carne C.A., Tedder R.S., Smith A., et al. Acute encephalopathy coincident with seroconversion for anti-HTLV-III. Lancet 1985, 2(8466):1206-1208.
28. Dorrucci M., Rezza G., Vlahov D., et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic value of acute retroviral syndrome among injecting drug users. AIDS 1995, 9(6):597-604.
29. Keruly J.C., Moore R.D. Immune status at presentation to care did not improve among antiretroviral-naive persons from 1990 to 2006. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(10):1369-1374.
30. Brodie S., Sax P. Novel approaches to HIV antibody testing. AIDS Clin Care 1997, 9(1):1-5.
31. Hammer S.M., Saag M.S., Schechter M., et al. Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the international AIDS society-USA panel. JAMA 2006, 296:827-843.
32. Smith D.E., Walker B.D., Cooper D.A., et al. Is antiretroviral treatment of primary HIV infection clinically justified on the basis of current evidence?. AIDS 2004, 18:709-718.
33. Pilcher C.D., Shugars D.C., Fiscus S.A., et al. HIV in body fluids during primary HIV infection: implications for pathogenesis, treatment and public health. AIDS 2001, 15(7):837-845.
34. Wawer M.J., Gray R.H., Sewankambo N.K., et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis 2005, 191(9):1403-1409.
35. Colfax G.N., Buchbinder S.P., Cornelisse P.G., et al. Sexual risk behaviors and implications for secondary HIV transmission during and after HIV seroconversion. AIDS 2002, 16:1529-1535.
36. Rosenberg E.S., Caliendo A.M., Walker B.D. Acute HIV infection among patients tested for mononucleosis. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(12):969.
37. Pincus J.M., Crosby S.S., Losina E., et al. Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients presenting to an urban urgent care center. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37(12):1699-1704.
38. Branson B.M., Handsfield H.H., Lampe M.A., et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006, 55(RR14):1-17.
39. Chan D.J. Fatal attraction: sex, sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1. Int J STD AIDS 2006, 17(10):643-651.
40. Reynolds S.J., Quinn T.C. Developments in STD/HIV interactions: the intertwining epidemics of HIV and HSV-2. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2005, 19(2):415-425.
41. Moss A.R., Vranizan K., Gorter R., et al. HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985-1990. AIDS 1994, 8(2):223-231.
42. Vidrih J.A., Walensky R.P., Sax P.E., et al. Positive Epstein-Barr virus heterophile antibody tests in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 2001, 111(3):192-194.
43. Horsburgh C.R., Ou C.Y., Jason J., et al. Duration of human immunodeficiency virus infection before detection of antibody. Lancet 1989, 2(8664):637-640.
44. Delaney K.P., Branson B.M., Uniyal A., et al. Performance of an oral fluid rapid HIV-1/2 test: experience from four CDC studies. AIDS 2006, 20(12):1655-1660.
45. Janssen R.S., Satten G.A., Stramer S.L., et al. New testing strategy to detect early HIV-1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. JAMA 1998, 280(1):42-48.
46. Kothe D., Byers R.H., Caudill S.P., et al. Performance characteristics of a new less sensitive HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay for use in estimating HIV seroincidence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003, 33(5):625-634.
47. Mulder J., McKinney N., Christopherson C., et al. Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32(2):292-300.
48. Pilcher C.D., Fiscus S.A., Nguyen T.Q., et al. Detection of acute infections during HIV testing in North Carolina. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(18):1873-1883.
49. Schupbach J. Measurement of HIV-1 p24 antigen by signal-amplification-boosted ELISA of heat-denatured plasma is a simple and inexpensive alternative to tests for viral RNA. AIDS Rev 2002, 4(2):83-92.
50. Kinloch-de Loes S. Treatment of acute HIV-1 infection: is it coming of age?. J Infect Dis 2006, 194(6):721-724.
51. Rosenberg E.S., Altfeld M., Poon S.H., et al. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 2000, 407(6803):523-526.
52. Hoen B., Cooper D.A., Lampe F.C., et al. Predictors of virological outcome and safety in primary HIV type 1-infected patients initiating quadruple antiretroviral therapy: QUEST GW PROB3005. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(3):381-390.
53. Kinloch-De Loes S., Hirschel B.J., Hoen B., et al. A controlled trial of zidovudine in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1995, 333(7):408-413.
54. Niu M.T., Bethel J., Holodniy M., et al. Zidovudine treatment in patients with primary (acute) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1998, 178(1):80-91.
55. Kassutto S., Maghsoudi K., Johnston M.N., et al. Longitudinal analysis of clinical markers following antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute or early HIV type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42(7):1024-1031.
56. Hecht F.M., Wang L., Collier A., et al. A multicenter observational study of the potential benefits of initiating combination antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2006, 194(6):725-733.
57. Streeck H., Jessen H., Alter G., et al. Immunological and virological impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2006, 194(6):734-739.
58. Hoen B., Fournier I., Lacabaratz C., et al. Structured treatment interruptions in primary HIV-1 infection: the ANRS 100 PRIMSTOP trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 40(3):307-316.
59. Pantazis N., Touloumi G., Vanhems P., et al. The effect of antiretroviral treatment of different durations in primary HIV infection. AIDS 2008, 22(18):2441-2450.
60. Pilcher C.D., Eaton L., Kalichman S., et al. Approaching HIV elimination: interventions for acute HIV infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2006, 3(4):160-168.
61. Kamb M.L., Fishbein M., Douglas J.M., et al. Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998, 280(13):1161-1167.
62. Kelly J.A., Kalichman S.C. Behavioral research in HIV/AIDS primary and secondary prevention: recent advances and future directions. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002, 70(3):626-639.
63. Weinhardt L.S., Carey M.P., Johnson B.T., et al. Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997. Am J Public Health 1999, 89(9):1397-1405.
64. Rabkin J.G., Ferrando S.J., Jacobsberg L.B., et al. Prevalence of axis I disorders in an AIDS cohort: a cross-sectional, controlled study. Compr Psychiatry 1997, 38(3):146-154.
65. Schrooten W., Dreezen C., Fleerackers Y., et al. Receiving a positive HIV test result: the experience of patients in Europe. HIV Med 2001, 2(4):250-254.