The right ventricle in congenital heart disease

Heart

Volumn 92, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2006, Pages

  Davlouros, Periklis A ^a,b   Niwa, K ^c   Webb, G ^d   Gatzoulis, M A ^a  

^a NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PATRAS   (Greece)

^c Chiba Cardiovascular Center   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; GREAT VESSELS TRANSPOSITION; HEART ATRIUM SEPTUM DEFECT; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION; HUMAN; LUNG CIRCULATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRESSURE VOLUME CURVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION; TRICUSPID VALVE REGURGITATION; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; HEART OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION; HEART SEPTUM DEFECT; HEART STROKE VOLUME; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; METHODOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS, ATRIAL; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; PULMONARY VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS; STROKE VOLUME; TRICUSPID VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, RIGHT; VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION;

EID: 33645215083     PISSN: 13556037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2005.077438     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Dini FL, Galderisi M, Mondillo S, et al. [The right ventricle: role of Doppler echocardiography in clinical practice]. Ital Heart J Suppl 2004;5:757-69.
2. Samyn MM. A review of the complementary information available with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and multi-slice computed tomography (CT) during the study of congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2004;20:569-78.
3. Boxt LM. Magnetic resonance and computed tomographic evaluation of congenital heart disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;19:827-47.
4. Pignatelli RH, McMahon CJ, Chung T, et al. Role of echocardiography versus MRI for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003;18:357-65.
5. Friedberg MK, Rosenthal DN. New developments in echocardiographic methods to assess right ventricular function in congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2005;20:84-8.
6. Roman SV, Cook SC, McCarthy B, et al. Usefulness of multidetector row computed tomography to auantify right ventricular size and function in adults with either tetralogy of Fallet or transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:683-6.
7. Gatzoulis MA, Hechter S, Siu SC, et al. Outpatient clinics for adults with congenital heart disease: increasing workload and evolving patterns of referral. Heart 1999;81:57-61.
8. Niwa K, Perloff JK, Webb GD, et al. Survey of specialized tertiary care facilities for adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2004;96:211-6.
9. Therrien J, Dore A, Gersony W, et al. CCS Consensus Conference 2001 update: recommendations for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. Part I. Can J Cardiol 2001;17:940-59.
10. Therrien J, Gatzoulis M, Graham T, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference 2001 update: recommendations for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. Part II. Can J Cardiol 2001;17:1029-50.
11. Therrien J, Warnes C, Daliento L, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference 2001 update: recommendations for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. Part III. Can J Cardiol 2001;17:1135-58.
12. Rumberger JA, Behrenbeck T, Bell MR, et al. Determination of ventricular election fraction: a comparison of available imaging methods. The cardiovascular imaging working group. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:860-70.
13. Kvasnicka J, Vokrouhlicky L. Heterogeneity of the myocardium. Function of the left and right ventricle under normal and pathological conditions. Physiol Res 1991;40:31-7.
14. Valdes-Cruz LM, Cayre RO. Anomalies of the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary arteries. In: Valdes-Cruz LM, Cayre RO, eds. Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease. An embryologic and anatomic approach. Philadelphia. Lippincott-Raven 1999:325-48.
15. Yacoub MH. The case for anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979;78:3-6.
16. Yacoub MH. Two hearts that beat as one. Circulation 1995;92:156-7.
17. Vogel M, White PA, Redington AN. In vitro validation of right ventricular volume measurement by three dimensional echocardiography. Br Heart J 1995;74:460-3.
18. Helbing WA, Rebergen SA, Maliepaard C, et al. Quantification of right ventricular function with magnetic resonance imaging in children with normal hearts and with congenital heart disease. Am Heart J 1995;130:828-37.
19. Vogel M, Gutberlet M, Dittrich S, et al. Comparison of transthoracic three dimensional echocardiography with magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of right ventricular volume and mass. Heart 1997;78:127-30.
20. Rebergen SA, de Roos A. Congenital heart disease. Evaluation of anatomy and function by MRI. Herz 2000;25:365-83.
21. Olivier M, O'Leary PW, Pankratz VS, et al. Serial Doppler assessment of diastolic function before and after the Fontan operation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:1136-43.
22. Bolca O, Hobikoglu G, Norgaz T, et al. [The prediction of pulmonary artery systolic pressure and vascular resistance by using tricuspid annular tissue Doppler imaging]. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2002;2:302-6.
23. Watanabe M, Ono S, Tomomasa T, et al. Measurement of tricuspid annular diastolic velocities by Doppler tissue imaging to assess right ventricular function in patients with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2003;24:463-7.
24. Tei C, Ling LH, Hodge DO, et al. New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: a simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function - a study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 1995;26:357-66.
25. Eidem BW, O'Leary PW, Tei C, et al. Usefulness of the myocardial performance index for assessing right ventricular function in congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:654-8.
26. Vogel M, Schmidt MR, Kristiansen SB, et al. Validation of myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a novel noninvasive index of right ventricular contractility: comparison with ventricular pressure-volume relations in an animal model. Circulation 2002;105:1693-9.
27. Toyono M, Harada K, Tamura M, et al. Myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a new index of right ventricular contractile function and its relation to pulmonary regurgitation in patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:332-7.
28. Vogel M, Derrick G, White PA, et al. Systemic ventricular function in patients with transposition of the great arteries after atrial repair: a tissue Doppler and conductance catheter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:100-6.
29. Miller D, Farah MG, Liner A, et al. The relation between quantitative right ventricular ejection fraction and indices of tricuspid annular motion and myocardial performance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:443-7.
30. Ishii M, Eto G, Tei C, et al. Quantitation of the global right ventricular function in children with normal heart and congenital heart disease: a right ventricular myocardial performance index. Pediatr Cardiol 2000;21:416-21.
31. Masani ND. Transoesophageal echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease. Heart 2001;86(suppl II):ii30-40.
32. Zaret BL, Wackers FJ. Nuclear cardiology (2). N Engl J Med 1993;329:855-63.
33. Baker E. Radionuclide investigation of congenital heart disease. Heart 2000;84:467-8.
34. Davlouros PA, Kilner PJ, Hornung TS, et al. Right ventricular function in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot assessed with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: detrimental role of right ventricular outflow aneurysms or akinesia and adverse right-to-left ventricular interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2044-52.
35. Babu-Narayan SV, Kilner PJ, Gatzoulis MA. When to order cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2003;5:324-30.
36. Prasad SK, Soukias N, Hornung T, et al. Role of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis or major aortopulmonary collateral arteries and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Circulation 2004;109:207-14.
37. McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, et al. Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2003;108:54-9.
38. Moon JC, Reed E, Sheppard MN, et al. The histologic basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2260-4.
39. Babu-Narayan SV, Goktekin O, Moon JC, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the systemic right ventricle in adults with previous atrial redirection surgery for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2005;111:2091-8.
40. Rigby ML. Atrial septal defect. In: Gatzoulis M, Webb G, Daubeney P, eds. Diagnosis and management of adult congenital heart disease. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2003:163-70.
41. Valdes-Cruz LM, Cayre RO. Atrial septal defects. In: Valdes-Cruz LM, Cayre RO, eds. Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease. An embryologic and anatomic approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1999:187-98.
42. Swan L, Gatzoulis MA. Closure of atrial septal defects: is the debate over? Eur Heart J 2003;24:130-2.
43. Popio KA, Gorlin R, Teichholz LE, et al. Abnormalities of left ventricular function and geometry in adults with an atrial septal defect. Ventriculographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies. Am J Cardiol 1975;36:302-8.
44. Vincent RN, Saurette RH, Pelech AN, et al. Interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function in patients with atrial septal defect. Pediatr Cardiol 1988;9:143-8.
45. Baker EJ, Shubao C, Clarke SE, et al. Radionuclide measurement of right ventricular function in atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:1142-6.
46. Berger F, Jin Z, Ishihashi K, et al. Comparison of acute effects on right ventricular haemodynamics of surgical versus interventional closure of atrial septal defects. Cardiol Young 1999;9:484-7.
47. Pascotto M, Caso P, Santoro G, et al. Analysis of right ventricular Doppler tissue imaging and load dependence in patients undergoing percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1202-5.
48. Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, et al. Long-term outcome after surgical repair of isolated atrial septal defect. Follow-up at 27 to 32 years. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1645-50.
49. Attie F, Rosas M, Granados N, et al. Surgical treatment for secundum atrial septal defects in patients >40 years old. A randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:2035-42.
50. Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, et al. A comparison of surgical and medical therapy for atrial septal defect in adults. N Engl J Med 1995;333:469-73.
51. Gatzoulis MA, Redington AN, Somerville J, et al. Should atrial septal defects in adults be closed? Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:657-9.
52. Popelova J, Hlavacek K, Honek T, et al. Atrial septal defect in adults. Can J Cardiol 1996;12:983-8.
53. Gatzoulis MA, Freeman MA, Siu SC, et al. Atrial arrhythmia after surgical closure of atrial septal defects in adults. N Engl J Med 1999;340:839-46.
54. Kort HW, Balzer DT, Johnson MC. Resolution of right heart enlargement after closure of secundum atrial septal defect with transcatheter technique. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1528-32.
55. Thanopoulos BD, Laskari CV, Tsaousis GS, et al. Closure of atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer occlusion device: preliminary results. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1110-6.
56. Mullen MJ, Dias BF, Walker F, et al. Intracardiac echocardiography guided device closure of atrial septal defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:285-92.
57. Du ZD, Hijazi ZM, Kleinman CS, et al. Comparison between transcatheter and surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults: results of a multicenter nonrandomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1836-44.
58. Brochu MC, Baril JF, Dore A, et al. Improvement in exercise capacity in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic adults after atrial septal defect percutaneous closure. Circulation 2002;106:1821-6.
59. Bjorkhem G, Lundstrom NR. Echocardiographic studies of children operated on for congenital heart disease; evaluation during the first postoperative year. Eur J Cardiol 1980;11:33-50.
60. Meyer RA, Korfhagen JC, Covitz W, et al. Long-term follow-up study after closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children: an echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:143-8.
61. Schussler JM, Anwar A, Phillips SD, et al. Effect on right ventricular volume of percutaneous Amplatzer closure of atrial septal defect in adults. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:993-5.
62. Santoro G, Pascotto M, Sarubbi B, et al. Early electrical and geometric changes after percutaneous closure of large atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:876-80.
63. Shimazaki Y, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. The natural history of isolated congenital pulmonary valve incompetence: surgical implications. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984;32:257-9.
64. Gatzoulis MA, Till JA, Redington AN. Depolarization-repolarization inhomogeneity after repair or tetralogy of Fallot. The substrate for malignant ventricular tachycardia? Circulation 1997;95:401-4.
65. Abd El Rahman MY, Abdul-Khaliq H, Vogel M, et al. Relation between right ventricular enlargement, QRS duration, and right ventricular function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary regurgitation after surgical repair. Heart 2000;84:416-20.
66. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, et al. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet 2000;356:975-81.
67. Therrien J, Siu SC, Harris L, et al. Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on arrhythmia propensity late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 2001;103:2489-94.
68. Vliegen HW, van Straten A, de Roos A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging to assess the hemodynamic effects of pulmonary valve replacement in adults late affer repair of tetralogy of fallot. Circulation 2002;106:1703-7.
69. van Straten A, Vliegen HW, Hazekamp MG, et al. Right ventricular function after pulmonary valve replacement in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Radiology 2004;233:824-9.
70. van Straten A, Vliegen HW, Hazekamp MG, et al. Right ventricular function late after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Eur Radiol 2005;15:702-7.
71. Li W, Davlouros PA, Kilner PJ, et al. Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: comparison with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 2004;147:165-72.
72. Silversides CK, Veldtman GR, Crossin J, et al. Pressure half-time predicts hemodynamically significant pulmonary regurgitation in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:1057-62.
73. Gatzoulis MA, Clark AL, Cullen S, et al. Right ventricular diastolic function 15 to 35 years after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Restrictive physiology predicts superior exercise performance. Circulation 1995;91:1775-81.
74. Cullen S, Shore D, Redington A. Characterization of right ventricular diastolic performance after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Restrictive physiology predicts slow postoperative recovery. Circulation 1995;91:1782-9.
75. Rathore KS, Gupta N, Kapoor A, et al. Assessment of right ventricular diastolic function: does it predict post-operative course in tetralogy of Fallot. Indian Heart J 2004;56:220-4.
76. Gatzoulis MA, Till JA, Somerville J, et al. Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot. QRS prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Circulation 1995;92:231-7.
77. Norgard G, Gatzoulis MA, Moraes F, et al. Relationship between type of outflow tract repair and postoperative right ventricular diastolic physiology in tetralogy of Fallot. Implications for long-term outcome. Circulation 1996;94:3276-80.
78. Eroglu AG, Sarioglu A, Sarioglu T. Right ventricular diastolic function after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: its relationship to the insertion of a 'transannular' patch. Cardiol Young 1999;9:384-91.
79. Munkhammar P, Cullen S, Jogi P, et al. Early age at repair prevents restrictive right ventricular (RV) physiology after surgery for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): diastolic RV function after TOF repair in infancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1083-7.
80. Norgard G, Gatzoulis MA, Josen M, et al. Does restrictive right ventricular physiology in the early postoperative period predict subsequent right ventricular restriction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot? Heart 1998;79:481-4.
81. Therrien J, Siu SC, McLaughlin PR, et al. Pulmonary valve replacement in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: are we operating too late? J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1670-5.
82. Therrien J, Provost Y, Merchant N, et al. Optimal timing for pulmonary valve replacement in adults after tetralogy of Fallot repair. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:779-82.
83. Discigil B, Dearani JA, Puga FJ, et al. Late pulmonary valve replacement after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:344-51.
84. d'Udekem Y, Rubay J, Shango-Lody P, et al. Late homograft valve insertion after transannular patch repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Heart Valve Dis 1998;7:450-4.
85. van Huysduynen BH, van Straten A, Swenne CA, et al. Reduction of QRS duration after pulmonary valve replacement in adult Fallot patients is related to reduction of right ventricular volume. Eur Heart J 2005;26:928-32.
86. d'Udekem Y, Rubay J, Ovaert C. Failure of right ventricular recovery of Fallot patients after pulmonary valve replacement: delay of reoperation or surgical technique? J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:2008-9.
87. Stephenson EA, Redington AN. Reduction of QRS duration following pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot: implications for arrhythmia reduction? Eur Heart J 2005;26:863-4.
88. Ammash NM, Warnes CA, Connolly HM, et al. Mimics of Ebstein's anomaly. Am Heart J 1997;134:508-13.
89. Oechslin E, Buchholz S, Jenni R. Ebstein's anomaly in adults: Doppler-echocardiographic evaluation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;48:209-13.
90. Celermajer DS, Bull C, Till JA, et al. Ebstein's anomaly: presentation and outcome from fetus to adult. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:170-0.
91. Nihoyannopoulos P, McKenna WJ, Smith G, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle in Ebstein's anomaly: relation to clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:627-35.
92. Gutberlet M, Oellinger H, Ewert P, et al. [Pre- and postoperative evaluation of ventricular function, muscle mass and valve morphology by magnetic resonance tomography in Ebstein's anomaly]. Rofo 2000;172:436-42.
93. Chauvaud S, Berrebi A, d'Attellis N, et al. Ebstein's anomaly: repair based on functional analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23:525-31.
94. Di Russo GB, Gaynor JW. Ebstein's anomaly: Indications for repair and surgical technique. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 1999;2:35-50.
95. Mair DD, Seward JB, Driscoll DJ, et al. Surgical repair of Ebstein's anomaly: selection of patients and early and late operative results. Circulation 1985;72:II70-6.
96. Corno AF, Chassot PG, Payot M, et al. Ebstein's anomaly: one and a half ventricular repair. Swiss Med Wkly 2002;132:485-8.
97. Taktak A, Acar P, Dulac Y, et al. [A new approach to the tricuspid valve in Ebstein's anomaly by real time 3D echocardiography]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005;98:531-7.
98. Mahle WT, Parks WJ, Fyfe DA, et al. Tricuspid regurgitation in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot and its relation to right ventricular dilatation. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:643-5.
99. Misbach GA, Turley K, Ebert PA. Pulmonary valve replacement for regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg 1983;36:684-91.
100. Conte S, Jashari R, Eyskens B, et al. Homograft valve insertion for pulmonary regurgitation late after valveless repair of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;15:143-9.
101. Hachiro Y, Takagi N, Koyanagi T, et al. Reoperation for tricuspid regurgitation after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;8:199-203.
102. Davlouros PA, Karatza AA, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Timing and type of surgery for severe pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 2004;97(suppl 1):91-101.
103. Dore A. Pulmonary stenosis. In: Gatzoulis M, Webb G, Daubeney P, eds. Diagnosis and management of adult congenital heart disease. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2003:299-303.
104. Graham TP Jr. Ventricular performance in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1991;84:2259-74.
105. Currie PJ, Hagler DJ, Seward JB, et al. Instantaneous pressure gradient: a simultaneous Doppler and dual catheter correlative study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:800-6.
106. Doff B, McElhinney A, Goldmuntz E. Double-chambered right ventricle. In: Gatzoulis M, Webb G, Daubeney P, eds. Diagnosis and management of adult congenital heart disease. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2003:305-11.
107. Mustard WT. Recent experiences with surgical management of transposition of the great arteries. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1968;9:532-6.
108. Derrick G, Deanfield JE. Decline in ventricular function and clinical condition after Mustard repair. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1863-4.
109. Roos-Hesselink JW, Meijboom FJ, Spitaels SE, et al. Decline in ventricular function and clinical condition after Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries (a prospective study of 22-29 years). Eur Heart J 2004;25:1264-70.
110. Millane T, Bernard EJ, Jaeggi E, et al. Role of ischemia and infarction in late right ventricular dysfunction after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1661-8.
111. Singh TP, Humes RA, Muzik O, et al. Myocardial flow reserve in patients with a systemic right ventricle after atrial switch repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:2120-5.
112. Hornung TS, Kilner PJ, Davlouros PA, et al. Excessive right ventricular hypertrophic response in adults with the mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:800-3.
113. Li W, Hornung TS, Francis DP, et al. Relation of biventricular function quantified bv stress echocardiography to cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in adults with Mustard (atrial switch) procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2004;110:1380-6.
114. Hurwitz RA, Caldwell RL, Girod DA, et al. Right ventricular systolic function in adolescents and young adults after Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:294-7.
115. Hornung TS, Derrick GP, Deanfield JE, et al. Transposition complexes in the adult: a changing perspective. Cardiol Clin 2002;20:405-20.
116. Hornung TS, Anagnostopoulos C, Bhardwaj P, et al. Comparison of equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography with cardiovascular magnetic resonance for assessing the systemic right ventricle after Mustard or Senning procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:640-3.
117. Lissin LW, Li W, Murphy DJ Jr, et al. Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography versus cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of ventricular function in adults after atrial switch procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:654-7.
118. Dos L, Teruel L, Ferreira IJ, et al. Late outcome of Senning and Mustard procedures for correction of transposition of the great arteries. Heart 2005;91:652-6.
119. Cui W, Anno H, Kondo T, et al. Right ventricular volume measurement with single-plane Simpson's method based on a new half-circle model. Int J Cardiol 2004;94:289-92.
120. Allwork SP, Bentall HH, Becker AE, et al. Congenially corrected transposition of the great arteries: morphologic study of 32 cases. Am J Cardiol 1976;38:910-23.
121. Valdes-Cruz LM, Cayre RO. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. In: Valdes-Cruz LM, Cayre RO, eds. Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease. An embryologic and anatomic approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1999:277-88.
122. Caso P, Ascione L, Lange A, et al. Diagnostic value of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in adult patients. Am Heart J 1998;135:43-50.
123. Daliento L, Corrado D, Buja G, et al. Rhythm and conduction disturbances in isolated, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:314-8.
124. Lundstrom U, Bull C, Wyse RK, et al. The natural and " unnatural" history of congenitally corrected transposition. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1222-9.
125. Graham TP Jr, Parrish MD, Boucek RJ Jr, et al. Assessment of ventricular size and function in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:244-51.
126. Benson LN, Burns R, Schwaiger M, et al. Radionuclide angiographic evaluation of ventricular function in isolated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:319-24.
127. Dimas AP, Moodie DS, Sterba R, et al. Long-term function of the morphologic right ventricle in adult patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am Heart J 1989;118:526-30.
128. Graham TP Jr, Bernard YD, Mellen BG, et al. Long-term outcome in congenitally corrected transposition of trie great arteries: a multi-institutional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:255-61.
129. Rutledge JM, Nihill MR, Fraser CD, et al. Outcome of 121 patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Pediatr Cardiol 2002;23:137-45.
130. Prieto LR, Hordof AJ, Secic M, et al. Progressive tricuspid valve disease in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 1998;98:997-1005.
131. Rapaport E. Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease. Am J Cardiol 1975;35:221-7.
132. Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on management of patients with valvular heart disease). J Heart Valve Dis 1998;7:672-707.
133. Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Fellows KE, et al. A study in ventricular- ventricular interaction. Single right ventricles compared with systemic right ventricles in a dual-chamber circulation. Circulation 1995;92:219-30.
134. Hornung TS, Bernard EJ, Jaeggi ET, et al. Myocardial perfusion defects and associated systemic ventricular dysfunction in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Heart 1998;80:322-6.
135. Hornung TS, Bernard EJ, Celermajer DS, et al. Right ventricular dysfunction in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:1116-9, A10.
136. Hauser M, Bengel FM, Hager A, et al. Impaired myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve of the anatomical right systemic ventricle in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Heart 2003;89:1231-5.
137. van Son JA, Danielson GK, Huhta JC, et al. Late results of systemic atrioventricular valve replacement in corrected transposition. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:642-52, discussion 652-3.
138. de Roos A, Roest AA. Evaluation of congenital heart disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2000;10:2-6.
139. Sahn DJ, Vick GW. Review of new techniques in echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging as applied to patients with congenital heart disease. Heart 2001;86(suppl II):ii41-53.
140. Taylor AM, Thorne SA, Rubens MB, et al. Coronary artery imaging in grown up congenital heart disease: complementary role of magnetic resonance and x-ray coronary angiography. Circulation 2000;101:1670-8.