Controversial effects of fumed silica on the curing and thermomechanical properties of epoxy composites

Express Polymer Letters

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 382-395

  Tarrio Saavedra J ^a   Lopez Beceiro J ^a   Naya, S ^a   Gracia, C ^b   Artiaga, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF A CORUÑA   (Spain)

^b TA INSTRUMENTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Fumed silica; Polymer composites; Thermal properties; Thermosetting resins; Viscoelastic properties

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952468440     PISSN: 1788618X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.48     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Harsch M., Karger-Kocsis J., Holst M.: Influence of fillers and additives on the cure kinetics of an epoxy/ anhydride resin. European Polymer Journal, 43, 1168-1178 (2007). DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.01.025
2. Lee A., Lichtenhan J. D.: Thermal and viscoelastic property of epoxy-clay and hybrid inorganic-organic epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 73, 1993-2001 (1999). DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990906)73:10<1993::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-Q
3. Hsiue G-H., Chen J-K., Liu Y-L.: Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite of polyimide-silica hybrid from nonaqueous sol-gel process. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 76, 1609-1618 (2000). DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000613)76:11<1609::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-W
4. Mehta S., Mirabella F. M., Rufener K., Bafna A.:Thermoplastic olefin/clay nanocomposites: Morphology and mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92, 928-936 (2004). DOI: 10.1002/app.13693
5. Fu S-Y., Feng X-Q., Lauke B., Mai Y-W.: Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate-polymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 39, 933-961 (2008). DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002
6. Zhang H., Zhang Z., Friedrich K., Eger C.: Property improvements of in situ epoxy nanocomposites with reduced interparticle distance at high nanosilica content. Acta Materialia, 54, 1833-1842 (2006). DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.12.009
7. Liu Y-L., Wei W-L., Hsu K-Y., Ho W-H.: Thermal stability of epoxy-silica hybrid materials by thermogravimetric analysis. Thermochimica Acta, 412, 139-147 (2004). DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2003.09.004
8. Preghenella M., Pegoretti A., Migliaresi C.: Thermomechanical characterization of fumed silica-epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer, 46, 12065-12072 (2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.098
9. Yousefi A., Lafleur P. G., Gauvin R.: Kinetic studies of thermoset cure reactions: A review. Polymer Composites, 18, 157-168 (1997). DOI: 10.1002/pc.10270
10. Huang G. C., Lee J. K.: Isothermal cure characterization of fumed silica/epoxy nanocomposites: The glass transition temperature and conversion. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41, 473-479 (2010). DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.12.003
11. Bharadwaj R. K.: Modeling the barrier properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 34, 9189-9192 (2001). DOI: 10.1021/ma010780b
12. Yano K., Usuki A., Okada A.: Synthesis and properties of polyimide-clay hybrid films. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 35, 2289-2294 (1997). DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199708)35:11<2289::AID-POLA20>3.0.CO;2-9
13. Kim J-K., Hu C. G., Woo R. S. C., Sham M-L.: Moisture barrier characteristics of organoclay-epoxy nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 14, 805-813 (2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.10.014
14. Naya S., Martínez-Vilariño S., Artiaga R.: Efecto de ciclos térmicos en la permeabilidad y propiedades térmicas de compuestos nanoarcilla-epoxi. Dyna, 84, 71-76 (2009).
15. Huang K-Y., Weng C-J., Lin S-Y., Yu Y-H., Yeh J-M.: Preparation and anticorrosive properties of hybrid coatings based on epoxy-silica hybrid materials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112, 1933-1942 (2009). DOI: 10.1002/app.29302
16. Drzal L. T., Rich M. J., Koenig M. F., Lloyd P. F.: Adhesion of graphite fibers to epoxy matrices: II. The effect of fiber finish. Journal of Adhesion, 16, 133-152 (1983). DOI: 10.1080/00218468308074911
17. Schadler L. S.: Polymer-based and polymer-filled nanocomposites. in 'Nanocomposite Science and Technology' (eds.: Ajayan P. M., Schadler L. S., Braun P. V.) Wiley, Weinheim, 77-135 (2003).
18. Prime R. B.: Thermosets. in 'Thermal characterization of polymeric materials (second edition)' (ed.: Turi E.) Academic Press, San Diego, 1380-1766 (1997).
19. Wetzel B., Haupert F., Zhang M. Q.: Epoxy nanocomposites with high mechanical and tribological performance. Composites Science and Technology, 63, 2055-2067 (2003). DOI: 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00115-5
20. Park J. H., Jana S. C.: The relationship between nano and micro-structures and mechanical properties in PMMA-epoxy-nanoclay composites. Polymer, 44, 2091-2100 (2003). DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00075-2
21. Han J. T., Cho K.: Nanoparticle-induced enhancement in fracture toughness of highly loaded epoxy composites over a wide temperature range. Journal of Materials Science, 41, 4239-4245 (2006). DOI: 10.1007/s10853-006-6219-2
22. Zhang X., Xu W., Xia X., Zhang Z., Yu R.: Toughening of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin by nanosize silicon dioxide. Materials Letters, 60, 3319-3323 (2006). DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.04.023
23. Sipaut C. S., Ahmad N., Adnan R., Rahman I.Ab., Bakar M. A., Ismail J., Chee C. K.: Properties and morphology of bulk epoxy composites filled with modified fumed silica-epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Sciences, 7, 27-34 (2007). DOI: 10.3923/jas.2007.27.34
24. Kang S., Hong S. I., Choe C. R., Park M., Rim S., Kim J.: Preparation and characterization of epoxy composites filled with functionalized nanosilica particles obtained via sol-gel process. Polymer, 42, 879-887 (2001). DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00392-X
25. Chang K-C., Lin C-Y., Lin H-F., Chiou S-C., Huang W-C., Yeh J-M., Yang J-C.: Thermally and mechanically enhanced epoxy resin-silica hybrid materials containing primary amine-modified silica nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 108, 1629-1635 (2008). DOI: 10.1002/app.27559
26. Tarrio-Saavedra J., López-Beceiro J., Naya S., Artiaga R.: Effect of silica content on thermal stability of fumed silica/epoxy composites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93, 2133-2137 (2008). DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.08.006
27. Llorente M. A., Horta A.: Técnicas de caracterización de polímeros. UNED, Madrid (1991).
28. Donth E.: The glass transition. Relaxation dynamics in liquids and disordered materials. Springer, Berlin (2001).
29. Hutchinson J. M., Montserrat S.: The application of modulated differential scanning calorimetry to the glass transition of polymers. I. A single-parameter theoretical model and its predictions. Thermochimica Acta, 286, 263-296 (1996). DOI: 10.1016/0040-6031(96)02967-X
30. Thomas L. C.: An introduction to the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modulated DSC. in 'Thermal analysis. Fundamentals and applications to material characterization' (ed.: Artiaga R.) Publicationes de la Universidade da Coruna, Coruna, 9-25 (2005).
31. Reading M., Hourston D. J.: Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry: Theoretical and practical applications in polymer characterisation. Springer, Dordrecht (2006).
32. Schröter K., Wilde G., Willnecker R., Weiss M., Samwer K., Donth E.: Shear modulus and compliance in the range of the dynamic glass transition for metallic glasses. The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 5, 1-5 (1998). DOI: 10.1007/s100510050411
33. Artiaga R., García A.: Fundamentals of DMA. in: 'Thermal analysis. Fundamentals and applications to material characterization' (ed.: Artiaga R.) Publicationes de la Publicationes de la Universidade da Coruna, A Coruña, Spain, 183-206 (2005).
34. Chartoff R. P., Menczel J. D., Dillman S. H.: Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). in: 'Thermal analysis of polymers. Fundamentals and applications' (eds.: Menczel J. D., Prime R. B.) Wiley, San Jose, 387-496 (2009).
35. Menczel J. D., Judovits L., Prime R. B., Bair H. E., Reading M., Swier S.: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). in: 'Thermal analysis of polymers. Fundamentals and applications' (eds.: Menczel J. D., Prime R. B.) Wiley, San Jose, 7-239 (2009).
36. Mohammad A., Simon G. P.: Rubber-clay nanocomposites. in 'Polymer nanocomposites' (eds.: Mai Y-W., Yu Z-Z.) Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington 297-329 (2006).
37. Pellín M. P., Regueira L. N., Quintela A. L., Losada P. P., Gándara J. S., Abuín S. P.: Epoxy resins based on trimethylolpropane. II. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of cure with m-XDA. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 55, 1507-1516 (1995). DOI: 10.1002/app.1995.070551102
38. Pellin M. P., Regueira L. N., Gandara J. S., Losada P. P., Lamela C. P., Abuin S. P.: Epoxy resins based on trimethylolpropane. I. Determination of chemical structres. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 55, 225-232 (1995). DOI: 10.1002/app.1995.070550205
39. Quintela A. L., Pellin M. P., Abuin S. P.: Epoxidation reaction of trimethylolpropane with epichlorohydrin: Kinetic study of chlorohydrin formation. Polymer Engineering and Science, 36, 568-573 (1996). DOI: 10.1002/pen.10443
40. Webb P. A.: The perseverance of Sedigraph method in particle sizing. Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, January, 1-6 (2004).
41. Pena D.: Regresión y diseño de experimentos. Alianza Editorial, Madrid (2002).
42. Box G. E., Hunter J. S., Hunter W. G.: Estadística para investigadores: Diseno, innovación y descubrimiento. Editorial Reverté, Barcelona (2008).
43. Maxwell S. E., Delaney H. D.: Designing experiments and analyzing data. A model comparison perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey (2004).
44. Shapiro S., Wilk M. B.: An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52, 591-611 (1965). DOI: 10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591
45. Bartlett M. S.: Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. in 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences' Vol 160, 268-282 (1937).
46. Durbin J., Watson G. S.: Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. I. Biometrika, 37, 409-428 (1950). DOI: 10.1093/biomet/37.3-4.409
47. Durbin J., Watson G. S.: Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. II. Biometrika, 38, 159178 (1951). DOI: 10.1093/biomet/38.1-2.159
48. Reed K. E.: Dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced composites. Polymer Composites, 1, 44-49 (1980). DOI: 10.1002/pc.750010109