Spindle cell melanocytic lesions - Part I: An approach to compound naevoidal pattern lesions with spindle cell morphology and Spitzoid pattern lesions

Journal of Clinical Pathology

Volumn 63, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 296-321

  Sade, Shachar ^a   Al Habeeb, Ayman ^a   Ghazarian, Danny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; CELL DAMAGE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CYTOARCHITECTURE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MELANOCYTE; MELANOMA; NEVUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINDLE CELL; SPINDLE CELL CARCINOMA;

AGED; ALGORITHMS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MELANOCYTES; MELANOMA; MIDDLE AGED; NEVUS, EPITHELIOID AND SPINDLE CELL; NEVUS, PIGMENTED; NEVUS, SPINDLE CELL; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77950437363     PISSN: 00219746     EISSN: 14724146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.075226     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Trotter MJ, Bruecks AK. Interpretation of skin biopsies by general pathologists: diagnostic discrepancy rate measured by blinded review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:1489-1492
2. Troxel DB. Medicolegal aspects of error in pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006;130:617-619
3. Troxel DB. An insurer's perspective on error and loss in pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:1234-1236
4. van Dijk MC, Aben KK, van Hees F, et al. Expert review remains important in the histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous melanocytic lesions. Histopathology 2008;52:139-146
5. High WA. Malpractice in dermatopathology: principles, risk mitigation, and opportunities for improved care for the histologic diagnosis of melanoma and pigmented lesions. Clin Lab Med 2008;28:261-84, vii.
6. Banerjee SS, Harris M. Morphological and immunophenotypic variations in malignant melanoma. Histopathology 2000;36:387-402. (Pubitemid 30311621)
7. Levene A. On the histological diagnosis and prognosis of malignant melanoma. J Clin Pathol 1980;33:101-124
8. Jonjic N, Zamolo G, Stifter S, et al. Cytomorphological variations, proliferation and angiogenesis in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:310-314 (Pubitemid 36713824)
9. Lodding P, Kindblom LG, Angervall L. Metastases of malignant melanoma simulating soft tissue sarcoma. A clinico-pathological, light- and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study of 21 cases. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1990;417:377-388
10. Elder DE, Xu X. The approach to the patient with a difficult melanocytic lesion. Pathology 2004;36:428-434 (Pubitemid 39273986)
11. Murali R, McCarthy SW, Scolyer RA. Blue nevi and related lesions: a review highlighting atypical and newly described variants, distinguishing features and diagnostic pitfalls. Adv Anat Pathol 2009;16:365-382
12. Ruiter DJ, van Dijk MC, Ferrier CM. Current diagnostic problems in melanoma pathology. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2003;22:33-41.
13. Xu X, Elder DE. A practical approach to selected problematic melanocytic lesions. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;121(Suppl):S3-32.
14. Kamil ZS, Tong LC, Habeeb AA, et al. Non-melanocytic mimics of melanoma: part I: intraepidermal mimics. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:120-127
15. Tong LC, Kamil ZS, Al Habeeb A, et al. Non-melanocytic mimics of melanoma, part II: intradermal mimics. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:290-307.
16. Culpepper KS, Granter SR, McKee PH. My approach to atypical melanocytic lesions. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:1121-1131
17. Magro CM, Crowson AN, Mihm MC. Unusual variants of malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 2006;19(Suppl 2):S41-70.
18. Barnhill RL, Argenyi Z, Berwick M, et al. Atypical cellular blue nevi (cellular blue nevi with atypical features): lack of consensus for diagnosis and distinction from cellular blue nevi and malignant melanoma ("malignant blue nevus"). Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:36-44.
19. Crowson AN, Mihm MC, Magro CM. The melanocytic proliferations: a comprehensive textbook of pigmented lesions. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001.
20. Barnhill RL, Piepkorn M, Busam KJ. Pathology of melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma. 2nd edn. New York: Springer, 2003.
21. Mooi WJ, Krausz T, Mooi WJ. Pathology of melanocytic disorders. 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold, 2007.
22. Sade S, Al Habeeb A, Ghazarian G. Spindle cell melanocytic lesions: part II - an approach to intradermal proliferations and horizontally-orientated lesions. J Clin Pathol. In press.
23. Lai K, Conway RM, Crouch R, et al. Expression and distribution of MMPs and TIMPs in human uveal melanoma. Exp Eye Res 2008;86:936-941
24. Tuominen H, Kallioinen M. Increased tenascin expression in melanocytic tumors. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:424-429 (Pubitemid 24354618)
25. Stenback F, Makinen MJ, Jussila T, et al. The extracellular matrix in skin tumor development-a morphological study. J Cutan Pathol 1999;26:327-338 (Pubitemid 29403493)
26. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR, Enzinger FM. Enzinger and Weiss's soft tissue tumors. 5th edn. St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier, 2008.
27. Wick MR. Diagnostic histochemistry. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
28. Hornick JL, Fletcher CD. PEComa: what do we know so far? Histopathology 2006;48:75-82.
29. Morgan MB, Purohit C, Anglin TR. Immunohistochemical distinction of cutaneous spindle cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:228-232
30. Folpe AL, Cooper K. Best practices in diagnostic immunohistochemistry: pleomorphic cutaneous spindle cell tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:1517-1524 (Pubitemid 47606717)
31. Lever WF, Elder DE. Lever's histopathology of the skin. 10th edn. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
32. Barnhill RL. Textbook of dermatopathology. 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publication Division, 2004.
33. McKee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR. Pathology of the skin: with clinical correlations. 3rd edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Mosby, 2005.
34. Sternberg SS. Histology for pathologists. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
35. Goovaerts G, Buyssens N. Nevus cell maturation or atrophy? Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:20-27
36. Winnepenninckx V, van den Oord JJ. Immunophenotype and possible origin of nevi with phenotypical heterogeneity. Arch Dermatol Res 2004;296:49-53. (Pubitemid 39024836)
37. Mete O, Bilgic B, Buyukbabani N. A tumor with many faces: metastatic malignant melanoma with extensive cartilaginous differentiation. Int J Surg Pathol. Published Online First: 16 Feb 2010.
38. Ohsie SJ, Sarantopoulos GP, Cochran AJ, et al. Immunohistochemical characteristics of melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:433-444
39. Nagasaka T, Lai R, Medeiros LJ, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression in Spitz nevi: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21:115-120 (Pubitemid 29162868)
40. Prieto VG, Shea CR. Use of immunohistochemistry in melanocytic lesions. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35(Suppl 2):1-10.
41. Radfar A, Stefanato CM, Ghosn S, et al. NGFR-positive desmoplastic melanomas with focal or absent S-100 staining: further evidence supporting the use of both NGFR and S-100 as a primary immunohistochemical panel for the diagnosis of desmoplastic melanomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:162-167 (Pubitemid 44270881)
42. Xu X, Zhang PJ, Elder DE. Tyrosinase expression in malignant melanoma, desmoplastic melanoma, and peripheral nerve tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:1083-4; author reply 1084-1085 (Pubitemid 37093254)
43. Xu X, Chu AY, Pasha TL, et al. Immunoprofile of MITF, tyrosinase, melan-A, and MAGE-1 in HMB45-negative melanomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:82-87 (Pubitemid 34019996)
44. Wilsher M, Cheerala B. WT1 as a complementary marker of malignant melanoma: an immunohistochemical study of whole sections. Histopathology 2007;51:605-610 (Pubitemid 47572869)
45. Torres-Cabala CA, Wang WL, Trent J, et al. Correlation between KIT expression and KIT mutation in melanoma: a study of 173 cases with emphasis on the acrallentiginous/ mucosal type. Mod Pathol 2009;22:1446-1456
46. Stefanaki C, Stefanaki K, Antoniou C, et al. Cell cycle and apoptosis regulators in Spitz nevi: comparison with melanomas and common nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:815-824 (Pubitemid 46560996)
47. Hilliard NJ, Krahl D, Sellheyer K. p16 expression differentiates between desmoplastic Spitz nevus and desmoplastic melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:753-759
48. Garrido-Ruiz MC, Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Perez-Gomez B. WT 1 expression in nevi and melanomas: a marker of melanocytic invasion into the dermis. J Cutan Pathol. Published Online First: 22 Jul 2009. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009. 01379.x
49. Ewanowich C, Brynes RK, Medeiros L, et al. Cyclin D1 expression in dysplastic nevi: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:208-210 (Pubitemid 32167471)
50. Isabel Zhu Y, Fitzpatrick JE. Expression of c-kit (CD117) in Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33:33-37
51. King MS, Porchia SJ, Hiatt KM. Differentiating spitzoid melanomas from Spitz nevi through CD99 expression. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:576-580 (Pubitemid 46920265)
52. Bakos RM, Maier T, Besch R, et al. Nestin and SOX9 and SOX10 transcription factors are coexpressed in melanoma. Exp Dermatol. Published Online First: 21 Oct 2009. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00991.x
53. Brychtova S, Fiuraskova M, Hlobilkova A, et al. Nestin expression in cutaneous melanomas and melanocytic nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:370-375 (Pubitemid 46633338)
54. Klein WM, Wu BP, Zhao S, et al. Increased expression of stem cell markers in malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 2007;20:102-107
55. Wagner N, Panelos J, Massi D, et al. The Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1 is associated with melanoma proliferation. Pflugers Arch 2008;455:839-847 (Pubitemid 350265622)
56. Thomas AJ, Erickson CA. The making of a melanocyte: the specification of melanoblasts from the neural crest. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008;21:598-610.
57. Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP. Dermatology. 2nd edn. St. Louis, MO: Mosby/ Elsevier, 2008.
58. Van Paesschen MA, Goovaerts G, Buyssens N. A study of the so-called neurotization of nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:242-248
59. Ide F, Mishima K, Yamada H, et al. Neurotized nevi of the oral mucosa: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of nevic corpuscles. J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:505-510 (Pubitemid 47222107)
60. Xu X, Bellucci KS, Elenitsas R, et al. Cellular nodules in congenital pattern nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:153-159 (Pubitemid 38130425)
61. Bastian BC, Xiong J, Frieden IJ, et al. Genetic changes in neoplasms arising in congenital melanocytic nevi: differences between nodular proliferations and melanomas. Am J Pathol 2002;161:1163-1169
62. Tannous ZS, Mihm MC Jr, Sober AJ, et al. Congenital melanocytic nevi: clinical and histopathologic features, risk of melanoma, and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:197-203.
63. Hosler GA, Moresi JM, Barrett TL. Nevi with site-related atypia: a review of melanocytic nevi with atypical histologic features based on anatomic site. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:889-898
64. Khalifeh I, Taraif S, Reed JA, et al. A subgroup of melanocytic nevi on the distal lower extremity (ankle) shares features of acral nevi, dysplastic nevi, and melanoma in situ: a potential misdiagnosis of melanoma in situ. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:1130-1136 (Pubitemid 47012311)
65. Elder DE. Precursors to melanoma and their mimics: nevi of special sites. Mod Pathol 2006;19(Suppl 2):S4-20.
66. Boyd AS, Rapini RP. Acral melanocytic neoplasms: a histologic analysis of 158 lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31(5 Pt 1):740-745
67. Gleason BC, Hirsch MS, Nucci MR, et al. Atypical genital nevi. A clinicopathologic analysis of 56 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:51-57
68. Ribe A. Melanocytic lesions of the genital area with attention given to atypical genital nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35(Suppl 2):24-27
69. Rongioletti F, Urso C, Batolo D, et al. Melanocytic nevi of the breast: a histologic case-control study. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:137-140 (Pubitemid 38130422)
70. Rongioletti F, Ball RA, Marcus R, et al. Histopathological features of flexural melanocytic nevi: a study of 40 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:215-217 (Pubitemid 30248962)
71. Saad AG, Patel S, Mutasim DF. Melanocytic nevi of the auricular region: histologic characteristics and diagnostic difficulties. Am J Dermatopathol 2005;27:111-115 (Pubitemid 40471095)
72. Lazova R, Lester B, Glusac EJ, et al. The characteristic histopathologic features of nevi on and around the ear. J Cutan Pathol 2005;32:40-44 (Pubitemid 40174104)
73. Fabrizi G, Pagliarello C, Parente P, et al. Atypical nevi of the scalp in adolescents. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:365-369
74. Jakobiec FA, Colby K, Bajart AM, et al. Immunohistochemical studies of atypical conjunctival melanocytic nevi. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:970-980
75. Thiagalingam S, Johnson MM, Colby KA, et al. Juvenile conjunctival nevus: clinicopathologic analysis of 33 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:399-406.
76. LeBoit PE. A diagnosis for maniacs. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:556-558
77. Clark WH Jr, Hood AF, Tucker MA, et al. Atypical melanocytic nevi of the genital type with a discussion of reciprocal parenchymal-stromal interactions in the biology of neoplasia. Hum Pathol 1998;29(1 Suppl 1):S1-24.
78. Collina G, Reggiani C. Recurrence of nevoid melanoma originally diagnosed as benign nevus. Pathologica 2009;101:112-114
79. Wong TY, Suster S, Duncan LM, et al. Nevoid melanoma: a clinicopathological study of seven cases of malignant melanoma mimicking spindle and epithelioid cell nevus and verrucous dermal nevus. Hum Pathol 1995;26:171-179
80. Zembowicz A, McCusker M, Chiarelli C, et al. Morphological analysis of nevoid melanoma: a study of 20 cases with a review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:167-175 (Pubitemid 32525403)
81. McNutt NS, Urmacher C, Hakimian J, et al. Nevoid malignant melanoma: morphologic patterns and immunohistochemical reactivity. J Cutan Pathol 1995;22:502-517 (Pubitemid 26013708)
82. Suster S, Ronnen M, Bubis JJ. Verrucous pseudonevoid melanoma. J Surg Oncol 1987;36:134-137
83. LeBoit PE, Burg G, Weedon D, et al. Pathology & genetics: skin tumours. Lyon, France. IARC Press, 2006.
84. Rosner K, Mehregan DR, Moussai D, et al. WT1 marker is not sufficient for distinguishing between melanoma and melanocytic nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2009 Jul 9.
85. Yang XH, Wu QL, Yu XB, et al. Nestin expression in different tumours and its relevance to malignant grade. J Clin Pathol 2008;61:467-473
86. Billings TL, Barr R, Dyson S. Langerhans cell histiocytosis mimicking malignant melanoma: a diagnostic pitfall. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:497-499
87. Massi G, LeBoit PE. Histological diagnosis of nevi and melanoma. Darmstadt; Berlin: Steinkopff; Springer, 2004.
88. Paniago-Pereira C, Maize JC, Ackerman AB. Nevus of large spindle and/or epithelioid cells (Spitz's nevus). Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1811-1823.
89. Weedon D, Little JH. Spindle and epithelioid cell nevi in children and adults. A review of 211 cases of the Spitz nevus. Cancer 1977;40:217-225
90. Arbuckle S, Weedon D. Eosinophilic globules in the Spitz nevus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:324-327
91. Moreno A, Salvatella N, De Moragas JM. Eosinophilic globules in the Spitz nevus. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1984;12:91-94
92. Requena C, Requena L, Kutzner H, et al. Spitz nevus: a clinicopathological study of 349 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2009;31:107-116
93. Paradela S, Fonseca E, Pita S, et al. Spitzoid melanoma in children: clinicopathological study and application of immunohistochemistry as an adjunct diagnostic tool. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:740-752
94. Spatz A, Calonje E, Handfield-Jones S, et al. Spitz tumors in children: a grading system for risk stratification. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:282-285 (Pubitemid 29159210)
95. Rapini RP. Spitz nevus or melanoma? Semin Cutan Med Surg 1999;18:56-63.
96. Evans AT. Spitz tumours. Diagn Histopathol 2007;14:28-37.
97. Barnhill RL. The Spitzoid lesion: rethinking Spitz tumors, atypical variants, 'Spitzoid melanoma' and risk assessment. Mod Pathol 2006;19(Suppl 2):S21-33.
98. Barnhill RL, Argenyi ZB, From L, et al. Atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: lack of consensus for diagnosis, discrimination from melanoma, and prediction of outcome. Hum Pathol 1999;30:513-520 (Pubitemid 29218042)
99. Barnhill RL. The spitzoid lesion: the importance of atypical variants and risk assessment. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:75-83.
100. Bron JL, Jaspars EH, Molenkamp BG, et al. Three patients with a Spitz naevus that later turned out to be a melanoma. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005;149:1852-1858
101. Murali R, Sharma RN, Thompson JF, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in histologically ambiguous melanocytic tumors with spitzoid features (so-called atypical spitzoid tumors). Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:302-309
102. Ludgate MW, Fullen DR, Lee J, et al. The atypical Spitz tumor of uncertain biologic potential: a series of 67 patients from a single institution. Cancer 2009;115:631-641
103. Urso C, Borgognoni L, Saieva C, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with "atypical Spitz tumors." A report on 12 cases. Hum Pathol 2006;37:816-823
104. Urso C, Gelli R, Borgognoni L, et al. Positive sentinel node biopsy in a 30-month-old boy with atypical Spitz tumour (Spitzoid melanoma). Histopathology 2006;48:884-886 (Pubitemid 43800956)
105. Su LD, Fullen DR, Sondak VK, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with problematic spitzoid melanocytic lesions: a report on 18 patients. Cancer 2003;97:499-507.
106. Lohmann CM, Coit DG, Brady MS, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with diagnostically controversial spitzoid melanocytic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:47-55.
107. Bastian BC, Olshen AB, LeBoit PE, et al. Classifying melanocytic tumors based on DNA copy number changes. Am J Pathol 2003;163:1765-1770 (Pubitemid 37310008)
108. Bastian BC, Wesselmann U, Pinkel D, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Spitz nevi shows clear differences to melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:1065-1069 (Pubitemid 30013354)
109. Gerami P, Jewell SS, Morrison LE, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as an ancillary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:1146-1156
110. Carlson JA, Ross JS, Slominski AJ. New techniques in dermatopathology that help to diagnose and prognosticate melanoma. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:75-102.
111. Grichnik JM, Rhodes AR, Sober AJ. Benign neoplasias and hyperplasias of melanocytes. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, et al. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. 7th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008:1099-1121.
112. Cesinaro AM, Foroni M, Sighinolfi P, et al. Spitz nevus is relatively frequent in adults: a clinico-pathologic study of 247 cases related to patient's age. Am J Dermatopathol 2005;27:469-475 (Pubitemid 44383989)
113. Skelton HG, Miller ML, Lupton GP, et al. Eosinophilic globules in spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi: composition and possible origin. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20:547-550
114. Wesselmann U, Becker LR, Brocker EB, et al. Eosinophilic globules in spitz nevi: no evidence for apoptosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20:551-554
115. Busam KJ, Murali R, Pulitzer M, et al. Atypical spitzoid melanocytic tumors with positive sentinel lymph nodes in children and teenagers, and comparison with histologically unambiguous and lethal melanomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:1386-1395
116. Mones JM, Ackerman AB. "Atypical" Spitz's nevus, "malignant" Spitz's nevus, and "metastasizing" Spitz's nevus: a critique in historical perspective of three concepts flawed fatally. Am J Dermatopathol 2004;26:310-333
117. Busam KJ, Pulitzer M. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with diagnostically controversial spitzoid melanocytic tumors? Adv Anat Pathol 2008;15:253-262
118. Pol-Rodriquez M, Lee S, Silvers DN, et al. Influence of age on survival in childhood spitzoid melanomas. Cancer 2007;109:1579-1583 (Pubitemid 46595694)
119. Dawe RS, Wainwright NJ, Evans AT, et al. Multiple widespread eruptive Spitz naevi. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:872-874
120. Harvell JD, Bastian BC, LeBoit PE. Persistent (recurrent) Spitz nevi: a histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular pathologic study of 22 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:654-661
121. Kamino H. Spitzoid melanoma. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:545-555
122. Kapur P, Selim MA, Roy LC, et al. Spitz nevi and atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: a histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 2005;18:197-204. (Pubitemid 40188626)
123. Barnhill RL, Barnhill MA, Berwick M, et al. The histologic spectrum of pigmented spindle cell nevus: a review of 120 cases with emphasis on atypical variants. Hum Pathol 1991;22:52-58