Encystation commitment in giardia duodenaus: A long and winding road

Parasite

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 247-258

  Arguello Garcia R ^a   Bazan Tejeda M L ^a   Ortega Pierres, Guadalupe ^a  

^a INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Bite salts; Cell signaling; Cholesterol; Cholesterol receptor; Cyst wall; Encystation; Giardia duodenalis; Protist; SREBP

Indexed keywords

GIARDIA; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS; PROTISTA;

BILE ACID; CHOLESTEROL; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; CYST; DRUG EFFECT; DUODENUM DISEASE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETICS; GIARDIA LAMBLIA; GIARDIASIS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PARASITOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; CYSTS; DUODENAL DISEASES; GIARDIA LAMBLIA; GIARDIASIS; HUMANS; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEINS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 77951648244     PISSN: 1252607X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2009164247     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. ABDUL-WAHID A. & FAUBERT G. Mucosal delivery of a trans-mission-blocking DNA vaccine encoding Giardia lamblia CWP2 by Salmonella typhimurium bactofection vehicle. Vaccine, 2007, 25, 8372-8383.
2. ABEL E.S., DAVIDS B.J., ROBLES L.D., LOFLIN C.E., GILLIN F.D. & CHAKRABARTI R. Possible roles of protein kinase A in cell motility and excystation of the early diverging eukaryote Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 10320-10329.
3. th edition.
4. ARGÜELLO-GARCIA R., ARGÜELLO-LÓPEZ C., GONZÁLEZ-ROBLES A., CASTILLO FIGUEROA A.M. & ORTEGA-PIERRES M.G. Sequential exposure and assembly of cyst wall filaments on the surface of encysting Giardia duodenalis. Parasitology, 2002, 125, 209-219.
5. ARITO M., HORIBA T., HACHIMURA S., INOUE J. & SATO R. Growth factor-induced phosphorylation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins inhibits sumoylation, thereby stimulating the expression of their target genes, low density lipoprotein uptake, and lipid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283, 15224-15231.
6. BAZÁN-TEJEDA M.L., ARGÜELLO-GARCIA R., BERMÚDEZ-CRUZ R.M., ROBLES-FLORES M & ORTEGA-PIERRES G. Protein kinase C iso-forms from Giardia duodenalis-. identification and functional characterization of a beta-like molecule during encystment. Arch. Microbiol, 2007, 187, 55-66.
7. BENCHIMOL M. The release of secretory vesicle in encysting Giardia lamblia. FEMS Microbiol Lett., 2004, 235, 81-87.
8. BEST A.A., MORRISON H.G., MCARTHUR A.G., SOGIN M.L. & OLSEN G.J. Evolution of eukaryotic transcription: insights from the genome of Giardia lamblia. Genome Res, 2004, 14, 1537-1547.
9. Cox S.S.E., VAN DER GIEZEN M., TARR S.J., CROMPTON M.R. & TOVAR J. Evidence from bioinformatics, expression and inhibition studies of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signalling in Giardia intestinalis. BMC Microbiol., 2006, 6, 45.
10. DAVIDS B.J., REINER D.S., BIRKELAND S.R., PREHEIM S.P., CIPRIANO M.J., MCARTHUR A.G. & GILUN F.D. A new family of giardial cysteine-rich non-VSP protein genes and a novel cyst protein. PLoS ONE, 2006, 1, e44.
11. DAS S., CASTILLO C. & STEVENS T. Phospholipid remodeling/generation in Giardia: the role of the Lands cycle. Trends Parasitol, 2001, 17, 316-319.
12. DUBOIs K.N., ABODEELY M., SAKANARI J., CRAIK C.S., LEE M., MCKERROW J.H. & SAJID M. Identification of the major cysteine protease of Giardia and its role in encystation. J. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283, 18024-18031.
13. ELLIS J.G., DAVILA M. & CHAKRABARTI R. Potential involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in encystation of a primitive eukaryote, Giardia lamblia. Stage-specific activation and intracellular localization. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 1936-1945.
14. ERLANDSEN S.L., MACECHKO P.T., VAN KEULEN H. & JARROLL E.L. Formation of the Giardia cyst wall: studies on extracellular assembly using immunogold labeling and high resolution field emission SEM. J Eukaryot. Microbiol., 1996, 43, 416-429.
15. ERLANDSEN S. Reduction in fecal excretion of Giardia cysts: effect of cholestasis and diet.J Parasitol, 2005, 91, 1482-1484.
16. GIBSON C., SCHANEN B., CHAKRABARTI D. & CHAKRABARTI R. Functional characterisation of the regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A homologue of Giardia lamblia: Differential expression of the regulatory and catalytic subunits during encystation. Int. J. Parasitol, 2006, 36, 791-799.
17. GILUN F.D., REINER D.S., GAULT M.J., DOUGLAS H., DAS S., WUN-DERUCH A. & SAUCH J.F. Encystation and expression of cyst antigens by Giardia lamblia in vitro. Science, 1987, 235, 1040-1043.
18. GILIN F.D., BOUCHER S.E., ROSSI S.S. & REINER D.S. Giardia lamblia: the roles of bile, lactic acid, and pH in the completion of the life cycle in vitro. Exp. Parasitol., 1989, 69, 161-174.
19. GOTTIG N., ELÍAS E.V., QUIROGA R., NORES M.J., SOLARI A.J., Touz M.C. & LUJÁN H.D. Active and passive mechanisms drive secretory granule biogenesis during differentiation of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 18156-18166.
20. HEHL A.B. & MARTI M. Secretory protein trafficking in Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Microbiol., 2004, 53, 19-28.
21. HERNÁNDEZ P.C. & WASSERMAN M. Do genes from the cholesterol synthesis pathway exist and express in Giardia intestinalis? Parasitol. Res., 2006, 98, 194-199.
22. HERNÁNDEZ Y., ZAMORA G., RAY S., CHAPOY J., CHAVEZ E., VAL-VARDE R., WILLIAMS E., ALEY S.B. & DAS S. Transcriptional analysis of three major putative phosphatidylinositol kinase genes in a parasitic protozoan, Giardia lamblia. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2007, 54, 29-32.
23. HUANG Y.C., Su L.H., LEE G.A., CHIU P.W., CHO C.C., WU J.Y. & SUN C.H. Regulation of cyst wall protein promoters by Myb2 in Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283, 31021-31029.
24. IKONEN E. Cellular cholesterol trafficking and compartmen-talization. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2008, 9, 125-138.
25. JARROLL E.L., MACECHKO P.T., STELMLE P.A., BUUK D., KARR C.D., VAN KEULEN H., PAGET T.A., GERWIG G., KAMERUNG J., VLIE-GENTHART J. & ERLANDSEN S. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during Giardia encystment. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2001, 48, 22-26.
26. JARROLL E.L. & SENER K. Potential drug targets in cyst-wall biosynthesis by intestinal protozoa. Drug Resist. Updat., 2003, 6, 239-246.
27. JIMÉNEZ-GARCIA L.F., ZAVALA G., CHÁVEZ-MUNGUÍA B., RAMOS-GODINEZ M.P., LÓPEZ-VELAZQUEZ G., SEGURA-VALDEZ M.L., MONTAǸEZ C., HEHL A.B., ARGÜELLO-GARCÍA R. & ORTEGA-PIERRES G. Identification of nucleoli in the early branching protist Giardia duodenalis. Int. J. Parasitol., 2008, 38, 1297-1304.
28. KAUL D., RANI R. & SEHGAL R. Receptor-Ck regulates Giardia encystation process. Mol. Cell. Biocbem., 2001, 225, 167-169.
29. KAUL D. Cholesterol-receptor-mediated genomics in health and disease. Trends Mol. Med, 2003, 9, 442-449.
30. KARR C.D. & JARROLL E.L. Cyst wall synthase: N-acetyl galac-tosaminyltransferase activity is induced to form the novel N-acetylgalactosamine polysaccharide in the Giardia cyst wall. Microbiology, 2004, 150, 1237-1243.
31. KEELING P.J. & BRUGEROLLE G. Evidence from SSU rRNA phylogeny that Octomitus is a sister lineage to Giardia. Protist., 2006, 157, 205-212.
32. KIM K.T., MOK M.T. & EDWARDS M.R. Protein kinase B from Giardia intestinalis.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 334, 333-341.
33. LALLE M., SALZANO A.M., CRESCENZI M. & POZIO E. The Giardia duodenalis 14-3-3 protein is post-translationally modified by phosphorylation and polyglycylation of the C-terminal tail. J Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 5137-5148.
34. LANFREDI-RANGEL A., ATTIAS M., REINER D.S., GILUN F.D. & DE SOUZA W. Fine structure of the biogenesis of Giardia lamblia encystation secretory vesicles. J. Struct. Biol., 2003, 143, 153-163.
35. LAUWAET T., DAVIDS B.J., TORRES-ESCOBAR A., BIRKELAND S.R., CIPRIANO M.J., PREHEIM S.P., PALM D., SVÄRD S.G., MCARTHUR A.G. & GILLIN F.D. Protein phosphatase 2A plays a crucial role in Giardia lamblia differentiation. Mol. Biocbem. Parasitol., 2007, 152, 80-89.
36. LEE P. & FAUBERT G.M. Expression of the Giardia lamblia cyst wall protein 2 in Lactococcus lactis. Microbiology, 2006, 152, 1981-1990.
37. LUJÁN H.D., MOWATT M.R. & NASH T.E. Lipid requirements and lipid uptake by Giardia lamblia trophozoites in culture. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 1996, 43, 237-242.
38. LUJÁN H.D., MOWATT M.R. & NASH T.E. Mechanisms of Giardia lamblia differentiation into cysts. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 1997, 61, 294-304.
39. LUJÁN H.D. & Touz M.C. Protein trafficking in Giardia lamblia. Cell. Microbiol., 2003, 5, 427-434.
40. MARTI M. & HEHL A.B. Encystation-specific vesicles in Giardia: a primordial Golgi or just another secretory compartment? Trends Parasitol., 2003, 19, 440-446.
41. MCCUBREY J.A., STEELMAN L.S., CHAPPELL W.H., ABRAMS S.L., WONG E.W., CHANG F., LEHMANN B., TERRIAN D.M., MILELLA M., TAFURI A., STIVALA F., LIBRA M., BASECKE J., EVANGEUSTI C., MARTELU A.M. & FRANKLIN RA. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2007, 1773, 1263-1284.
42. MORRISON H.G., ZAMORA G., CAMPBELL R.K. & SOGIN M.L. Inferring protein function from genomic sequence: Giardia lamblia expresses a phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase similar to yeast and mammalian TOR. Comp. Biocbem. Physiol. B Biocbem. Mol. Biol., 2002, 133, 477-491.
43. MORRISON H.G., MCARTHUR A.G., GILUN F.D., ALEY S.B., ADAM R.D., OLSEN G.J., BEST A.A., CANDE W.Z., CHEN F., CIPRIANO M.J., DAVIDS B.J., DAWSON S.C., ELMENDORF H.G., HEHL A.B., HOLDER M.E., HUSE S.M., KIM U.U., LASEK-NESSELQUIST E., MANNING G., NIGAM A., NIXON J.E., PALM D., PASSAMANECK N.E., PRABHU A., REICH C.I., REINER D.S., SAMUELSON J., SVÄRD S.G. & SOGIN M.L. Genomic minimalism in the early diverging intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Science, 2007, 317, 1921-1926.
44. MOWATT M.R., LUJÁN H.D., COTTEN D.B., BOWERS B., YEE J., NASH T.E. & STIBBS H.H. Developmentally regulated expression of a Giardia lamblia cyst wall protein gene. Mol. Microbiol., 1995, 15, 955-963
45. PARSONS M., VALENTINE M. & CARTER V. Protein kinases in divergent eukaryotes: Identification of protein kinase activities regulated during trypanosome development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1993, 90, 2656-2660.
46. PAN Y.J., CHO C.C., KAO Y.Y. & SUN C.H. A novel WRKY-like protein involved in transcriptional activation of cyst wall protein genes in Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem., 2009 (in press).
47. SIKAND K., KAUL D. & VARMA N. Receptor Ck-dependent signaling regulates hTERT gene transcription. BMC Cell. Biol., 2006, 7, 2.
48. STEFANIC S., PALM D., SVARD S.G. & HEHL A.B. Organelle proteomics reveals cargo maturation mechanisms associated with Golgi-like encystation vesicles in the early-diverged protozoan Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 7595-7604.
49. STEIMLE P.A., LINDMARK D.G. & JARROLL E.L. Purification and characterization of encystment-induced glucosamine 6-phosphate isomerase in Giardia. Mol. Biocbem. Parasitol., 1997, 84, 149-153.
50. STERLING C.R., KUTOB R.M., GIZINSKI M.J., VERASTEGUI M. & STET-ZENBACH L. Giardia detection using monoclonal antibodies recognizing determinants of in vitro derived cysts, in: Advances in Giardia Research. Wallis P.M. & Hammond B.R. (eds), University of Calgary Press, 1988, 219-222.
51. SUN C.H., PALM D., MCARTHUR A.G., SVÄRD S.G. & GILLIN F.D. A novel Myb-related protein involved in transcriptional activation of encystation genes in Giardia lamblia. Mol. Microbiol, 2002, 46, 971-984.
52. SUN C.H., MCCAFFERY J.M., REINER D.S. & GILLIN F.D. Mining the Giardia lamblia genome for new cyst wall proteins. J Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 21701-21708.
53. SUN C.H., Su L.H. & GILLIN F.D. Novel plant-GARP-like transcription factors in Giardia lamblia. Mol. Biocbem. Parasitol., 2006, 146, 45-57.
54. SUK D.H., REJMAN D., DYKSTRA C.C., POHL R., PANKIEWICZ K.W. & PATTERSON S.E. Phosphonoxins: rational design and discovery of a potent nucleotide anti-Giardia agent. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007, 17, 2811-2816.
55. SVARD S.G, RAFFERTY C., McCAFFERY J.M., SMITH M.W., REINER D.S. & GILLIN F.D. A signal recognition particle receptor gene from the early-diverging eukaryote, Giardia lamblia. Mol. Biocbem. Parasitol, 1999, 98, 253-264.
56. TOVAR J., LEÓN-AVILA G., SÁNCHEZ L.B., SUTAK R., TACHEZY J., VAN DER GIEZEN M., HERNÁNDEZ M., MÜLLER M. & LUCOCQ JM. Mitochondrial remnant organelles of Giardia function in iron-sulphur protein maturation. Nature, 2003, 426, 172-176.
57. VARGAS-VILLARREAL J., ESCOBEDO-GUAJARDO B.L., MATA-CÁRDENAS B.D., PALACIOS-CORONA R., CORTES-GUTIÉRREZ E., MORALES-VALLARTA M., SAMPAYO-REYES A. & SAID-FERNÁNDEZ S. Activity of intracellular phospholipase A1 and A2 in Giardia lamblia. J. Parasitol., 2007, 93, 979-984.
58. WANG C.H., Su L.H. & SUN C.H. A novel ARID/Bright-like protein involved in transcriptional activation of cyst wall protein 1 gene in Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, 282, 8905-8914.
59. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2006) World Health Report 2006, Geneve (Swiss).
60. WORGALL T.S., DAVIS-HAYMAN S.R., MAGANA M.M., OELKERS P.M., ZAPATA F., JUUANO R.A., OSBORNE T.F., NASH T.E. & DECKELBAUM R.J. Sterol and fatty acid regulatory pathways in a Giardia lamblia-detived promoter: evidence for SREBP as an ancient transcription factor.J Lipid. Res., 2004, 45, 981-988.
61. YELLATURU C.R., DENG X., CAGEN L.M., WILCOX H.G., PARK E.A., RAGHOW R. & ELAM M.B. Posttranslational processing of SREBP-1 in rat hepatocytes is regulated by insulin and cAMP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 332, 174-180.