Evidence-based management of right heart failure: A systematic review of an empiric field;Tratamiento basado en la evidencia de la insuficiencia cardiaca derecha: una revisión sistemática de un campo empírico

Revista Espanola de Cardiologia

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 451-471

  Skhiri, Mehdi ^a   Hunt, Sharon A ^a   Denault, André Y ^b   Haddad, Franois ^a,c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute heart failure; Heart failure; Pulmonary hypertension; Right heart; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDRALAZINE; NITRIC OXIDE; WARFARIN;

ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; COCHRANE LIBRARY; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; EMPIRICISM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; MEDLINE; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 77951279927     PISSN: 03008932     EISSN: 15792242     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-8932(10)70066-X     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. S.A. Hunt, W.T. Abraham, M.H. Chin, A.M. Feldman, G.S. Francis, and T.G. Ganiats 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 e1 e90
2. V.V. McLaughlin, S.L. Archer, D.B. Badesch, R.J. Barst, H.W. Farber, and J.R. Lindner ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1573 1619
3. C.A. Warnes, R.G. Williams, T.M. Bashore, J.S. Child, H.M. Connolly, and J.A. Dearani ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 e1 e121
4. N.F. Voelkel, R.A. Quaife, L.A. Leinwand, R.J. Barst, M.D. McGoon, and D.R. Meldrum Right ventricular function and failure: report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on cellular and molecular mechanisms of right heart failure Circulation 114 2006 1883 1891
5. K.M. Chin, N.H. Kim, and L.J. Rubin The right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension Coron Artery Dis 16 2005 13 18
6. P.A. Davlouros, K. Niwa, G. Webb, and M.A. Gatzoulis The right ventricle in congenital heart disease Heart. 92 Suppl 1 2006 i27 i38
7. F. Haddad, S.A. Hunt, D.N. Rosenthal, and D.J. Murphy Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease, part I: Anatomy, physiology, aging, and functional assessment of the right ventricle Circulation 117 2008 1436 1448
8. F. Haddad, R. Doyle, D.J. Murphy, and S.A. Hunt Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease, part II: Pathophysiology, clinical importance, and management of right ventricular failure Circulation 117 2008 1717 1731 (Pubitemid 351482595)
9. Haddad F, Ashley EA, Michelakis E. New insights for the diagnosis and management of right ventricular failure, from molecular imaging to targeted right ventricular therapy. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2010 [en prensa].
10. G. Simonneau, I.M. Robbins, M. Beghetti, R.N. Channick, M. Delcroix, and C.P. Denton Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 54 Suppl 2009 S43 S54
11. A.R. Jadad, D. Moher, and T.P. Klassen Guides for reading and interpreting systematic reviews: II. How did the authors find the studies and assess their quality? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152 1998 812 817 (Pubitemid 28360903)
12. A.R. Jadad, D.J. Cook, A. Jones, T.P. Klassen, P. Tugwell, and M. Moher Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals JAMA 280 1998 278 280
13. V.V. McLaughlin, D.B. Badesch, M. Delcroix, T.R. Fleming, S.P. Gaine, and N. Galié End points and clinical trial design in pulmonary arterial hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 54 Suppl 2009 S97 S107
14. H.J. Bogaard, K. Abe, N.A. Vonk, and N.F. Voelkel The right ventricle under pressure: cellular and molecular mechanisms of right-heart failure in pulmonary hypertension Chest 135 2009 794 804
15. H.C. Champion, E.D. Michelakis, and P.M. Hassoun Comprehensive invasive and noninvasive approach to the right ventricle-pulmonary circulation unit: state of the art and clinical and research implications Circulation 120 2009 992 1007
16. E.D. Michelakis, M.R. Wilkins, and M. Rabinovitch Emerging concepts and translational priorities in pulmonary arterial hypertension Circulation 118 2008 1486 1495
17. A.P. Bolger, R. Sharma, W. Li, M. Leenarts, P.R. Kalra, and M. Kemp Neurohormonal activation and the chronic heart failure syndrome in adults with congenital heart disease Circulation 106 2002 92 99
18. R. Sharma, A.P. Bolger, W. Li, P.A. Davlouros, H.D. Volk, and P.A. Poole-Wilson Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and bacterial endotoxin in adults with congenital heart disease Am J Cardiol 92 2003 188 193
19. J.L. Rouleau, G. Kapuku, S. Pelletier, H. Gosselin, A. Adam, and C. Gagnon Cardioprotective effects of ramipril and losartan in right ventricular pressure overload in the rabbit: importance of kinins and influence on angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling pathway Circulation 104 2001 939 944
20. K. Kimura, M. Ieda, H. Kanazawa, T. Yagi, M. Tsunoda, and S. Ninomiya Cardiac sympathetic rejuvenation: a link between nerve function and cardiac hypertrophy Circ Res 100 2007 1755 1764
21. L.B. Yap, H. Ashrafian, D. Mukerjee, J.G. Coghlan, and P.M. Timms The natriuretic peptides and their role in disorders of right heart dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension Clin Biochem 37 2004 847 856
22. T. Urashima, M. Zhao, R. Wagner, G. Fajardo, S. Farahani, and T. Quertermous Molecular and physiological characterization of RV remodeling in a murine model of pulmonary stenosis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295 2008 H1351 H1368
23. R. Naeije, and S. Huez Right ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension: physiological concepts Eur Heart J 9 Suppl H 2007 H5 H9
24. S. Zaffran, R.G. Kelly, S.M. Meilhac, M.E. Buckingham, and N.A. Brown Right ventricular myocardium derives from the anterior heart field Circ Res 95 2004 261 268
25. W.P. Santamore, and L.J. Dell'Italia Ventricular interdependence: significant left ventricular contributions to right ventricular systolic function Prog Cardiovasc Dis 40 1998 289 308
26. D. Hoffman, D. Sisto, R.W. Frater, and S.D. Nikolic Left-to-right ventricular interaction with a noncontracting right ventricle J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107 1994 1496 1502
27. L.J. Dell'Italia The right ventricle: anatomy, physiology, and clinical importance Curr Probl Cardiol 16 1991 653 720
28. V.A. De Jesús Pérez, F. Haddad, R.H. Vagelos, W. Fearon, J. Feinstein, and R.T. Zamanian Angina associated with left main coronary artery compression in pulmonary hypertension J Heart Lung Transplant 28 2009 527 530
29. S.A. Van Wolferen, J.T. Marcus, A. Boonstra, K.M. Marques, J.G. Bronzwaer, and M.D. Spreeuwenberg Prognostic value of right ventricular mass, volume, and function in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur Heart J 28 2007 1250 1257
30. C.T. Gan, J.W. Lankhaar, N. Westerhof, J.T. Marcus, A. Becker, and J.W. Twisk Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension Chest 132 2007 1906 1912
31. N. Nagaya, T. Nishikimi, M. Uematsu, T. Satoh, S. Kyotani, and F. Sakamaki Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic indicator in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension Circulation 102 2000 865 870
32. L.B. Yap, D. Mukerjee, P.M. Timms, H. Ashrafian, and J.G. Coghlan Natriuretic peptides, respiratory disease, and the right heart Chest 126 2004 1330 1336
33. T. Oosterhof, I.I. Tulevski, H.W. Vliegen, A.M. Spijkerboer, and B.J. Mulder Effects of volume and/or pressure overload secondary to congenital heart disease (tetralogy of fallot or pulmonary stenosis) on right ventricular function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance and B-type natriuretic peptide levels Am J Cardiol 97 2006 1051 1055
34. S. Konstantinides, A. Geibel, M. Olschewski, W. Kasper, N. Hruska, and S. Jackle Importance of cardiac troponins I and T in risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism Circulation 106 2002 1263 1268
35. A. Torbicki, M. Kurzyna, P. Kuca, A. Fijalkowska, J. Sikora, and M. Florczyk Detectable serum cardiac troponin T as a marker of poor prognosis among patients with chronic precapillary pulmonary hypertension Circulation 108 2003 844 848
36. P.R. Forfia, S.C. Mathai, M.R. Fisher, T. Housten-Harris, A.R. Hemnes, and H.C. Champion Hyponatremia predicts right heart failure and poor survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 2008 1364 1369
37. P.M. Shah, and A.A. Raney Tricuspid valve disease Curr Probl Cardiol 33 2008 47 84
38. A.M. Dubin, J. Janousek, E. Rhee, M.J. Strieper, F. Cecchin, and I.H. Law Resynchronization therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients: an international multicenter study J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2005 2277 2283
39. J. Janousek, V. Tomek, V.A. Chaloupecky, O. Reich, R.A. Gebauer, and J. Kautzner Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a novel adjunct to the treatment and prevention of systemic right ventricular failure J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 1927 1931
40. A.M. Dubin, J.A. Feinstein, V.M. Reddy, F.L. Hanley, G.F. Van Hare, and D.N. Rosenthal Electrical resynchronization: a novel therapy for the failing right ventricle Circulation 107 2003 2287 2289
41. J. Janousek, P. Vojtovic, B. Hucin, T. Tlaskal, R.A. Gebauer, and R. Gebauer Resynchronization pacing is a useful adjunct to the management of acute heart failure after surgery for congenital heart defects Am J Cardiol 88 2001 145 152
42. M.A. Gatzoulis, J.A. Till, J. Somerville, and A.N. Redington Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot. QRS prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death Circulation 92 1995 231 237
43. P. Kies, M. Bootsma, J. Bax, M.J. Schalij, and E.E. Van der Wall Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: screening, diagnosis, and treatment Heart Rhythm 3 2006 225 234
44. V.V. McLaughlin, D.B. Badesch, M. Delcroix, T.R. Fleming, S.P. Gaine, and N. Galié End points and clinical trial design in pulmonary arterial hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 54 Suppl 2009 S97 S107
45. C.E. Ventetuolo, R.L. Benza, A.J. Peacock, R.T. Zamanian, D.B. Badesch, and S.M. Kawut Surrogate and combined end points in pulmonary arterial hypertension Proc Am Thorac Soc 5 2008 617 622
46. D. Mereles, N. Ehlken, S. Kreuscher, S. Ghofrani, M.M. Hoeper, and M. Halank Exercise and respiratory training improve exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension Circulation 114 2006 1482 1489
47. N. Galié, H.A. Ghofrani, A. Torbicki, R.J. Barst, L.J. Rubin, and D. Badesch Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension N Engl J Med 353 2005 2148 2157 (Pubitemid 41653106)
48. G.D. Lewis, R. Shah, K. Shahzad, J.M. Camuso, P.P. Pappagianopoulos, and J. Hung Sildenafil improves exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension Circulation 116 2007 1555 1562
49. J.J. Lepore, A. Maroo, L.M. Bigatello, G.W. Dec, W.M. Zapol, and K.D. Bloch Hemodynamic effects of sildenafil in patients with congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: combined administration with inhaled nitric oxide Chest 127 2005 1647 1653
50. H.A. Ghofrani, R.T. Schermuly, F. Rose, R. Wiedemann, M.G. Kohstall, and A. Kreckel Sildenafil for long-term treatment of nonoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 2003 1139 1141 (Pubitemid 36459662)
51. C. Stocker, D.J. Penny, C.P. Brizard, A.D. Cochrane, R. Soto, and L.S. Shekerdemian Intravenous sildenafil and inhaled nitric oxide: a randomised trial in infants after cardiac surgery Intensive Care Med 29 2003 1996 2003
52. E.M. Antman, D.T. Anbe, P.W. Armstrong, E.R. Bates, L.A. Green, and M. Hand ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction) Circulation 110 2004 588 636 (Pubitemid 39036178)
53. T.R. Bowers, W.W. O'Neill, C. Grines, M.C. Pica, R.D. Safian, and J.A. Goldstein Effect of reperfusion on biventricular function and survival after right ventricular infarction N Engl J Med 338 1998 933 940
54. R.A. O'Rourke, and L.J. Dell'Italia Diagnosis and management of right ventricular myocardial infarction Curr Probl Cardiol 29 2004 6 47
55. C. Kearon, S.R. Kahn, G. Agnelli, S. Goldhaber, G.E. Raskob, and A.J. Comerota Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition) Chest 133 Suppl 2008 S454 S545
56. A. Torbicki, A. Perrier, S. Konstantinides, G. Agnelli, N. Galié, and P. Pruszczyk Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur Heart J 29 2008 2276 2315
57. M.M. Hoeper, E. Mayer, G. Simonneau, and L.J. Rubin Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Circulation 113 2006 2011 2020
58. P.A. Thistlethwaite, K. Kaneko, M.M. Madani, and S.W. Jamieson Technique and outcomes of pulmonary endarterectomy surgery Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 14 2008 274 282
59. J. Nagendran, S.L. Archer, D. Soliman, V. Gurtu, R. Moudgil, and A. Haromy Phosphodiesterase type 5 is highly expressed in the hypertrophied human right ventricle, and acute inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 improves contractility Circulation 116 2007 238 248
60. V. Fuster, P.M. Steele, W.D. Edwards, B.J. Gersh, M.D. McGoon, and R.L. Frye Primary pulmonary hypertension: natural history and the importance of thrombosis Circulation 70 1984 580 587
61. S. Rich, E. Kaufmann, and P.S. Levy The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension N Engl J Med 327 1992 76 81
62. H. Frank, J. Mlczoch, K. Huber, E. Schuster, H.P. Gurtner, and M. Kneussl The effect of anticoagulant therapy in primary and anorectic drug-induced pulmonary hypertension Chest 112 1997 714 721
63. S.M. Kawut, E.M. Horn, K.K. Berekashvili, R.P. Garofano, R.L. Goldsmith, and A.C. Widlitz New predictors of outcome in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Am J Cardiol 95 2005 199 203
64. S. Rich, M. Seidlitz, E. Dodin, D. Osimani, D. Judd, and D. Genthner The short-term effects of digoxin in patients with right ventricular dysfunction from pulmonary hypertension Chest 114 1998 787 792
65. P.N. Mathur, P. Powles, S.O. Pugsley, M.P. McEwan, and E.J. Campbell Effect of digoxin on right ventricular function in severe chronic airflow obstruction. A controlled clinical trial Ann Intern Med 95 1981 283 288
66. S.E. Brown, F.J. Pakron, N. Milne, G.S. Linden, D.W. Stansbury, and C.E. Fischer Effects of digoxin on exercise capacity and right ventricular function during exercise in chronic airflow obstruction Chest 85 1984 187 191
67. D. Messika-Zeitoun, H. Thomson, M. Bellamy, C. Scott, C. Tribouilloy, and J. Dearani Medical and surgical outcome of tricuspid regurgitation caused by flail leaflets J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128 2004 296 302
68. L. Beck-da-Silva, B.A. De, R. Davies, B. Chow, T. Ruddy, and M. Fraser Effect of bisoprolol on right ventricular function and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure Congest Heart Fail 10 2004 127 132
69. R.A. Quaife, P.E. Christian, E.M. Gilbert, F.L. Datz, K. Volkman, and M.R. Bristow Effects of carvedilol on right ventricular function in chronic heart failure Am J Cardiol 81 1998 247 250
70. S. Provencher, P. Herve, X. Jais, D. Lebrec, M. Humbert, and G. Simonneau Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on exercise capacity and hemodynamics in patients with portopulmonary hypertension Gastroenterology 130 2006 120 126
71. R.E. Shaddy, M.M. Boucek, D.T. Hsu, R.J. Boucek, C.E. Canter, and L. Mahony Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 298 2007 1171 1179
72. A.R. Doughan, M.E. McConnell, and W.M. Book Effect of beta blockers (carvedilol or metoprolol XL) in patients with transposition of great arteries and dysfunction of the systemic right ventricle Am J Cardiol 99 2007 704 706
73. C.B. Josephson, J.G. Howlett, S.D. Jackson, J. Finley, and C.M. Kells A case series of systemic right ventricular dysfunction post atrial switch for simple D-transposition of the great arteries: the impact of beta-blockade Can J Cardiol 22 2006 769 772
74. A. Giardini, L. Lovato, A. Donti, R. Formigari, G. Gargiulo, and F.M. Picchio A pilot study on the effects of carvedilol on right ventricular remodelling and exercise tolerance in patients with systemic right ventricle Int J Cardiol 114 2007 150 151
75. N.W. Morrell, M.A. Higham, P.G. Phillips, B.H. Shakur, P.J. Robinson, and R.J. Beddoes Pilot study of losartan for pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respir Res 6 2005 88
76. A. Dore, C. Houde, K.L. Chan, A. Ducharme, P. Khairy, and M. Juneau Angiotensin receptor blockade and exercise capacity in adults with systemic right ventricles: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Circulation 112 2005 2411 2416
77. S.J. Lester, D.B. McElhinney, E. Viloria, G.P. Reddy, E. Ryan, and W. Tworetzky Effects of losartan in patients with a systemically functioning morphologic right ventricle after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries Am J Cardiol 88 2001 1314 1316
78. B. Robinson, C.T. Heise, J.W. Moore, J. Anella, M. Sokoloski, and E. Eshaghpour Afterload reduction therapy in patients following intraatrial baffle operation for transposition of the great arteries Pediatr Cardiol 23 2002 618 623
79. J. Therrien, Y. Provost, J. Harrison, M. Connelly, H. Kaemmerer, and G.D. Webb Effect of angiotensin receptor blockade on systemic right ventricular function and size: a small, randomized, placebo-controlled study Int J Cardiol 129 2008 187 192
80. S.J. Hechter, P.M. Fredriksen, P. Liu, G. Veldtman, N. Merchant, and M. Freeman Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in adults after the Mustard procedure Am J Cardiol 87 2001 660 663
81. D.E. Smith, J.K. Bissett, J.R. Phillips, J.E. Doherty, and M.L. Murphy Improved right ventricular systolic time intravals after digitalis in patients with cor pulmonale and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Cardiol 41 1978 1299 1304
82. K. Norozi, J. Bahlmann, B. Raab, V. Alpers, J.O. Arnhold, and T. Kuehne A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of beta-blockade in patients who have undergone surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot Cardiol Young 17 2007 372 379
83. L.J. Rubin, F. Handel, and R.H. Peter The effects of oral hydralazine on right ventricular end-diastolic pressure in patients with right ventricular failure Circulation 65 1982 1369 1373
84. M. Packer, B. Greenberg, B. Massie, and H. Dash Deleterious effects of hydralazine in patients with pulmonary hypertension N Engl J Med 306 1982 1326 1331
85. M.D. McGoon, J.B. Seward, R.E. Vlietstra, M.H. Choo, T.P. Moyer, and G.S. Reeder Haemodynamic response to intravenous hydralazine in patients with pulmonary hypertension Br Heart J 50 1983 579 585
86. J. Fisher, J.S. Borer, J.W. Moses, H.L. Goldberg, A.P. Niarchos, and H.H. Whitman Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine versus hydralazine in primary pulmonary hypertension Am J Cardiol 54 1984 646 650
87. B.M. Groves, L.J. Rubin, M.F. Frosolono, A.E. Cato, and J.T. Reeves A comparison of the acute hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin and hydralazine in primary pulmonary hypertension Am Heart J 110 1985 1200 1204
88. S. Adnot, C. Defouilloy, C. Brun-Buisson, F. Abrouk, J. Piquet, and F. Lemaire Hemodynamic effects of urapidil in patients with pulmonary hypertension. A comparative study with hydralazine Am Rev Respir Dis 135 1987 288 293
89. R.R. Fripp, M.H. Gewitz, J.C. Werner, V. Whitman, and W.J. Rashkind Oral hydralazine in patients with pulmonary vascular disease secondary to congenital heart disease Am J Cardiol 48 1981 380 382
90. I. Inglessis, J.T. Shin, J.J. Lepore, I.F. Palacios, W.M. Zapol, and K.D. Bloch Hemodynamic effects of inhaled nitric oxide in right ventricular myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 793 798
91. T.M. Koelling, M. Kirmse, T.G. Di Salvo, G.W. Dec, W.M. Zapol, and M.J. Semigran Inhaled nitric oxide improves exercise capacity in patients with severe heart failure and right ventricular dysfunction Am J Cardiol 81 1998 1494 1497
92. E.A. Bocchi, F. Bacal, J.O. Auler Junior, M.J. Carmone, G. Bellotti, and F. Pileggi Inhaled nitric oxide leading to pulmonary edema in stable severe heart failure Am J Cardiol 74 1994 70 72
93. J. Morales-Blanhir, S. Santos, L. De Jover, E. Sala, C. Paré, and J. Roca Clinical value of vasodilator test with inhaled nitric oxide for predicting long-term response to oral vasodilators in pulmonary hypertension Respir Med 98 2004 225 234
94. N.K. Adhikari, K.E. Burns, J.O. Friedrich, J.T. Granton, D.J. Cook, and M.O. Meade Effect of nitric oxide on oxygenation and mortality in acute lung injury: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ 334 2007 779
95. B.A. Cockrill, R.M. Kacmarek, M.A. Fifer, L.M. Bigatello, and L.C. Ginns Comparison of the effects of nitric oxide, nitroprusside, and nifedipine on hemodynamics and right ventricular contractility in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension Chest 119 2001 128 136
96. R.S. Rea, N.T. Ansani, and A.L. Seybert Role of inhaled nitric oxide in adult heart or lung transplant recipients Ann Pharmacother 39 2005 913 917
97. T.A. Khan, G. Schnickel, D. Ross, S. Bastani, H. Laks, and F. Esmailian A prospective, randomized, crossover pilot study of inhaled nitric oxide versus inhaled prostacyclin in heart transplant and lung transplant recipients J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138 2009 1417 1424
98. F. Wagner, M. Dandel, G. Gunther, M. Loebe, I. Schulze-Neick, and U. Laucke Nitric oxide inhalation in the treatment of right ventricular dysfunction following left ventricular assist device implantation Circulation. 96 Suppl 1997 II-6
99. M. Argenziano, A.F. Choudhri, N. Moazami, E.A. Rose, C.R. Smith, and H.R. Levin Randomized, double-blind trial of inhaled nitric oxide in LVAD recipients with pulmonary hypertension Ann Thorac Surg 65 1998 340 345
100. K. Fattouch, F. Sbraga, G. Bianco, G. Speziale, M. Gucciardo, and R. Sampognaro Inhaled prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and nitroprusside in pulmonary hypertension after mitral valve replacement J Card Surg 20 2005 171 176
101. A.R. Solina, S.H. Ginsberg, D. Papp, W.R. Grubb, P.M. Scholz, and E.J. Pantin Dose response to nitric oxide in adult cardiac surgery patients J Clin Anesth 13 2001 281 286
102. Y. Lamarche, L.P. Perrault, S. Maltais, K. Tetreault, J. Lambert, and A.Y. Denault Preliminary experience with inhaled milrinone in cardiac surgery Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 31 2007 1081 1087
103. A.Y. Denault, Y. Lamarche, P. Couture, F. Haddad, J. Lambert, and J.C. Tardif Inhaled milrinone: a new alternative in cardiac surgery? Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10 2006 346 360
104. R.J. Tedford, A.R. Hemnes, S.D. Russell, I.S. Wittstein, M. Mahmud, and A.L. Zaiman PDE5A inhibitor treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension after mechanical circulatory support Circ Heart Fail 1 2008 213 219
105. L.J. Dell'Italia, M.R. Starling, R. Blumhardt, J.C. Lasher, and R.A. O'Rourke Comparative effects of volume loading, dobutamine, and nitroprusside in patients with predominant right ventricular infarction Circulation 72 1985 1327 1335
106. C.D. Vizza, G.D. Rocca, A.D. Roma, C. Iacoboni, F. Pierconti, and F. Venuta Acute hemodynamic effects of inhaled nitric oxide, dobutamine and a combination of the two in patients with mild to moderate secondary pulmonary hypertension Crit Care 5 2001 355 361
107. M.B. Yilmaz, C. Yontar, A. Erdem, F. Karadas, K. Yalta, and O.O. Turgut Comparative effects of levosimendan and dobutamine on right ventricular function in patients with biventricular heart failure Heart Vessels 24 2009 16 21
108. A. Morelli, J.L. Teboul, S.M. Maggiore, A. Vieillard-Baron, M. Rocco, and G. Conti Effects of levosimendan on right ventricular afterload in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study Crit Care Med 34 2006 2287 2293
109. M.A. Russ, R. Prondzinsky, J.M. Carter, A. Schlitt, H. Ebelt, and H. Schmidt Right ventricular function in myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: Improvement with levosimendan Crit Care Med 37 2009 3017 3023
110. D.P. Zipes, A.J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A.E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, and M. Fromer ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J Am Coll Cardiol. 48 2006 e247 e346
111. V.V. McLaughlin, and S. Rich Pulmonary hypertension Curr Probl Cardiol 29 2004 575 634
112. J. Sandoval, J. Gaspar, T. Pulido, E. Bautista, M.L. Martínez- Guerra, and M. Zeballos Graded balloon dilation atrial septostomy in severe primary pulmonary hypertension. A therapeutic alternative for patients non-responsive to vasodilator treatment J Am Coll Cardiol 32 1998 297 304
113. T.K. Kaul, and B.L. Fields Postoperative acute refractory right ventricular failure: incidence, pathogenesis, management and prognosis Cardiovasc Surg 8 2000 1 9
114. E.D. Michelakis, M.S. McMurtry, X.C. Wu, J.R. Dyck, R. Moudgil, and T.A. Hopkins Dichloroacetate, a metabolic modulator, prevents and reverses chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats: role of increased expression and activity of voltagegated potassium channels Circulation 105 2002 244 250
115. J. Nagendran, V. Gurtu, D.Z. Fu, J.R. Dyck, A. Haromy, and D.B. Ross A dynamic and chamber-specific mitochondrial remodeling in right ventricular hypertrophy can be therapeutically targeted J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136 2008 168 178
116. J. Nagendran, and E.D. Michelakis Mitochondrial NOS is upregulated in the hypoxic heart: implications for the function of the hypertrophied right ventricle Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296 2009 H1723 H1726
117. E.D. Michelakis Mitochondrial medicine: a new era in medicine opens new windows and brings new challenges Circulation 117 2008 2431 2434
118. E.M. De Goma, R.H. Vagelos, M.B. Fowler, and E.A. Ashley Emerging therapies for the management of decompensated heart failure: from bench to bedside J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 2397 2409
119. J.A. Aboulhosn, R.J. Oudiz, A.S. Dave, A. Ardehali, and D.J. Ross Successful tricuspid valve replacement in a patient with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and preserved right ventricular systolic function Case Report Med 2009 2009 108295