The effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on fasting capillary whole blood glucose, total cholesterol, blood pressure and glucocorticoids in healthy overweight and obese subjects

British Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 103, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 842-850

  Almoosawi, Suzana ^a   Fyfe, Lorna ^a   Ho, Clement ^b   Al Dujaili, Emad ^a  

^a QUEEN MARGARET UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Cholesterol; Dark chocolate; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Obesity

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; CORTISONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; POLYPHENOL; FLAVONOID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYPHENOLS;

ADRENAL CORTEX FUNCTION; ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CACAO; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MALE; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE; BLOOD; BODY MASS; CAPILLARY; CHEMISTRY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS INDEX; CACAO; CAPILLARIES; CHOLESTEROL; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FEMALE; FLAVONOIDS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; PHENOLS;

EID: 77950344167     PISSN: 00071145     EISSN: 14752662     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509992431     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, et al. (2006) Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen elderly study. Arch Intern Med 166, 411-417.
2. McCullough ML, Chevaux K, Jackson L, et al. (2006) Hypertension, the Kuna, and the epidemiology of flavanols. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47, 119-121.
3. Pereira MA, Parker ED & Folsom AR (2006) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28812 postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 166, 1311-1316.
4. Grassi D, Lippi C, Necozione S, et al. (2005) Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 611-614.
5. Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, et al. (2005) Cocoa reduces blood pressure and Insulin resistance and improves endo-thelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensive. Hypertension 46, 398-405.
6. Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, et al. (2008) Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphe-nol dark chocolate. J Nutr 138, 1671-1676.
7. Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, et al. (2008) Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 32, 1289-1296.
8. Lee KW, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, et al. (2003) Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. J Agric Food Chem 51, 7292-7295.
9. Richelle M, Tavazzi I & Offord E (2001) Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving. J Agric Food Chem 49, 3438-3442.
10. Olson TP, Schmitz KH & Leon AS (2006) Vascular structure and function in women: relationship with body mass index. Am J Prev Med 30, 487-492.
11. Vicennati V & Pasquali R (2000) Abnormalities of the hypo-thalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in nondepressed women with abdominal obesity and relations with insulin resistance: evidence for a central and a peripheral alteration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85, 4093-4098.
12. Duclos M, Pereira PM, Barat P, et al. (2005) Increased cortisol bioavailability, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in obese women. Obes Res 13, 1157-1166.
13. Newton R (2000) Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action: what is important? Thorax 55, 603-613.
14. Morton NM, Holmes MC, Fievet C, et al. (2001) Improved lipid and lipoprotein profile, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 null mice. J Biol Chem 276, 41293-41300.
15. Kidambi S, Kitchen JM, Grim CE, et al. (2007) Association of adrenal steroids with hypertension and the metabolic syndrome in blacks. Hypertension 49, 704-711.
16. Bjelaković G, Beninati S, Pavlović D, et al. (2007) Glucocorti-coids and oxidative stress. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 18, 115-127.
17. Iuchi T, Akaike M, Mitsui T, et al. (2003) Glucocorticoid excess induces production in vascular endothelial cells and elicits vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res 92, 81-87.
18. Liu Y, Mladinov D, Pietrusz JL, et al. (2009) Glucocorticoid response elements and 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Cardiovasc Res 81, 140-147.
19. Alberti L, Girola A, Gilardini L, et al. (2007) Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with increased expression of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in obese subjects. Intern J Obes 31, e1826-e1831.
20. Meisel P (2005) Hypertension, diabetes: chocolate with a single remedy? Hypertension 46, e17.
21. Song Y, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. (2005) Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care 18, 1438-1444. (Pubitemid 40756710)
22. Song CH, Choi WS, Oh HJ, et al. (2007) Associations of serum minerals with body mass index in adult women. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 682-685.
23. Report of a World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on obesity (2000) Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: WHO.
24. Lovallo WR (2006) Cortisol secretion patterns in addiction and addiction risk. Int J Psychophysiol 59, 195-202.
25. Rohleder N & Kirschbaum C (2006) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in habitual smokers. Int J Psycho-physiol 59, 236-243.
26. Taubert D, Berkels R, Roesen R, et al. (2003) Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated hypertension. JAMA 290, 1029-1030.
27. Bayard V, Chamorro F, Motta J, et al. (2007) Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide-dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, Stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer in Panama. Int J Med Sci 4, 53-58.
28. Olthof MR, Hollman PCH & Katan MB (2001) Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. J Nutr 131, 66-71.
29. Olthof MR, Hollman PCH, Zock PL, et al. (2001) Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid present in coffee or of black tea increases plasma homocysteine concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 73, 532-538.
30. Olthof MR, Hollman PCH, Buijsman MNCP, et al. (2003) Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea polyphe-nols are extensively metabolised in humans. J Nutr 133, 1806-1814.
31. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, et al. (1983) A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr 37, 461-467.
32. Nelson M, Atkinson M & Meyer J (2002) A Photographic Atlas of Food Portion Sizes. London: Food standard agency publications.
33. Lindroos AK, Lissner L & Sjostrom L (1999) Validity and reproducibility of a self-administered dietary questionnaire in obese and non-obese subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 47, 461-481.
34. Taubert D, Roesen R, Lehmann C, et al. (2007) Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide. JAMA 298, 49-60.
35. Farin HMF, Abassi F & Reaven G (2006) Body mass index and waist circumference both contribute to differences in insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic adults. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 47-51.
36. Fuchs FD, Gus M, Moreira LB, et al. (2005) Anthropometric indices and the incidence of hypertension: a comparative analysis. Obes Res 13, 1515-1517.
37. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Poeta F, et al. (2004) Validation of the A&D UA-774 (UA-767Plus) device for self-measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 9, 225-229.
38. Rios LY, Gonthier M, Remesy C, et al. (2003) Chocolate intake increases urinary excretion of polyphenol-derived phenolic acids in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 912-918.
39. Roura E, Andres-Lacueva C, Estruch R, et al. (2006) Total polyphenol intake estimated by a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay of urine. Clin Chem 52, 749-752.
40. Al-Dujaili EAS & Bryant ML (2005) Effect of meal fat content on salivary testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy female volunteers. Endocrine Abstracts 10, 75.
41. Al-Dujaili EAS (2006) Development and validation of a simple and direct ELISA method for the determination of conjugated and non-conjugated testosterone excretion in urine. Clin Chim Acta 364, 172-179.
42. Palermo M, Shackleton CH, Mantero F, et al. (1996) Urinary free cortisone and the assessment of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 45, 605-611.
43. Tomaru M, Takano H, Osakabe N, et al. (2007) Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice. J Nutr 23, 351-355.
44. Karim M, McCormick K & Kappagoda CT (2000) Effects of cocoa extracts on endothelium-dependent relaxation. J Nutr 130, 2105S-2108S.
45. Fisher ND, Hughes M, Gerhard-Herman M, et al. (2003) Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. J Hypertens 21, 2281-2286.
46. Balzer J, Rassaf T, Heiss C, et al. (2008) Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a double-blind, randomized, controlled trail. J Am Coll Cardiol 51, 2141-2149.
47. Faridi Z, Nijke VY, Dutta S, et al. (2008) Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelium function: a randomised controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 58-63.
48. Quesada C, Bartolomé B, Nieto O, et al. (1996) Phenolic inhibitors of a-amylase and trypsin enzymes by extracts from pears, lentils, and cocoa. J Food Prot 59, 185-192.
49. McDougall GJ, Shpiro F, Dobson P, et al. (2005) Different polyphenolic components of soft fruits inhibit a-amylase and a-glucosidase. J Agric Food Chem 53, 2760-2766.
50. Song D, Lorenzo B & Reidenberg MM (1992) Inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by gossypol and biofla-vonoids. J Lab Clin Med 120, 792-797.
51. Lee YS, Lorenzo BJ, Koufis T, et al. (1996) Grapefruit and its flavonoids inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Clin Pharmacol There 59, 62-71.
52. Guo J & Reidenberg MM (1998) Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase by bioflavonoids and their interaction with furosemide and gossypol. J Lab Clin Med 132, 32-38.
53. Sardi A, Geda C, Nerici L, et al. (2002) Rhabdomyolysis and arterial hypertension caused by apparent excess of mineralcorti-coids: a case report. Ann Ital Med Int 17, 126-129.
54. Arion WJ, Canfield WK, Ramos FC, et al. (1997) Chlorogenic acid and hydroxynitrobenzaldehyde: new inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phophatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 339, 315-322.
55. Hemmerle H, Burger HJ, Below P, et al. (1997) Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. J Med Chem 40, 137-145.
56. Lamuela-Raventós ML & Andrés-Lacueva C (2001) More anti-oxidants in cocoa. J Nutr 131, 834.
57. Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, et al. (1999) Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. Hypertension 33, 1364-1368.
58. Chamarthi B, Kolatkar NS, Hunt SC, et al. (2007) Urinary free cortisol: an intermediate phenotype and a potential genetic marker for a salt-resistant subset of essential hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92, 1340-1346.
59. Stomson RH, Johnstone AM, Homer NZ, et al. (2007) Dietary macronutrient content alters cortisol metabolism independently of body weight changes in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92, 4480-4484.
60. Litchfield WR, Hunt SC, Jeunemaitre X, et al. (1998) Increased urinary free cortisol: a potential intermediate phenotype of essential hypertension. Hypertension 31, 569-574.
61. Kerstens MN, Kleij FG, Bonnstra AH, et al. (2001) Salt loading affects cortisol metabolism in normotensive subjects: relationships with salt sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 4180-4185.
62. Stote KS, Clevidence BA & Baer DJ (2007) Effect f cocoa and green tea consumption on glucoregulatory biomarkers in insulin resistant men and women. FASEB J 21, 84717.
63. Grahame-Smith DG & Aronson JK (2002) Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. Luna F, Crouzillat D, Cirou L, et al. (2002) Chemical composition and flavor of Ecuadorian cocoa liquor. J Agric Food Chem 50, 3527-3532.
65. Counet C, Ouwerx C, Rosoux D, et al. (2004) Relationship between procyanidin and flavor contents of cocoa liquors from different origins. J Agric Food Chem 52, 6243-6249.
66. Fraga CG, Actis-Goretta L, Ottaviani JI, et al. (2005) Regular consumption of a flavanol-rich chocolate can improve oxidant stress in young soccer player. Clin Dev Immunol 12, 11-17.
67. Ding EL, Hutfless SM, Ding X, et al. (2006) Chocolate and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 3, 2.
68. Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC, et al. (2007) Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15, 1139-1146.
69. McKeown NM, Jacque PF, Zhang XL, et al. (2008) Dietary magnesium intake is related to metabolic syndrome in older Americans. Eur J Nutr 47, 210-216.