Vaginal microbial flora and outcome of pregnancy

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Volumn 281, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 589-600

  Donati, Laura ^a   Di Vico, Augusto ^a   Nucci, Marta ^a   Quagliozzi, Lorena ^a   Spagnuolo, Terryann ^a   Labianca, Antonietta ^a   Bracaglia, Marina ^a   Ianniello, Francesca ^a   Caruso, Alessandro ^a   Paradisi, Giancarlo ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bacterial vaginosis; Clinical diagnosis; Pregnancy; Vaginal flora

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; ARTICLE; CHORIOAMNIONITIS; DELIVERY; GENITAL TRACT INFECTION; GRAM NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS; HUMAN; LACTOBACILLUS; NEWBORN INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE FETUS MEMBRANE RUPTURE; PREMATURE LABOR; PUERPERAL INFECTION; VAGINA FLORA; VAGINITIS;

FEMALE; HUMANS; LACTOBACILLUS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RISK FACTORS; VAGINA; VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL;

EID: 77950627430     PISSN: 09320067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-009-1318-3     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Witkin SS, Linhares IM, Giraldo P (2007) Bacterial flora of the female genital tract. function and immune regulation 21(3):347-354
2. Lidbeck A, Nord CE (1993) Lactobacilli and the normal human anaerobic microflora. Clin Infect Dis 16(Suppl 4):S181-S187
3. Hawes SE, Hillier SL, Benedetti J, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Wolner-Hanssen P (1996) Hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. J Infect Dis 174(5):1058-1063
4. Zhou X, Bent SJ, Schneider MG et al (2004) Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods. Microbiology 150:2565-2573
5. Donders GGG (1999) Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: screen and treat? [editorial]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 83:1-4
6. Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Claeys G et al (2004) Cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microflora suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. BMC Microbiol 4:16-26
7. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, e Marrazzo JM (2005) Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 353:1899-1911
8. Rodriguez JM, Collins MD, Sjoden B, Falsen E (1999) Characterization of a novel Atopobium isolate from the human vagina: description of Atopobium vaginae sp. Nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:e1573-e1576
9. Antonio MA, Hawes SE, Hillier SL (1999) The identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species. J Infect Dis 180:e1950-e1956
10. Stevens-Simon C, Jamison J, McGregor JA, Douglas JM (1994) Racial variation in vaginal pH among healthy sexually active adolescents. Sex Transm Dis 21:e168-e172
11. Royce RA, Jackson TP, Thorp JMJ et al (1999) Race/ethnicity, vaginal flora patterns, and pH during pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 26:e96-e102
12. Fiscella K, Klebanoff MA (2004) Are racial differences in vaginal pH explained by vaginal flora? Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:e747-e750
13. Priestlley CFJ, Jones BM, Dhar J, Goodwin L (1997) What is normal vaginal flora? Genitourin Med 73:e23-e28
14. Eschenbach DA, Patton DL, Hooten TM et al (2001) Effects of vaginal intercourse with and without a condom on vaginal flora and vaginal epithelium. J Infect Dis 183:e913-e918
15. Spiegel CA (1991) Bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 4:485-502
16. Forsum U, Holst E, Larsson PG, Vasquez A, Jacobsson T, Mattsby-Baltzer I (2005) Bacterial vaginosis-a microbiological and immunological enigma. APMIS 113:81-90
17. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen K, Eshenbach DA, Holmes KK (1983) Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiological associations. Am J Med 74:14-22
18. Leopold S (1953) Heretofore undescribed organism isolated from the genitourinary system. U S Armed Forces Med J 4:263-266
19. Gardner HL, Dukes CD (1954) New etiologic agent in nonspecific bacterial vaginitis. Science 120:853
20. Gardner HL, Dukes CD (1955) Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis: a newly defined specific infection previously classified non-specific vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 69:962-976
21. Greenwood JR, Pickett MJ (1979) Salient features of Haemophilus vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 9:200-204
22. Piot P, van Dyck E, Goodfellow M, Falkow S (1980) A taxonomic study of Gardnerella vaginalis (Haemophilus vaginalis) Gardner and Dukes 1955. J Gen Microbiol 119:373-396
23. Swidsinski A, Mendling W, Loening-Baucke V, Ladhoff A, Swidsinski S, Hale LP, Lochs H (2005) Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 106:1013-1023
24. Swidsinski A, Mendling W, Loening-Baucke V, Swidsinski S, Dörffel Y, Scholze J, Lochs H, Verstraelen H (2008) An adherent Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm persists on the vaginal epithelium after standard therapy with oral metronidazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(97):e1-e6
25. Aroutcheva AA, Simoes JA, Behbakht K, Faro S (2001) Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from patients with bacterial vaginosis and from patients with healthy vaginal ecosystems. Clin Infect Dis 33:1022-1027
26. Waites KB, Katz B, Schelonka RL (2005) Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as neonatal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:757-789
27. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson et al (1994) Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. Br Med J 308:295-298
28. Platz-Christensen J-J, Larsson P-G, Sundstrom E, Wiqvist N (1995) Detection of bacterial vaginosis in wet mount, Papanicolaou stained vaginal smears and in Gram stained smears. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74:67-70
29. McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Jolley PT et al (1994) Changes in vaginal flora during pregnancy and association with preterm birth. J Infect Dis 170:724-728
30. Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Holmes KK (1983) Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct Gram stain of vaginal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 18:e170-e177
31. Kalinka J, Laudanski T, Hanke W, Wasiela M (2003) Do microbiological factors account for poor pregnancy outcome among unmarried pregnant women in Poland? Fetal Diagn Ther 18:e345-e352
32. Donders GG, Veerecken A, Bosmans E, Dekersmaecker A, Salembier G, Spitz B (2002) Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 109:34-43
33. Sobel JD (1994) Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:1215-1220
34. Donders GGG (1999) Microscopy of bacterial flora on fresh vaginal smears. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 7:126-127
35. Gardner HL (1968) Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a newly defined entity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 102:1102-1105
36. Donders GGG, Vereecken A, Bosmans E, Dekeersmaecker A, Salembier G, Spitz B (2002) Aerobic vaginitis: abnormal vaginal flora entity that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 109:1-10
37. Mattsby-Baltzer I, Platz-Christensen JJ, Hosseini N, Rosen P (1998) IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalfa, fetal fibronectin and endotoxin in the lower genital tract of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77:701-706
38. Imseis HM, Livengood HH, Shunior E, Durda P, Erikson M (1997) Characterisation of the inflammatory cytokines in the vagina during pregnancy and labour and with bacterial vaginosis. J Soc Gynecol Investig 4:90-92
39. Romero R, Yoon BH, Mazor M, Gomez R et al (1993) The diagnostic and prognostic value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count, glucose, IL-6, and Gram stain in patients with preterm labour and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:805-816
40. Chaisilwattana P, Monif GRG (1995) In vitro ability of the group B streptococci to inhibit gram-positive and gram-variable constituents of the bacterial flora of the female genital tract. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 3:91-97
41. Monif GRG (1999) Semiquantitative bacterial observations with group B streptococci. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 7:227-229
42. Honig E, Mouton JW, van der Meijden WI (1999) Can group B streptococci cause symptomatic vaginitis? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 7:206-209
43. Usui R, Ohkuchi S, Matsubara S, Izumi A, Watanabe T, Suzuki M (2000) Vaginal lactobacilli and preterm birth. J Perinat Med 30:458-466
44. Waites KB, Katz B, Schelonka RL (2005) Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as neonatal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:757-789
45. Donders GGG (2007) Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 21:355-373
46. Larsson P-G, Platz-Christensen JJ (1990) Enumeration of clue cells in rehydrated air-dried vaginal wet smears for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 76:727-730
47. Simhan HN, Caritis SN, Krohn MA, Martinez de Teada B, Landers DV, Hillier SL (2003) Decreased cervical proinflammatory cytokines permit subsequent upper genital tract infection during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:560-567
48. Hillier SL, Martius, Krohn M, Kiviat N, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA (1988) A case control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 319:972-978
49. Leitch H, Kiss H (2006) asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 21:375-390
50. Allsworth JE, Peipert JF (2007) Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Obstet Gynecol 109:114-120
51. Britton T, Dawn PM (2007) Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy among African American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:477.e1-477.e8
52. Mc Donald H, O'Loughlin JA, Jolley PT, Vigneswaran R, McDonald P (1994) Changes in vaginal flora during pregnancy and association with preterm birth. J Infect Dis 170:724-728
53. Fischbach F, Petersen E, Weissenbacher ER, Martius J, Hossman J, Mayer H (1993) Efficacy of clindamycin vaginal cream versus oral metronidazole I the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 82(3):405-410
54. Waters TP, Denney JM, Mathew L, Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF (2008) Longitudinal trajectory of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199:431-435
55. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA, Krohn MA, Gibbs RS, Martin DH (1995) Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. N Engl J Med 333(26):1737-1742
56. Krohn MA, Thwin SS, Rabe LK, Brown Z, Hillier SL (1997) Vaginal colonization by Escherichia coli as a risk factor for very low birth weight delivery and other perinatal complications. J Infect Dis 175(3):606-610
57. Newton ER (1993) Chorioamnionitis and intraamniotic infection. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:795-808
58. Andrews WW, Goldenberg RL, Hauth C, Cliver SP, Conner M, Goepfert AR (2005) Endometrial microbial colonization and plasma cell endometritis after spontaneous or indicated preterm versus term delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193(3 Pt 1):739-745
59. Cassell GH, Davis RO, Waites KB et al (1983) Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from amniotic fluid at 16-20 weeks of gestation: potential effect on outcome of pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 10(4 Suppl):294-302
60. Waites KB, Katz B, Schelonka RL (2005) Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as neonatal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:757-789
61. McDonald HM, Brocklehurst P, Gordon A (2007) Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD000262
62. Morency AM, Buold E (2007) The effect of second-trimester antibiotic therapy on the rate of preterm birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 29:35-44
63. Swadpanich U, Lumbiganon P, Prasertcharoensook W, Laopaiboon M (2008) Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD006178
64. Kenyon SL, Taylor D, Tarnow-Mordi W (2001) Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet 357(9261):979-988
65. Read JS, Klebanoff MA (1993) Sexual intercourse during pregnancy and preterm delivery: effects of vaginal microorganism. The Vaginal infection and Prematurity Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168(2):514-519
66. Donders GGG, Van Bulck B, Caudron J et al (2000) Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:431-437
67. Edwards RK, Ferguson KJ, Duff P (2006) The interleukin-l beta ?3953 single nucleotide polymorphism: cervical protein concentration and preterm delivery risk. Am J Reprod Immunol 55:259-264
68. Goffinet F, Maillard F, Mihoubi N et al (2003) Bacterial vaginosis: prevalence and predictive value for premature delivery and neonatal infection in women with preterm labour and intact membranes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 108:146-151
69. Guerra P, Ghi T, Quarta S et al (2006) Pregnancy outcome alter early detection of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 128:40-45
70. Oakeshott P, Kerry S, Hay S, Hay P (2004) Bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth: a prospective community-based cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 54:119-122
71. Andrews WW, Sibai BM, Thom EA et al (2003) Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole plus erythromycin to prevent spontaneous preterm delivery in fetal fibronectin-positive women. Obstet Gynecol 101:847-855
72. Daskalakis G, Papapanagiotou A, Mesogitis S et al (2006) Bacterial vaginosis and group B streptococcal colonization and preterm delivery in a low-risk population. Fetal Diagn Ther 21:172-176
73. De Seta F, Sartore A, Piccoli M et al (2005) Bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery: an open question. J Reprod Med 50:313-318
74. Genc MR, Witkin SS, Delaney ML et al (2004) A disproportionate increase in IL-1beta over IL-1ra in the cervicovaginal secretions of pregnant women with altered vaginal microflora correlates with preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1191-1197
75. Goyal R, Sharma P, Kaur I et al (2004) Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal anaerobes in preterm labour. J Indian Med Assoc 102:548-553
76. Kalinka J, Sobala W, Wasiela M, Brzezinska-Blaszczyk E (2005) Decreased proinflammatory cytokines in cervicovaginal fluid, as measured in midgestation, are associated with preterm delivery. Am J Reprod Immunol 54:70-76
77. Kiss H, Petricevic L, Husslein P (2004) Prospective randomised controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterrn delivery. BMJ 329:371
78. Purwar M, Ughade S, Bhagat B et al (2001) Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 27:175-181
79. Thorsen P, Vogel I, Olsen J et al (2006) Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and small for gestational age, but not with spontaneous preterm birth: a population-based study on Danish women. J Matem Fetal Neonatal Med 19:1-7