Can we slow the progression of chronic kidney disease?

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 170-175

  Wuhl, Elke ^a   Schaefer, Franz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antihypertensive; Antiproteinuric; Blood pressure; Chronic kidney disease; Progression; Proteinuria; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ALISKIREN; ALLOPURINOL; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BENAZEPRILAT; BICARBONATE; CANDESARTAN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; FELODIPINE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; PARICALCITOL; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; VALSARTAN; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE;

ADD ON THERAPY; ALBUMINURIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION;

CHILD; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PROTEINURIA; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 77952268514     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283360a5c     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, et al. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 1996;334:13-18. (Pubitemid 26012498)
2. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Iseki C, Takishita S. Proteinuria and the risk of developing end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2003;63:1468-1474. (Pubitemid 36350012)
3. Locatelli F, Marcelli D, Comelli M, et al. Proteinuria and blood pressure as causal components of progression to end-stage renal failure. Northern Italian Cooperative Study Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11:461-467.
4. Wingen AM, Fabian-Bach C, Schaefer F, Mehls O. Randomised multicentre study of a low-protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure in children. European Study Group of Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. Lancet 1997;349:1117-1123.
5. Fliser D, Bahlmann FH, Haller H. EPO: renoprotection beyond anemia correction. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:1785-1789. (Pubitemid 44741154)
6. Muntner P, Coresh J, Clinton Smith J, et al. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Kidney Int 2000;58:293-301. (Pubitemid 30429874)
7. Ritz E, Gross ML, Dikow R. Role of calcium-phosphorous disorders in the progression of renal failure. Kidney Int 2005; 68 (Suppl 99) : S66-S70. (Pubitemid 44324689)
8. Wühl E, Schaefer F. Therapeutic strategies to slow chronic kidney disease progression. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:705-716.
9. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease: the modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:754-762.
10. Klahr S, Levy AD, Beck GJ. The effects of dietary protein restriction and bloodpressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 1994;330:877-884. (Pubitemid 24094966)
11. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, et al. Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in nondiabetic nephropathies with nonnephrotic proteinuria. Lancet 1999;354:359-364. (Pubitemid 29355751)
12. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:646-661.
13. Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, et al. The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:342-351. (Pubitemid 40293407)
14. Tarver-Carr M, Brancati F, Eberhardt M, Powe N. Proteinuria and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000;11:168A.
15. Hoy WE, Wang Z, van Buynder P, et al. The natural history of renal disease in Australian Aborigines. Part I. Changes in albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate over time. Kidney Int 2001;60:243-248. (Pubitemid 32587560)
16. Iseki K, Kinjo K, Iseki C, Takishita S. Relationship between predicted creatinine clearance and proteinuria and the risk of developing ESRD in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Kid Dis 2004;44:806-814. (Pubitemid 39445912)
17. Risdon RA, Sloper JC, de Wardener HE. Relationship between renal function and histological changes found in renal biopsy specimens from patients with persistent glomerular nephritis. Lancet 1968;2:363-366.
18. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perico N. Chronic renal disease: renoprotective benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:604-615. (Pubitemid 34407045)
19. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Mosconi L, et al. Proteinuria predicts end-stage renal failure in nondiabetic chronic nephropathies. The 'Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia' (GISEN). Kidney IntSuppl 1997; 63: S54-S57.
20. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002;61:1086-1097. (Pubitemid 34175478)
21. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension: effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease-results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2003;288:2421-2431.
22. Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, et al. Strict blood pressure control and renal failure progression in children. The ESCAPE Trial Group. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1639-1650. First randomized controlled trial demonstrating renoprotection of tight BP control in children.
23. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al., REIN-2 Study Group. Blood pressure control for renoprotection in patients with nondiabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2) : multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:939-946.
24. Wright JTJ, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease. JAMA 2002;288:2421-2431.
25. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Mehler PS, Hiatt WR. Appropriate blood pressure control in hypertensive and normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus: a summary of the ABCD trial. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008;3:428-438.
26. Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank JK, et al. Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2009;27:1719-1742. European pediatric hypertension guidelines.
27. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: S1-S290.
28. Schaefer F, Mehls O. Hypertension in chronic kidney disease. In: Portman RJ, Sorof JM, Ingelfinger JR, editors. Pediatric hypertension. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 2004. pp. 371-387.
29. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, et al., for the ACE Inhibition in Progressive Renal Disease Study Group. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:73-87.
30. Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1996;334:939-945. (Pubitemid 26114159)
31. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, nondiabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1997;349:1857-1863.
32. Parving HH, Andersen AR, Smidt UM, Svendsen PA. Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1983;1:1175-1179.
33. Zucchelli P, Zuccala A, Borghi M, et al. Long-term comparison between captopril and nifidepin in the progression of renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 1992;42:452-458.
34. Kamper AL, Strandgaard S, Leyssac P. Effect of enalapril on the progression of chronic renal failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Hypertens 1992;5:423-430.
35. van Essen GG, Apperloo AJ, Rensma PL, et al. Are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors superior to beta blockers in retarding progressive renal function decline? Kidney Int Suppl 1997; 63: S58-S62. (Pubitemid 28020434)
36. Hannedouche T, Landais P, Goldfarb B, et al. Randomised controlled trial of enalapril and beta blockers in nondiabetic chronic renal failure. BMJ 1994;309:833-837. (Pubitemid 24305005)
37. Bannister KM, Weaver A, Clarkson AR, Woodroffe AJ. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme and calcium channel inhibition on progression of IgA nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 1995;111:184-192.
38. Ihle BU, Whitworth JA, Shahinfar S, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in nondiabetic progressive renal insufficiency: a controlled doubleblind trial. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;27:489-495. (Pubitemid 26106596)
39. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens 2007;25:1105-1187. (Pubitemid 46924065)
40. Chobanian AV, Barkis GL, Black DL, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-2571.
41. Soergel M, Verho M, Wühl E, et al. Effect of ramipril on ambulatory blood pressure and albuminuria in renal hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15:113-118.
42. Chandar J, Abitbol C, Montané B, Zilleruelo G. Angiotensin blockade as sole treatment for proteinuric kidney disease in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:1332-1337. (Pubitemid 47072220)
43. Litwin M, Grenda R, Sladowska J, Antoniewicz J. Add-on therapy with angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker in children with chronic kidney disease already treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:1716-1722. (Pubitemid 44390838)
44. Schaefer F, van de Walle J, Zurowska A, et al. Efficacy and safety of candesartan cilexetil suspension in hypertensive infants: the CINCH trial [abstract #OC044]. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:1796.
45. Webb NJA, Lam C, Loeys T, et al. A randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-or amlodipine-controlled study of the effects of losartan on proteinuria in children with or without hypertension [abstract #OC015]. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:1785.
46. Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. ACE inhibitors and proteinuria. Pharm World Sci 1996;18:204-210. (Pubitemid 27038940)
47. Sato A, Saruta T. Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Int Med Res 2001;29:13-21. (Pubitemid 32236891)
48. Bomback AS, Klemmer PJ. The incidence and implications of aldosterone breakthrough. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007;3:486-492.
49. Schjoedt KJ, Andersen S, Rossing P, et al. Aldosterone escape during blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetic nephropathy is associated with enhanced decline in glomerular filtration rate. Diabetologica 2004;47:1936-1939. (Pubitemid 40110201)
50. Horita Y, Taura K, Taguchi T, et al. Aldosterone breakthrough during therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in proteinuric patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2006;11:462-466. (Pubitemid 44470097)
51. Burgess E, Muirhead N, De Cotret PR, et al., and the SMART (Supra Maximal Atacand Renal Trial). Supramaximal dose of candesartan in proteinuric kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:893-900. A multicenter trial demonstrating efficacy of ultrahigh candesartan dosage to further reduce proteinuria.
52. Berger ED, Bader BD, Ebert C, et al. Reduction of proteinuria: combined effects of receptor blockade and low dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. J Hypertens 2002;20:739-743. (Pubitemid 34913719)
53. Ferrari P, Marti H-P, Pfister M, Frej FJ. Additive antiproteinuric effect of combined ACE inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. J Hypertens 2002;20:125-130. (Pubitemid 34913411)
54. Mann JF, Schmieder RF, McQueen M, et al., ONTARGET Investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study) : a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:547-553. A mega trial comparing effects of ACE and ARB monotherapy and combination therapies on renal outcomes.
55. Navaneethan SD, Nigwekar SU, Sehgal AR, Strippoli GFM. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:542-551. A meta-analysis on the efficacy and risks of aldosterone antagonists to prevent CKD progression.
56. Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomized, doubleblind trial. Lancet 2007;370:221-229. (Pubitemid 47069535)
57. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, et al., for the AVOID Study Investigators. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2433-2446.
58. de Brito-Ashurst I, Varagunam M, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:2075-2084. A clinical study providing evidence that improving acidosis results in reduced risk for dialysis in adult CKD stage IV patients.
59. Hsu CY, Iribarren C, McCulloch CE, et al. Risk factors for end-stage renal disease: 25-year follow-up. Arch Int Med 2009;169:342-350. A comprehensive clinical study on the relationship between uric acid and the risk for ESRD.
60. Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:51-59.
61. de Boer IH, Ioannou GN, Kestenbaum B, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and albuminuria in the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III). Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:69-77. (Pubitemid 46962855)
62. Agarwal R, Acharya M, Tian J, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of oral paracalcitol in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005;68:2823-2828. (Pubitemid 43251029)
63. Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, et al. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89 90: 387-392. (Pubitemid 38844316)
64. Sun J, Kong J, Duan Y, et al. Increased NF-(kappa) B activity in fibroblasts lacking the vitamin D receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 291: E315-E322. (Pubitemid 44035291)
65. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2006-2016. (Pubitemid 44036185)
66. Chen Y-M, Lin S-L, Chiang W-C, et al. Pentoxifylline ameliorates proteinuria through suppression of renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with proteinuric primary glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2006;69:1410-1415.
67. Lin S-L, Chen Y-M, Chiang W-C, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in addition to losartan on proteinuria and GFR in CKD: a 12-month randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:464-474.
68. Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on GFR decline in CKD: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53:606-616.