On the similarity and distinguishability of humour and figurative speech

Trames

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 14-40

  Krikmann, Arvo ^a  

^a Estonian Literary Museum   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Blend(ing); Figurative speech; Humour; Incongruity; Joke; Metaphor; Metonymy; Punch line; Resolution; Schema; Script

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950755268     PISSN: 14060922     EISSN: 17367514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3176/tr.2009.1.02     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aristotle (2004) Poetics. Translated by S. H. Butcher. eBooks@Adelaide http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/ home/tkannist/E-texts/Aristotle/Poetics/
2. Attardo, Salvatore (1993) "Violation of conversational maxims and cooperation: the case of jokes". Journal of Pragmatics 19, 6, 537-558.
3. Attardo, Salvatore (1994) Linguistic theories of humor. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
4. Attardo, Salvatore (1997) "The semantic foundations of cognitive theories of humor". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 10, 4, 395-420.
5. Attardo, Salvatore and Victor Raskin (1991) "Script theory revis(it)ed: joke similarity and joke representation model". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 4, 3-4, 293-347.
6. Attardo, Salvatore, Donalee Hughes Attardo, Paul Baltes, and Marnie Jo Petray (1994) "The linear organization of jokes: analysis of two thousand texts". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 7, 1, 27-54.
7. Attardo, Salvatore, Christian F. Hempelmann, and Sara Di Maio (2002) "Script oppositions and logical mechanisms: modeling incongruities and their resolutions". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 15, 1, 3-46.
8. Attardo, Salvatore (2006) "Cognitive linguistics and humor". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 19, 3, 341-362.
9. Barcelona, Antonio (2000) "On the plausibility of claiming a metonymic motivation for conceptual metaphor". In Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: a cognitive perspective, 31-58. Antonio Barcelona, ed. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
10. Barcelona, Antonio (2003) "The case for a metonymic basis of pragmatic inferencing: evidence from jokes and funny anecdotes". In Metonymy and pragmatic inferencing, 81-102. Klaus-Uwe Panther and Linda L. Thornburg, eds. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
11. Becker, Angela H. (1997) "Emergent and common features influence metaphor interpretation". Metaphor and Symbol 12, 4, 243-259.
12. Bergen, Benjamin and Kim Binsted (2003) "The cognitive linguistics of scalar humor". In Language, culture, and mind, 79-92. Michel Archard and Suzanne Kemmer, eds. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
13. Black, Max (1962) Models and metaphors. Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press.
14. Bowdle, Brian F. and Dedre Gentner (2005) "The career of metaphor". Psychological Review 112, 1, 193-210.
15. Brisard, Frank, Steven Frisson, and Dominiek Sandra (2001) "Processing unfamiliar metaphors in a self-paced reading task". Metaphor and Symbol 16, 1-2, 87-108.
16. Brône, Geert and Kurt Feyaerts (2003) "The cognitive linguistics of incongruity resolution: Marked reference-point structures in humor". [8th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference: July 20-25, 2003, University of La Rioja, Spain. Theme session: Cognitive-Linguistic Approaches to Humour] http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.ac.be/iclc/Papers/BroneFeyaerts.pdf
17. Brône, Geert and Kurt Feyaerts (2004) "Assessing the SSTH and GTVH: a view from cognitive linguistics". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 17, 4, 361-372.
18. Brône, Gert, Kurt Feyaerts, and Tony Veale (2006). "Introduction: cognitive linguistic approaches to humor". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 19, 3, 203-228.
19. Coulson, Seana (1996) "The Menendez Brothers Virus: analogical mapping in blended spaces". In Conceptual structure, discourse, and language, 67-81. Adele Goldberg ed. Palo Alto, CA: CSLI.
20. Coulson, Seana (1997) Semantic leaps: the role of frame-shifting and conceptual blending in meaning construction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of California, San Diego.
21. Coulson, Seana (2001) Semantic leaps: frame-shifting and conceptual blending in meaning construction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Coulson, Seana and Marta Kutas (1998) Frame-shifting and sentential integration. Technical Report CogSci. UCSD-98.03. October, 1998. Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, San Diego, CA, 92093-0515.
23. Croft, William and D. Alan Cruse (2004) Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Douglass, David (2000) "Issues in the use of I. A. Richards' tenor-vehicle model of metaphor". Western Journal of Communication 64, 4, 405-424.
25. Fauconnier, Gilles and Mark Turner (1994) Conceptual projection and middle spaces. Department of Cognitive Science Technical Report 9401. San Diego: University of California, San Diego http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/research/files/technical/9401.pdf
26. Fauconnier, Gilles and Mark Turner (2002) The way we think: conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities. Basic Books.
27. Feyaerts, Kurt and Geert Brône (2002) "Humor through 'double grounding': structural interaction of optimality principles". The way we think: a research symposium on conceptual integration and the nature and origin of cognitively modern human beings (Odense, Denmark, August 19-23, 2002). Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication, vol. I-II, 313-336. Anders Hougaard and Steffen Nordaal eds. Odense: Odense University, Institute of Language and Communication http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/ content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1a/bb/75.pdf
28. Gentner, Dedre and Jose Medina (1997) "Comparison and the development of cognition and language". Cognitive Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society 4, 1, 112-149.
29. Gentner, Dedre and Jose Medina (1998) "Similarity and the development of rules". Cognition 65, 2-3, 263-297.
30. Gentner, Dedre and Laura L. Namy (1999) "Comparison in the development of categories". Cognitive Development 14, 4, 487-513.
31. Gentner, Dedre and Phillip Wolff (2000) "Metaphor and knowledge change". In Cognitive dynamics: conceptual change in humans and machines, 295-342. E. Dietrich and A. Markman, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
32. Gentner, Dedre, Brian F. Bowdle, Phillip Wolff, and Consuelo Boronat (2001) "Metaphor is like analogy". In The analogical mind: perspectives from cognitive science, 199-253. Dedre Gentner, Keith J. Holyoak, and Boicho N. Kokinov, eds. Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: The MIT Press.
33. Gibbs, Raymond W., Jun. (1994) The poetics of mind: figurative thought, language, and understanding. New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
34. Gibbs, Raymond W., Jun. (2000) "Making good psychology out of blending theory". Cognitive Linguistics 11, 3-4, 347-358.
35. Gineste, Marie-Dominique, Bipin Indurkhya, and Véronique Scart (2000) "Emergence of features in metaphor comprehension". Metaphor and Symbol 15, 3, 117-135.
36. Giora, Rachel (1991) "On the cognitive aspects of the joke". Journal of Pragmatics 16, 5, 465-485.
37. Giora, Rachel (2003) On our mind: salience, context, and figurative language. Oxford, New York, Auckland, Bangkok, etc.: Oxford University Press.
38. Giora, Rachel and Ofen Fein (1999) "On understanding familiar and less-familiar figurative language". Journal of Pragmatics 31, 12, 1601-1618.
39. Glucksberg, Sam (2001) Understanding figurative language: from metaphors to idioms. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Graesser, Arthur C., Debra L. Long, and Jeffery S. Mio. (1989) "What are the cognitive and conceptual components of huomorous text?" Poetics 18, 1-2, 143-163.
41. Greimas, A. J. (1971 [1966]) Strukturale Semantik. Methodologische Untersuchungen. Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg + Sohn. Grice, Paul (1991 [1989]) Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: Harvard University Press.
42. Grice, Paul (1991 [1989]) Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: Harvard University Press.
43. Hillson, Tim R. and Rod A. Martin (1994) "What's so funny about that? The domain-interaction approach as a model of incongruity and resolution in humor". Motivation and Emotion 18, 1, 1-29.
44. Indurkhya, Bipin (1992) Metaphor and cognition: an interactionist approach. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
45. Jakobson, Roman (1956) "The metaphoric and metonymic poles". In R. Jakobson and M. Halle. Fundamentals of language. 2nd ed., 76-82. Hague and Paris: Mouton.
46. Johnson, Mark (1987) The body in the mind: the bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
47. Johnson, Mark (1993) Moral imagination: implications of cognitive science in ethics. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
48. Katz, Albert N., Cristina Cacciari, Raymond W. Gibbs Jr., and Mark Turner (1998) Figurative language and thought. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Koestler, Arthur (1964) The act of creation. London: Hutchinson & Co.
50. Kövecses, Zoltán (1986) Metaphors of anger, pride, and love: a lexical approach to the study of concepts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
51. Kövecses, Zoltán (1988) The language of love: the semantics of passion in conversational English. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.
52. Kövecses, Zoltán (1990) Emotion concepts. New York: Springer Verlag.
53. Krikmann, Arvo (2007) "Contemporary linguistic theories of humour". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 33, 27-57 http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol33/kriku.pdf
54. Kyratzis, Sakis (2003) "Laughing metaphorically: metaphor and humour in discourse". [8th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference: July 20-25, 2003, University of La Rioja, Spain. Theme session: Cognitive-Linguistic Approaches to Humour] http:// wwwling.arts.kuleuven.ac.be/iclc/Papers/Kyratzis.pdf
55. Kuusi, Anna-Leena (1971) Johdatusta suomen kielen fraseologiaan. [Introduction to Finnish Phraseology.] Helsinki: SKS.
56. Lakoff, George (1987) Women, fire, and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.
57. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson (1980) Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.
58. Lakoff, George and Mark Turner (1989) More than cool reason: a field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
59. Levin, Samuel R. (1977) The semantics of metaphor. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
60. Lotman, Juri (1970) Struktura xudožestvennogo teksta. Moscow: Nauka.
61. Markman, Arthur B. and Dedre Gentner (2000) "Structure mapping in the comparison process". American Journal of Psychology 113, 4, 501-538.
62. Mieder, Wolfgang and Anna Tóthné Litovkina (1999) Twisted wisdom: modern anti-proverbs. Burlington: The University of Vermont.
63. Mio, Jeffery Scott and Arthur C. Graesser (1991) "Humor, language, and metaphor". Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 6, 2, 87-102.
64. Morreall, John, ed. (1987) The philosophy of laughter and humor. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
65. Nippold, Marylin, Melissa M. Allen, and Dixon I. Kirsch (2000) "How adolescents comprehend unfamiliar proverbs: the role of top-down and bottom-up processes". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, 3, 621-630.
66. Nippold, Marylin A. and Catherine L. Taylor (2002) "Judgments of idiom familiarity and transparency: a comparison of children and adolescents". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, 2, 384-391.
67. Õim, Katre (2003) Võrdluste struktuurist ja kujundisemantikast. [The structure and figurative semantics of similes.]. (Reetor, 2.) Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum.
68. Ortony, Andrew (1979) "The role of similarity in similes and metaphors". In Metaphor and thought, 186-201. Andrew Ortony, ed. Cambridge, London, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
69. Peirsman, Yves and Dirk Geeraerts (2006) "Metonymy as a prototypical category". Cognitive Linguistics 17, 3, 269-316.
70. Pollio, Howard R. (1996) "Boundaries in humor and metaphor". In Metaphor: implications and applications, 231-253. Jeffrey Scott Mio and Albert N. Katz, eds. Mahwah, New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
71. Radden, Günther and Zoltán Kövecses (1999) "Towards a theory of metonymy". In Metonymy in language and thought, 17-59. Klaus-Uwe Panther and Günther Radden, eds. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
72. Raskin, Victor (1985) Semantic mechanisms of humor. Dordrecht, Boston, and Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
73. Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1936) The philosophy of rhetoric. London, Oxford, and New York: Oxford University Press.
74. Ritchie, David (2005) "Frame-shifting in humor and irony". Metaphor and Symbol 20, 4, 275-294.
75. Ritchie, Graeme (2004) The linguistic analysis of jokes. London and New York: Routledge.
76. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibañes, Francisco José and Lorena Pèrez Hernández (2001) "Metonymy and the grammar: motivation, constraints and interaction". Language and Communication 21, 4, 321-357.
77. Searle John R. (1979) "Metaphor". In Metaphor and thought, 92-123. Andrew Ortony, ed. Cambridge, London, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
78. Shultz, Thomas R. (1996 [1976]) "A cognitive-developmental analysis of humour". In Humor and laughter: theory, research, and applications, 11-36. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh D. Foot, eds. With a new introduction by Peter Derks. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
79. Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson (1981) "Irony and the use-mention distinction". In Radical pragmatics, 295-318. Peter Cole, ed. New York: Academic Press.
80. Steen, Gerard J. (1994) Understanding metaphor in literature: an empirical approach. Harlow: Longman.
81. Suls, Jerry M. (1972) "A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons: an informationprocessing analysis". In The psychology of humor: theoretical perspectives and empirical issues, 81-100. Jeffrey H. Goldstein and Paul E. McGhee. New York and London: Academic Press.
82. Sweetser, Eve (1990) From etymology to pragmatics: the mind-body metaphor in semantic structure and semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Tourangeau, Roger and Robert J. Sternberg (1981) "Aptness in metaphor". Cognitive Psychology 13, 1, 27-55.
84. Tourangeau, Roger and Robert J. Sternberg (1982) "Understanding and appreciating metaphors". Cognition 11, 3, 203-244.
85. Turner, Mark (1987) Death is the mother of beauty: mind, metaphor, criticism. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
86. Turner, Mark (1991) Reading minds: the study of English in the age of cognitive science. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
87. Turner, Mark (1996) The literary mind: the origins of thought and language. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Turner, Mark (1998) "Figure". In A. N. Katz, C. Cacciari, R. W. Gibbs Jr., and M. Turner, Figurative language and thought, 44-87. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Turner, Mark and Gilles Fauconnier (1995) "Conceptual integration and formal expression". Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10, 3, 183-204.
90. Tversky, Amos (1977) "Features of similarity". Psychological Review 84, 4, 327-352.
91. Utsumi, Akira (2005) "The role of feature emergence in metaphor appreciation". Metaphor and Symbol 20, 3, 151-172.
92. Utsumi, Akira (2006a) "Computational exploration of metaphor comprehension processes". Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2006), 2281-2286 http:// www.utm.se.uec.ac.jp/~utsumi/paper/cogsci2006-utsumi.pdf
93. Utsumi, Akira (2006b) "A cognitive approach to poetic effects of rhetorical figures: toward a unified theory of cognitive rhetoric". Proceedings of the 19th Congress of the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics (IAEA2006), 413-417 http://www.utm.se.uec.ac.jp/ ~utsumi/paper/iaea2006-utsumi.pdf
94. Valter, Harri and Valeri Mokienko (2005) Antiposlovicy russkogo naroda. Sankt-Peterburg and Moscow: Neva.
95. Veale, Tony (2003) "Metaphor and metonymy: the cognitive trump-cards of linguistic humour". [Presented as a keynote talk at the ICLC theme session on Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Humour, as part of the 2003 International Conference on Cognitive Linguistics] http://afflatus.ucd.ie/papers/iclc2003.pdf
96. Veale, Tony (2004) "Incongruity in humor: root cause or epiphenomenon?". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 17, 4, 419-428.
97. Veale, Tony, Kurt Feyaerts, and Geert Brône (2006) "The cognitive mechanisms of adversarial humor". HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 19, 3, 305-339.
98. Yamaguchi, Haruhiko (1988) "How to pull strings with words: deceptive violations in the gardenpath joke". Journal of Pragmatics 12, 3, 323-337.