The relationship between particle characteristics and frictional strength in basal fault breccias: Implications for fault-rock evolution and rockslide susceptibility

Tectonophysics

Volumn 486, Issue 1-4, 2010, Pages 132-149

  Henderson, Iain H C ^a   Ganerød, Guri V ^a   Braathen, Alvar ^b  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY CENTRE IN SVALBARD   (Norway)

Author keywords

Comminution; Fault rocks; Microstructural analysis; Rock slope susceptibility

Indexed keywords

BREAKDOWN MECHANISM; FAULT BRECCIA; FAULT ROCK; FAULT STRENGTH; FRICTIONAL STRENGTH; MATRIX; MICROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS; PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS; PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE; RESIDUAL SHEAR STRENGTH; RESIDUAL STRENGTH; SHEAR ZONE; SLOPE FAILURE;

ASPECT RATIO; GRINDING (COMMINUTION); PRESSURE DROP; ROCKS; SHEAR STRENGTH; SLOPE STABILITY;

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS;

BRECCIA; COMMINUTION; FRICTION; MICROSTRUCTURE; PARTICLE SIZE; RESIDUAL STRENGTH; SHEAR STRENGTH; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SLOPE DYNAMICS; STRENGTH;

NORWAY;

EID: 77951983199     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.02.002     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Agliardi F., Crosta G., Zanchi A. Structural constraints on deep-seated slope deformation kinematics. Engineering Geology 2001, 59:83-102.
2. Ambrosi C., Crosta G.B. Large Sackung along major tectonic features in the central Italian Alps. Engineering Geology 2006, 83:183-200.
3. An L.J., Sammis C.G. Particle size distribution of cataclastic fault materials from southern California: a 3D study. Pure & Applied Geophysics 1993, 143:203-227.
4. Anda E., Blikra L.H., Braathen A. The Berill Fault - first evidence of neotectonic faulting in southern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2002, 82:175-182.
5. Anthony J.L., Marone C. Influence of particle characteristics on granular friction. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2005, 110:B08409. 10.1029/2004JB003399.
6. Babaie H.A., Hadizadeh J., Babaei A. Self-similar cataclasis in the Saltville Thrust Zone, Knoxville, Tennessee. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 1995, 100:18,075-18,084.
7. Billi A., Storti F. Fractal distribution of particle size in carbonate cataclastic rocks from the core of a regional strike-slip fault zone. Tectonophysics 2004, 384:115-128.
8. Billi A., Storti F., Salvini F. Particle size distributions of fault-rocks and fault transpression: are they related?. Terra Nova 2003, 15:61-66.
9. Billi A., Salvini F., Storti F. The damage zone-fault core transition in carbonate rocks: implications for fault growth, structure and permeability. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:1779-1794.
10. Blenkinsop T.G. Cataclasis and processes of particle-size reduction. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1991, 136:59-86.
11. Blikra L.H. Geological mapping of rapid mass movement deposits as an aid to land-use planning. Engineering Geology 1990, 29:365-376.
12. Blikra L.H., Braathen A., Anda E., Stalsberg K., Longva O. Rock avalanches, gravitational bedrock fractures and neotectonic faults onshore northern West Norway. Geological Survey of Norway Report 2002.016 2002, 53 pp.
13. Blikra L.H., Eiken T., Henderson I.H.C., Venvik-Ganerød G. Forprosjekt fjellskred i Troms - Status 2005. Geological Survey of Norway Report 2006.040 2006, 37 pp. (in Norwegian).
14. Böhme, M., Saintot, A., Henderson, I.H.C., Henriksen, H., Hermanns R.L., in press. Rock-slope instabilities in Sogn & Fjordane County, Norway: a detailed structural and geomorphological analysis. Geological Society of London.
15. Bos B., Spiers C.J. Experimental investigation into the microstructural and mechanical evolution og phyllosilicate-bearing fault-rocks under conditions favoured by pressure solution. Journal of Structural Geology 2001, 23:1187-1202.
16. Braathen A., Blikra L.H., Berg S.S., Karlsen F. Rock-slope failures in Norway; type, geometry, deformation mechanisms and stability. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2004, 84:67-88.
17. Bruhn R.L., Parry W.L., Yonkee W.A., Thompson T. Fracturing and hydrothermal alteration in normal fault zones. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1994, 142:609-644.
18. Bürgi, C. 1999. Cataclastic Fault-rocks in Underground Excavations - A Geological Characterization, Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.
19. Byerlee J.D. The mechanics of stick-slip. Tectonophysics 1970, 9:475-486.
20. Caine J.S., Evans J.P., Forster C.B. Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology 1996, 24:1025-1028.
21. Chester F.M., Evans J.P., Biegel R.L. Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas Fault. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:771-786.
22. Chigira M. Long-term gravitational deformation of rocks by mass rock creep. Engineering Geology 1992, 32:157-184.
23. Clausen J.A., Gabrielsen R.H., Johnsen E., Korstgard J.A. Fault architecture and clay smear distribution. Examples from field studies and drained ring-shear experiments. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2003, 83:131-146.
24. Cox S.J.D., Scholz C.H. On the formation and growth of faults: an experimental study. Journal of Structural Geology 1988, 10:413-430.
25. Crosta G.B., Agliardi F. Failure forecast for large rock slides by surface displacement measurements. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2003, 40:176-191.
26. Crosta G.B., Chen H., Lee C.F. Replay of the 1987 Val Pola Landslide, Italian Alps. Geomorphology 2004, 60:127-146.
27. Crosta G., Frattini P., Fusi N., Sosio R. Granulometria, segregazione e frammentazione negli accumuli di valanghe di roccia. Giornale di Geologia 2006, 4:31-40.
28. Davis G.H., Reynolds S.J. Structural Geology of Rock and Regions 1996, 776. Wiley & Sons, New York. 2nd Ed.
29. Dehls J.F., Olesen O., Olsen L., Blikra L.H. Neotectonic faulting in northern Norway; the Stuoragurra and Nordmannvikdalen postglacial faults. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:1447-1460.
30. Dewoolkar M.M., Huzjak R.J. Drained residual shear strength of some claystones from front range, Colorado. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2005, 131:1543-1551.
31. Engelder J.T. Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1974, 85:1515-1522.
32. Frye K.M., Marone C. The effect of particle dimensionality on granular friction in laboratory shear zones. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29(19):1916. 10.1029/2002GL015709.
33. Gabrielsen R.H., Braathen A., Dehls J., Roberts D. Tectonic lineaments of Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2002, 82:153-174.
34. Ganerød G.V., Grøneng G., Rønning J.S., Dalsegg E., Elvebakk H., Tønnesen J.F., Kveldsvik V., Eiken T., Blikra L.H., Braathen A. A geological model of the Åknes rockslide, western Norway. Engineering Geology 2008, 102:1-18.
35. Groshong R.H. Low-temperature deformation mechanisms and their interpretation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1988, 100:1329-1360.
36. Gudmundsson A. Postglacial crustal doming, stresses and fracture formation with application to Norway. Tectonophysics 1999, 307:407-419.
37. Guo Y.G., Morgan J.K. Influence of normal stress and grain shape on granular friction: results of discrete element simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2004, 109(B12305). 10.1029/2004JB003044.
38. Handy M.R. Deformation regimes and the rheological evolution of fault zones in the lithosphere: the effect of pressure, temperature, grain size and time. Tectonophysics 1989, 163:119-152.
39. Hattori I., Yamamoto H. Rock fragmentation and particle size in crushed zones by faulting. J. Geol. 1999, 107:209-222.
40. Hawkins A.B. The Significance of Clay Mylonites for Slope Stability. Landslides 2002, Stemberk, Wagner (Eds.).
41. Henderson I.H.C., Saintot A. Fjellskredundersøkelser i Møre og Romsdal. Geological Survey of Norway Report, 2007.043 2007, 68 pp. (in Norwegian).
42. Henderson I.H.C., Saintot A., Venvik-Ganerød G., Blikra L.H. Fjellskred-kartlegging i Troms. Geological Survey of Norway Report, 2007.041 2007, 108 pp. (in Norwegian).
43. Higgins M.W. Cataclastic Rocks. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1971, 687 pp.
44. Holland M., Urai J.L., Van der Zee W., Stanjek H., Konstanty J. Fault gouge evolution in highly overconsolidated claystones. Journal of Structural Geology 2006, 28:323-332.
45. Hu X.Q., Cruden D.M. Rock mass movements across bedding in Kananaskis Country, Alberta. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1992, 29:675-685.
46. Iverson N.R., Baker R.W., Hooyer T.S. A ring-shear device for the study of till deformation: tests on tills with contrasting clay contents. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16:1057-1066.
47. Iverson N.R., Hooyer T.S., Baker R.W. Ring-shear studies of till deformation: Coulomb-plastic behavior and distributed strain in glacier beds. Journal of Glaciology 1998, 44:634-642.
48. Jaboyedoff M., Baillifard F., Bardou E., Girod F. The effect weathering on Alpine rock instability. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 2004, 37:95-103.
49. Johnson P.L., Cotton W.R. The Santiago landslide and associated ridge-top graben (sackungen): implications for paleoseismic landslide studies. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 2005, 11:5-15.
50. Lambe T.W., Whitman R.V. Soil Mechanics, SI Version 1979, John Wiley & Sons.
51. Lopes P.C., Lopes M.L., Lopes M.P. Shear behaviour of geosynthetics in the inclined plane test - influence of soil particle size and geosynthetic structure. Geosynthetics International 2001, 8:327-342.
52. Mair K., Abe S. 3D numerical simulations of fault gouge evolution during shear: grain size reduction and strain localization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 274:72-81.
53. Mair K., Marone C. Friction of simulated fault gouge for a wide range of velocities and normal stresses. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 1999, 104:28,899-28,914.
54. Miller D.J., Dunne T. Topographic perturbations of regional stresses and consequent bedrock fracturing. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 1996, 101:25,523-25,536.
55. Nesje A., Blikra L.H., Anda E. Dating rockfall-avalanche deposits from degree of rock-surface weathering by Schmidt-Hammer tests - a study from Norangsdalen, Sunnmore, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 1994, 74:108-113.
56. Nouguier-Lehon C., Cambou B., Vincens E. Influence of particle shape and angularity on the behaviour of granular materials: a numerical analysis. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2003, 27:1207-1226.
57. Olesen O., Blikra L.H., Braathen A., Dehls J.F., Olsen L., Rise L., Roberts D., Riis F., Faleide J.I., Anda E. Neotectonic deformation in Norway and its implications: a review. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2004, 84:3-34.
58. Osmundsen P.T., Henderson I.H.C., Lauknes T.R., Larsen Y., Redfield T., Dehls J. Tectonic controls on mass-wasting processes in northern Norway. Geology 2009, 37:135-138.
59. O'Sullivan C., Bray J.D., Riemer M.F. Influence of particle shape and surface friction variability on response of rod-shaped particulate media. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 2002, 128:1182-1192.
60. Redfield T.F., Osmundsen P.T. The Tjellefonna fault system of Western Norway: linking late-Caledonian extension, post-Caledonian normal faulting, and Tertiary rock column uplift with the landslide-generated tsunami event of 1756. Tectonophysics 2009, 474:106-123.
61. Redfield T.F., Osmundsen P.T., Hendriks B.W.H. The role of fault reactivation and growth in the uplift of western Fennoscandia. Geological Society of London 2005, 162:1013-1030.
62. Sagg A., Brodsky E.E., Axen G.J. Evolution of fault surface roughness with slip. Geology 2007, 35:283-286.
63. Salcedo, D.A., 2009. Behaviour of a landslide prior to inducing a viaduct failure: Caracas-La Guaira Highway, Venezuela. Engineering Geology 109, 16-30.
64. Sammis C.G., Biegel R.L. Fractals, fault-gouge, and friction. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1989, 131:255-271.
65. Sammis C.G., Osborne R.H., Anderson J.L., Banerdt M., White P. Self-similar cataclasis in the formation of a fault gouge. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1986, 124:53-78.
66. Sammis C., King G., Biegel R. The kinematics of gouge deformation. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1987, 125:777-812.
67. Savage W.Z., Morin R.H. Effects of Valley Topography on Principal Stress Orientations. Proceedings of the 38th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium 2001.
68. Schmid S.M., Handy M.R. Towards a genetic classification of fault rocks; geological usage and tectonophysical implications. Controversies in Modern Geology; Evolution of Geological Theories in Sedimentology, Earth History and Tectonics 1991, 339-361. Acad. Press, London, United Kingdom. D.-W. Mueller, J.-A. McKenzie, W. Helmut (Eds.).
69. Scott D.R., Lockner D.A., Byerlee J.D., Sammis C.G. Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150MPa mean effective stress. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1994, 142:749-775.
70. Scruggs V.J., Tullis T.E. Correlation between velocity dependence of friction and strain localisation in large displacement experiments on feldspar, muscovite and biotite gouge. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:15-40.
71. Shea W.T., Kronenberg A.K. Strength and anisotropy of foliated rocks with varied mica contents. Journal of Structural Geology 1993, 15:1097-1121.
72. Shuzui H. Process of slip-surface development and formation of slip-surface clay in landslides in Tertiary volcanic rocks, Japan. Engineering Geology 2001, 61:199-219.
73. Sibson R.H. Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. Journal of the Geological Society 1977, 133:191-213.
74. Sperrevik S., Faerseth R.B., Gabrielsen R.H. Experiments on clay smear formation along faults. Petroleum Geoscience 2000, 6:113-123.
75. Stark T.D., Eid H.T. Drained residual strength of cohesive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 1994, 120:856-871.
76. Stark T.D., Choi H., McCone S. Drained shear strength parameters for analysis of landslides. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2005, 131:575-588.
77. Stein R.S., Barka A.A., Dieterich J.H. Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering. Geophysical Journal International 1997, 128:594-604.
78. Stewart M., Strachan R.A., Holdsworth R.E. Structure and early kinematic history of the Great Glen Fault Zone, Scotland. Tectonics 1999, 18:326-342.
79. Stewart M., Holdsworth R.E., Strachan R.A. Deformation processes and weakening mechanisms within the frictional-viscous transition zone on major crustal-scale faults: insights from Great Glenn Fault Zone, Scotland. Journal of Structural Geology 2000, 22:542-560.
80. Storti F., Billi A., Salvini F. Particle size distributions in natural carbonate fault-rocks: insights for non-self-similar cataclasis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 206:173-186.
81. Storti F., Balsamo F., Salvini F. Particle shape evolution in natural carbonate granular wear material. Terra Nova 2007, 19:344-352.
82. Sukumaran B., Ashmawy A.K. Quantitative characterisation of the geometry of discrete particles. Geotechnique 2001, 51:619-627.
83. Summer R., Byerlee J. A note on the effect of fault gouge composition on the stability of frictional sliding. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mineral Science 1977, 14:155-160.
84. Tiwari B., Brandon T.L., Marui H., Tuladhar G.R. Comparison of residual shear strengths from back analysis and ring shear tests on undisturbed and re-molded specimens. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2005, 131:1071-1079.
85. Tullis J., Yund R.A. Hydrolytic weakening of experimentally deformed Westerly Granite and Hale Albite rock. Journal of Structural Geology 1980, 2:439-451.
86. Venvik-Ganerød G., Grøneng G., Rønning J.S., Dalsegg E., Elvebakk H., Tønnesen J.F., Kveldsvik V., Eiken T., Blikra L.H., Braathen A. Geological model of the Åknes rockslide, western Norway. Engineering Geology 2008, 102:1-18.
87. Vrolijk P., Van der Pluijm B.A. Clay gouge. Journal of Structural Geology 1999, 1039-1048.
88. Wan Y.S., Kwong J. Shear strength of soils containing amorphous clay-size materials in a slow-moving landslide. Engineering Geology 2002, 65:293-303.
89. Warr L.N., Cox S. Clay mineral transformations and weakening mechanisms along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geological Society London Special Publications 2001, 186:85-101.
90. Wise D.U., Dunn D.E., Engelder J.T., Geiser P.A., Hatcher R.D., Kish S.A., Odom A.L., Schamel S. Fault-related rocks: suggestions for terminology. Geology 1984, 12:391-394.
91. Zhao Z.Y., Wang Y., Liu X.H. Fractal analysis applied to cataclastic rocks. Tectonophysics 1990, 178:373-377.