메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 182, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: Nonventilatory management

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADRENALIN; AMINOPHYLLINE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; HYDROCORTISONE; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PREDNISONE; SALBUTAMOL; THEOPHYLLINE; OXYGEN;

EID: 77949892402     PISSN: 08203946     EISSN: 14882329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.080072     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (33)

References (191)
  • 1
    • 34247896930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma exacerbations 5: Assessment and management of severe asthma in adults in hospital
    • Aldington S, Beasley R. Asthma exacerbations 5: Assessment and management of severe asthma in adults in hospital. Thorax 2007;62:447-458
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , pp. 447-458
    • Aldington, S.1    Beasley, R.2
  • 3
    • 2542451416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of acute life-threatening asthma
    • FitzGerald JM. The management of acute life-threatening asthma. Eur Respir Monit 2003;23:396-408.
    • (2003) Eur Respir Monit , vol.23 , pp. 396-408
    • FitzGerald, J.M.1
  • 5
    • 0029023284 scopus 로고
    • The assessment and management of adults with status asthmaticus
    • Corbridge TC, Hall JB. The assessment and management of adults with status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1296-1316
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1296-1316
    • Corbridge, T.C.1    Hall, J.B.2
  • 6
    • 36549033386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-fatal asthma: Recognition and management
    • Restrepo RD, Peters J. Near-fatal asthma: recognition and management. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008;14:13-23.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.14 , pp. 13-23
    • Restrepo, R.D.1    Peters, J.2
  • 7
    • 43049127714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available: accessed 2009 Sep. 7
    • Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma; 2008. Available: www.ginasthma.com/Guidelineitem .asp?11 =2&12=1&intId=60 (accessed 2009 Sep. 7).
    • (2008) Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention
  • 8
    • 71049180340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network London (UK): The Society; Available: (accessed 2009 Aug. 26)
    • British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. London (UK): The Society; 2008. Available: www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign101.pdf (accessed 2009 Aug. 26).
    • (2008) British Guideline on the Management of Asthma: A National Clinical Guideline
  • 9
    • 0002058573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the emergency management of asthma in adults
    • CAEP/CTS Asthma Advisory Committee. Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society
    • Beveridge RC, Grunfeld AF, Hodder RV, et al. Guidelines for the emergency management of asthma in adults. CAEP/CTS Asthma Advisory Committee. Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society. CMAJ 1996;155:25-37.
    • (1996) CMAJ , vol.155 , pp. 25-37
    • Beveridge, R.C.1    Grunfeld, A.F.2    Hodder, R.V.3
  • 10
    • 0033619704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian asthma consensus report, 1999
    • Boulet LP, Becker A, Bérubé D, et al. Canadian asthma consensus report, 1999. CMAJ 1999;160(11 Suppl):S1-62.
    • (1999) CMAJ , vol.160 , Issue.11 SUPPL.
    • Boulet, L.P.1    Becker, A.2    Bérubé, D.3
  • 11
    • 17644429007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is new since the last (1999) Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines?
    • Boulet LP, Bai T, Becker A, et al. What is new since the last (1999) Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines? Can Respir J 2001;8 Suppl A:5A-27A.
    • (2001) Can Respir J , vol.8 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Boulet, L.P.1    Bai, T.2    Becker, A.3
  • 12
    • 23044510379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma management at discharge from the emergency department: A descriptive study
    • Gervais P, Larouche I, Blais L, et al. Asthma management at discharge from the emergency department: a descriptive study. Can Respir J 2005;12:219-222
    • (2005) Can Respir J , vol.12 , pp. 219-222
    • Gervais, P.1    Larouche, I.2    Blais, L.3
  • 13
    • 0033923198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma management in the emergency department
    • Reid J, Marciniuk D, Cockroft D. Asthma management in the emergency department. Can Respir J 2000;7:255-260
    • (2000) Can Respir J , vol.7 , pp. 255-260
    • Reid, J.1    Marciniuk, D.2    Cockroft, D.3
  • 14
    • 0035949135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma severity and adequacy of management in accident and emergency departments in France: A prospective study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05779-8
    • Salmeron S, Liard R, Elkharrat D, et al. Asthma severity and adequacy of management in accident and emergency departments in France: a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:629-635 (Pubitemid 32786828)
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , Issue.9282 , pp. 629-635
    • Salmeron, S.1    Liard, R.2    Elkharrat, D.3    Muir, J.-F.4    Neukirch, F.5    Ellrodt, A.6
  • 15
    • 0025286407 scopus 로고
    • Acute asthma: Emergency department management and prospective evaluation of outcome
    • FitzGerald JM, Hargreave FE. Acute asthma: emergency department management and prospective evaluation of outcome. CMAJ 1990;142:591-595 (Pubitemid 20188722)
    • (1990) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.142 , Issue.6 , pp. 591-595
    • Fitzgerald, J.M.1    Hargreave, F.E.2
  • 16
    • 0030857445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute asthma in Canada: An assessment of emergency physician behaviour
    • DOI 10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00093-0, PII S0736467997000930
    • Grunfeld A, Beveridge RC, Berkowitz J, et al. Management of acute asthma in Canada: an assessment of emergency physician behaviour. J Emerg Med 1997;15:547-556 (Pubitemid 27362621)
    • (1997) Journal of Emergency Medicine , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 547-556
    • Grunfeld, A.1    Beveridge, R.C.2    Berkowitz, J.3    Fitzgerald, J.M.4
  • 17
    • 36048972541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Canadian versus American emergency department visits for acute asthma
    • Rowe BH, Bota G, Clark S, et al. Comparison of Canadian versus American emergency department visits for acute asthma. Can Respir J 2007;14:331-337 (Pubitemid 350081680)
    • (2007) Canadian Respiratory Journal , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 331-337
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Bota, G.W.2    Clark, S.3    Camargo, C.A.4
  • 18
    • 18244376102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compliance with guidelines for emergency management of asthma in adults: Experience at a tertiary care teaching hospital
    • Krym VF, Crawford B, MacDonald RD. Compliance with guidelines for emergency management of asthma in adults: experience at a tertiary care teaching hospital. CJEM 2004;6:321-326 (Pubitemid 40631954)
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 321-326
    • Krym, V.F.1    Crawford, B.2    MacDonald, R.D.3
  • 19
    • 62149142081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations and gaps in management of acute asthma in Ontario emergency departments
    • Lougheed MD, Garvey N, Chapman KR, et al. Variations and gaps in management of acute asthma in Ontario emergency departments. Chest 2009;135:724-736
    • (2009) Chest , vol.135 , pp. 724-736
    • Lougheed, M.D.1    Garvey, N.2    Chapman, K.R.3
  • 20
    • 68549130743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency department adult asthma care pathway: Healthcare providers' perceived utility and barriers to implementation
    • Olajos-Clow J, Szpiro K, Julien B, et al. Emergency department adult asthma care pathway: healthcare providers' perceived utility and barriers to implementation. Adv Emerg Nurs J 2009;31:44-53.
    • (2009) Adv Emerg Nurs J , vol.31 , pp. 44-53
    • Olajos-Clow, J.1    Szpiro, K.2    Julien, B.3
  • 22
    • 29544439958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of magnesium sulfate in acute asthma: Rapid uptake of evidence in North American emergency departments
    • Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration (MARC) Investigators
    • Rowe BH, Camargo CA Jr; Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration (MARC) Investigators. The use of magnesium sulfate in acute asthma: rapid uptake of evidence in North American emergency departments. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;117:53-58
    • (2005) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.117 , pp. 53-58
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Camargo Jr., C.A.2
  • 23
    • 42449099916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the use of anti-inflammatory agents in acute asthma in the emergency department: Experience with an asthma care map
    • Rowe BH, Chahal AM, Spooner CH, et al. Increasing the use of anti-inflammatory agents in acute asthma in the emergency department: experience with an asthma care map. Can Respir J 2008;15:20-26
    • (2008) Can Respir J , vol.15 , pp. 20-26
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Chahal, A.M.2    Spooner, C.H.3
  • 24
    • 0029923079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada, 1990
    • Krahn MD, Berka C, Langlois P, et al. Direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada, 1990. CMAJ 1996;154:821-831
    • (1996) CMAJ , vol.154 , pp. 821-831
    • Krahn, M.D.1    Berka, C.2    Langlois, P.3
  • 25
    • 33645963991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ontario Asthma Regional Variation Study: Emergency department visit rates and the relation to hospitalization rates
    • Lougheed MD, Garvey N, Chapman KR, et al. The Ontario Asthma Regional Variation Study: emergency department visit rates and the relation to hospitalization rates. Chest 2006;129:909-917
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , pp. 909-917
    • Lougheed, M.D.1    Garvey, N.2    Chapman, K.R.3
  • 26
    • 54649084975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians consensus statement
    • Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians consensus statement. Chest 2008;134:1-141.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 1-141
    • Tarlo, S.M.1    Balmes, J.2    Balkissoon, R.3
  • 28
    • 0034545358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid onset asthma attack: A prospective cohort study about characteristics and response to emergency department treatment
    • Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. Rapid onset asthma attack: a prospective cohort study about characteristics and response to emergency department treatment. Chest 2000;118:1547-1552
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 1547-1552
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Rodrigo, C.2
  • 29
    • 0031902014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid onset asthma: A severe but uncommon manifestation
    • Kolbe J, Fergusson W, Garrett J. Rapid onset asthma: a severe but uncommon manifestation. Thorax 1998;53:241-247
    • (1998) Thorax , vol.53 , pp. 241-247
    • Kolbe, J.1    Fergusson, W.2    Garrett, J.3
  • 31
    • 34047198677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-fatal asthma phenotype in the ENFUMOSA cohort
    • Romagnoli M, Caramori G, Braccioni F, et al. Near-fatal asthma phenotype in the ENFUMOSA cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37:552-557
    • (2007) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.37 , pp. 552-557
    • Romagnoli, M.1    Caramori, G.2    Braccioni, F.3
  • 32
    • 0026034764 scopus 로고
    • Fatal and near-fatal asthma
    • McFadden ER Jr. Fatal and near-fatal asthma. N Engl J Med 1991;324:409-411
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 409-411
    • McFadden Jr., E.R.1
  • 33
    • 0027216415 scopus 로고
    • Sudden onset fatal asthma. A distinct entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa?
    • Sur S, Crotty T, Kephart G, et al. Sudden onset fatal asthma. A distinct entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa? Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:713-719
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , pp. 713-719
    • Sur, S.1    Crotty, T.2    Kephart, G.3
  • 35
    • 41149161638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; Available: (accessed 2009 Sep. 14)
    • Life and breath: respiratory disease in Canada. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2007. Available: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/2007/lbrdc- vsmrc/index-eng.php (accessed 2009 Sep. 14).
    • (2007) Life and Breath: Respiratory Disease in Canada
  • 36
    • 0026338048 scopus 로고
    • Near fatal asthma: Clinical and physiologic features, perception of bronchoconstriction, and psychologic profile
    • Boulet LP, Deschesnes F, Turcotte H, et al. Near fatal asthma: clinical and physiologic features, perception of bronchoconstriction, and psychologic profile. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;88:838-846
    • (1991) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.88 , pp. 838-846
    • Boulet, L.P.1    Deschesnes, F.2    Turcotte, H.3
  • 37
    • 28444473120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ongoing confidential enquiry into asthma deaths in the eastern region of the UK, 2001-2003
    • Harrison B, Stephenson P, Mohan G, et al. An ongoing confidential enquiry into asthma deaths in the eastern region of the UK, 2001-2003. Prim Care Respir J 2005;14:303-313
    • (2005) Prim Care Respir J , vol.14 , pp. 303-313
    • Harrison, B.1    Stephenson, P.2    Mohan, G.3
  • 38
    • 25844434701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal asthma
    • Alvarez GG, Schulzer M, Jung D, et al. A systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal asthma. Can Respir J 2005;12:265-270
    • (2005) Can Respir J , vol.12 , pp. 265-270
    • Alvarez, G.G.1    Schulzer, M.2    Jung, D.3
  • 39
    • 0023005795 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of deaths from asthma
    • Rea HH, Scragg R, Jackson R, et al. A case-control study of deaths from asthma. Thorax 1986;41:833-839
    • (1986) Thorax , vol.41 , pp. 833-839
    • Rea, H.H.1    Scragg, R.2    Jackson, R.3
  • 40
    • 0023666587 scopus 로고
    • Lessons from the national asthma mortality study: Circumstances surrounding death
    • Rea HH, Sears MR, Beaglehole R, et al. Lessons from the national asthma mortality study: circumstances surrounding death. N Z Med J 1987;100:10-13
    • (1987) N Z Med J , vol.100 , pp. 10-13
    • Rea, H.H.1    Sears, M.R.2    Beaglehole, R.3
  • 41
    • 30544444495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of patients with frequent exacerbation of asthma
    • DOI 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.05.017, PII S0954611105002416
    • Koga T, Oshita Y, Kamimura T, et al. Characterisation of patients with frequent exacerbation of asthma. Respir Med 2006;100:273-278 (Pubitemid 43078979)
    • (2006) Respiratory Medicine , vol.100 , Issue.2 , pp. 273-278
    • Koga, T.1    Oshita, Y.2    Kamimura, T.3    Koga, H.4    Aizawa, H.5
  • 42
    • 0033667196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of severe life threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: Demographics, health care, and management of the acute attack
    • Kolbe J, Fergusson W, Vamos M, et al. Case-control study of severe life threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: demographics, health care, and management of the acute attack. Thorax 2000;55:1007-1015
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.55 , pp. 1007-1015
    • Kolbe, J.1    Fergusson, W.2    Vamos, M.3
  • 44
    • 0026804620 scopus 로고
    • Markers of risk of asthma death or readmission in the 12 months following a hospital admission for acute asthma
    • Crane J, Pearce N, Bugess C, et al. Markers of risk of asthma death or readmission in the 12 months following a hospital admission for acute asthma. Int J Epidemiol 1992;21:737-744
    • (1992) Int J Epidemiol , vol.21 , pp. 737-744
    • Crane, J.1    Pearce, N.2    Bugess, C.3
  • 45
    • 0026739523 scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of potentially fatal asthma in hospitalized adults. Patient characteristics and increased severity of asthma
    • Miller TP, Greenberger PA, Patterson R. The diagnosis of potentially fatal asthma in hospitalized adults. Patient characteristics and increased severity of asthma. Chest 1992;102:515-518
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , pp. 515-518
    • Miller, T.P.1    Greenberger, P.A.2    Patterson, R.3
  • 47
    • 0023241824 scopus 로고
    • Lessons from the national asthma mortality study: Deaths in hospital
    • Rothwell RP, Rea HH, Sears MR, et al. Lessons from the national asthma mortality study: deaths in hospital. N Z Med J 1987;100:199-202.
    • (1987) N Z Med J , vol.100 , pp. 199-202
    • Rothwell, R.P.1    Rea, H.H.2    Sears, M.R.3
  • 49
    • 0023726378 scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia
    • Mountain RD, Sahn SA. Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:535-539
    • (1988) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.138 , pp. 535-539
    • Mountain, R.D.1    Sahn, S.A.2
  • 51
    • 0026595475 scopus 로고
    • The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma
    • Spitzer WO, Suissa S, Ernst P, et al. The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992;326:501-506
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 501-506
    • Spitzer, W.O.1    Suissa, S.2    Ernst, P.3
  • 52
    • 0027980288 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of increasing beta agonist use and risk of fatal and near fatal asthma
    • Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P. Patterns of increasing beta agonist use and risk of fatal and near fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1602-1609
    • (1994) Eur Respir J , vol.7 , pp. 1602-1609
    • Suissa, S.1    Blais, L.2    Ernst, P.3
  • 53
    • 0028214757 scopus 로고
    • A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists
    • Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:604-610
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.149 , pp. 604-610
    • Suissa, S.1    Ernst, P.2    Boivin, J.F.3
  • 54
    • 0027055869 scopus 로고
    • Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use
    • Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S, et al. Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA 1992;268:3462-3464
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 3462-3464
    • Ernst, P.1    Spitzer, W.O.2    Suissa, S.3
  • 55
    • 44949194776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: Serious adverse events
    • CD006363
    • Cates CJ, Cates MJ. Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(3):CD006363.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.3
    • Cates, C.J.1    Cates, M.J.2
  • 56
    • 44949194776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: Serious adverse events
    • CD006923
    • Cates CJ, Cates MJ, Lasserson TJ. Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(4):CD006923.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Cates, C.J.1    Cates, M.J.2    Lasserson, T.J.3
  • 57
    • 33144476873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: A comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol
    • Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, et al. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest 2006;129:15-26.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , pp. 15-26
    • Nelson, H.S.1    Weiss, S.T.2    Bleecker, E.R.3
  • 58
    • 33745306721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: Effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths
    • Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:904-912
    • (2006) Ann Intern Med , vol.144 , pp. 904-912
    • Salpeter, S.R.1    Buckley, N.S.2    Ormiston, T.M.3
  • 59
    • 33644838428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of aspirin-intolerant asthma to near fatal asthma based on a questionnaire survey in Niigata Prefecture, Japan
    • Yoshimine F, Hasegawa T, Suzuki E, et al. Contribution of aspirin-intolerant asthma to near fatal asthma based on a questionnaire survey in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Respirology 2005;10:477-484
    • (2005) Respirology , vol.10 , pp. 477-484
    • Yoshimine, F.1    Hasegawa, T.2    Suzuki, E.3
  • 60
    • 0024511298 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin-intolerance as a precipitating factor of life-threatening attacks of asthma requiring mechanical ventilation
    • Picado C, Castillo JA, Montserrat JM, et al. Aspirin-intolerance as a precipitating factor of life-threatening attacks of asthma requiring mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 1989;2:127-129 (Pubitemid 19068708)
    • (1989) European Respiratory Journal , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-129
    • Picado, C.1    Castillo, J.A.2    Montserrat, J.M.3    Agusti-Vidal, A.4
  • 61
    • 0035721532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for hospitalization among adults with asthma: The influence of sociodemographic factors and asthma severity
    • DOI 10.1186/rr37
    • Eisner MD, Katz PP, Yelin EH, et al. Risk factors for hospitalization among adults with asthma: the influence of sociodemographic factors and asthma severity. Respir Res 2001;2:53-60. (Pubitemid 34187906)
    • (2001) Respiratory Research , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-60
    • Eisner, M.D.1    Katz, P.P.2    Yelin, E.H.3    Shiboski, S.C.4    Blanc, P.D.5
  • 62
    • 0036167038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of hospitalization and near-fatal and fatal asthma in relation to the perception of dyspnea
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.121.2.329
    • Magadle R, Berar-Yanay N, Weiner P. The risk of hospitalization and near-fatal and fatal asthma in relation to the perception of dyspnea. Chest 2002;121:329-333 (Pubitemid 34132965)
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , Issue.2 , pp. 329-333
    • Magadle, R.1    Berar-Yanay, N.2    Weiner, P.3
  • 65
    • 0036221632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of severe life threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: Psychological factors
    • Kolbe J, Fergusson W, Vamos M, et al. Case-control study of severe life threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: psychological factors. Thorax 2002;57:317-322
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 317-322
    • Kolbe, J.1    Fergusson, W.2    Vamos, M.3
  • 66
    • 27744437460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma
    • ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Masclee AA, et al. Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur Respir J 2005;26:812-818
    • (2005) Eur Respir J , vol.26 , pp. 812-818
    • Ten Brinke, A.1    Sterk, P.J.2    Masclee, A.A.3
  • 67
    • 0030044862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased morbidity and mortality related to asthma among asthmatic patients who use major tranquillisers
    • Joseph KS, Blais L, Ernst P, et al. Increased morbidity and mortality related to asthma among asthmatic patients who use major tranquillisers. BMJ 1996;312:79-81.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 79-81
    • Joseph, K.S.1    Blais, L.2    Ernst, P.3
  • 68
    • 0028910350 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric and medical features of near fatal asthma
    • Campbell DA, Yelloelees PM, McLennan G, et al. Psychiatric and medical features of near fatal asthma. Thorax 1995;50:254-259
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 254-259
    • Campbell, D.A.1    Yelloelees, P.M.2    McLennan, G.3
  • 69
    • 33847355617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of the psychological risk factors associated with near fatal asthma or fatal asthma
    • Alvarez GG, FitzGerald JM. A systematic review of the psychological risk factors associated with near fatal asthma or fatal asthma. Respiration 2007;74:228-236
    • (2007) Respiration , vol.74 , pp. 228-236
    • Alvarez, G.G.1    FitzGerald, J.M.2
  • 70
    • 0026540917 scopus 로고
    • Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City
    • Carr W, Zeitel L, Weiss K. Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City. Am J Public Health 1994;82:59-65.
    • (1994) Am J Public Health , vol.82 , pp. 59-65
    • Carr, W.1    Zeitel, L.2    Weiss, K.3
  • 71
    • 16344377335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Lung Association Epidemiology and Staistics Unit Research and Program Services. Washington (DC): American Lung Association; Available from: registration required
    • American Lung Association Epidemiology and Staistics Unit Research and Program Services. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. Washington (DC): American Lung Association; 2006. Available from: www.lung.usa.org (registration required).
    • (2006) Trends in Asthma Morbidity and Mortality
  • 72
    • 34247844420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of cigarette smoking on adult asthma outcomes
    • Eisner MD, Iribarren C. The influence of cigarette smoking on adult asthma outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:53-56
    • (2007) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.9 , pp. 53-56
    • Eisner, M.D.1    Iribarren, C.2
  • 73
    • 0035152064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are asthma medications and management related to deaths from asthma?
    • Abramson MJ, Bailey MJ, Couper FJ, et al. Are asthma medications and management related to deaths from asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:12-18
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 12-18
    • Abramson, M.J.1    Bailey, M.J.2    Couper, F.J.3
  • 74
    • 0030459461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma deaths confounded by substance abuse: An assessment of fatal asthma
    • Levenson T, Greenberger PA, Donoghue ER, et al. Asthma deaths confounded by substance abuse: an assessment of fatal asthma. Chest 1996;110:604-610 (Pubitemid 27009279)
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110 , Issue.3 , pp. 604-610
    • Levenson, T.1    Greenberger, P.A.2    Donoghue, E.R.3    Lifschultz, B.D.4
  • 76
    • 0013580861 scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of a workshop on near fatal asthma
    • FitzGerald JM, Macklem PT. Proceedings of a workshop on near fatal asthma. Can Respir J 1995;2:113-126
    • (1995) Can Respir J , vol.2 , pp. 113-126
    • FitzGerald, J.M.1    Macklem, P.T.2
  • 78
    • 0028210759 scopus 로고
    • Blunted perception and death from asthma
    • Barnes PJ. Blunted perception and death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1383-1384
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1383-1384
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 79
    • 85057657821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dyspnea in asthma
    • Mahler D, O'Donnell D, editors. Boca Ratan (FL): Taylor and Francis Group
    • Lougheed M, O'Donnell D. Dyspnea in asthma. In: Mahler D, O'Donnell D, editors. Dyspnea: mechanisms, measurement and management. Boca Ratan (FL): Taylor and Francis Group; 2005. p. 59-86.
    • (2005) Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement and Management , pp. 59-86
    • Lougheed, M.1    O'Donnell, D.2
  • 80
    • 34250869692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in asthma: Symptom perception, care, and outcomes
    • DOI 10.1139/Y06-094
    • Lougheed MD. Variability in asthma: symptom perception, care, and outcomes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;85:149-154 (Pubitemid 46996113)
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology , vol.85 , Issue.1 , pp. 149-154
    • Lougheed, M.D.1
  • 81
    • 0026763912 scopus 로고
    • Poorly perceived asthma
    • Barnes PJ. Poorly perceived asthma. Thorax 1992;47:408-409
    • (1992) Thorax , vol.47 , pp. 408-409
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 82
    • 0020638634 scopus 로고
    • Position and diaphoresis in acute asthma
    • Brenner BE, Abraham E, Simon RR. Position and diaphoresis in acute asthma. Am J Med 1983;74:1005-1009
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.74 , pp. 1005-1009
    • Brenner, B.E.1    Abraham, E.2    Simon, R.R.3
  • 83
    • 84944966006 scopus 로고
    • Arterial blood gases and pulmonary function testing in acute bronchial asthma. Predicting patient outcomes
    • Nowak RM, Tomlanovich MC, Sarker DD, et al. Arterial blood gases and pulmonary function testing in acute bronchial asthma. Predicting patient outcomes. JAMA 1983;49:2043-2046
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.49 , pp. 2043-2046
    • Nowak, R.M.1    Tomlanovich, M.C.2    Sarker, D.D.3
  • 84
    • 0018427755 scopus 로고
    • Spirometric evaluation of acute bronchial asthma
    • Nowak RM, Gordon KR, Wroblewski DA. Spirometric evaluation of acute bronchial asthma. JACEP 1979;8:9-12.
    • (1979) JACEP , vol.8 , pp. 9-12
    • Nowak, R.M.1    Gordon, K.R.2    Wroblewski, D.A.3
  • 85
    • 12344305326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vocal cord dysfunction: An uncommon cause of stridor
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.10.001, PII S0736467904002999
    • Soli CJ, Smally AJ. Vocal cord dysfunction: an uncommon cause of stridor. J Emerg Med 2005;28:31-33 (Pubitemid 40126766)
    • (2005) Journal of Emergency Medicine , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-33
    • Soli, C.G.1    Smally, A.J.2
  • 88
    • 0033822047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MARC Investigators Asthma education in the emergency department
    • Emond SD, Reed CR, Graff LG IV, et al.; MARC Investigators Asthma education in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:204-211
    • (2000) Ann Emerg Med , vol.36 , pp. 204-211
    • Emond, S.D.1    Reed, C.R.2    Graff IV, L.G.3
  • 90
    • 68549135206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma education delivered in an emergency department and an asthma education centre: A feasibility study
    • Szpiro KA, Harrison MB, VandenKerkhoff EG, et al. Asthma education delivered in an emergency department and an asthma education centre: a feasibility study. Adv Emerg Nurs J 2009;31:65-77.
    • (2009) Adv Emerg Nurs J , vol.31 , pp. 65-77
    • Szpiro, K.A.1    Harrison, M.B.2    VandenKerkhoff, E.G.3
  • 91
    • 0025785543 scopus 로고
    • Facilitated referral to asthma specialists reduces relapses in emergency room visits
    • Zeiger RS, Heller S, Mellon MH, et al. Facilitated referral to asthma specialists reduces relapses in emergency room visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;87:1160-1168
    • (1991) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.87 , pp. 1160-1168
    • Zeiger, R.S.1    Heller, S.2    Mellon, M.H.3
  • 92
    • 33344464792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of emergency department interventions to improve primary care follow-up for patients with acute asthma
    • Baren JM, Boudreaux ED, Brenner BE, et al. Randomized controlled trial of emergency department interventions to improve primary care follow-up for patients with acute asthma. Chest 2006;129:257-265
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , pp. 257-265
    • Baren, J.M.1    Boudreaux, E.D.2    Brenner, B.E.3
  • 93
    • 77951803156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: Assisted ventilation
    • DOI:10.1503/cmaj.080073. In press
    • Hodder R, Lougheed MD, FitzGerald JM, et al. Management of acute asthma in adults in the emergency department: assisted ventilation. CMAJ 2009. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.080073. In press.
    • (2009) CMAJ
    • Hodder, R.1    Lougheed, M.D.2    FitzGerald, J.M.3
  • 94
    • 69249091716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint task force report: Supplemental recommendations for the management and follow-up of asthma exacerbations
    • Schatz M, Kazzi AAN, Brenner B, et al. Joint task force report: supplemental recommendations for the management and follow-up of asthma exacerbations. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6:353-393
    • (2009) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.6 , pp. 353-393
    • Schatz, M.1    Kazzi, A.A.N.2    Brenner, B.3
  • 95
    • 0042428998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New grades for recommendations from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
    • Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
    • Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. New grades for recommendations from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 2003;169:207-208
    • (2003) CMAJ , vol.169 , pp. 207-208
  • 96
    • 71049140054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of asthma in adults
    • DOI:10.1503/cmaj.080006
    • Kaplan A, Balter M, Bell A, et al. Diagnosis of asthma in adults. CMAJ 2009. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.080006.
    • (2009) CMAJ
    • Kaplan, A.1    Balter, M.2    Bell, A.3
  • 97
    • 0035574776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems for clinical judgement 3. Thinking clearly in an emergency
    • Schull MJ, Ferris LE, Tu JV, et al. Problems for clinical judgement 3. Thinking clearly in an emergency. CMAJ 2001;164:1170-1175
    • (2001) CMAJ , vol.164 , pp. 1170-1175
    • Schull, M.J.1    Ferris, L.E.2    Tu, J.V.3
  • 98
    • 0031445657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delivering asthma education to special high risk groups
    • FitzGerald JM, Turner MO. Delivering asthma education to special high risk groups. Patient Educ Couns 1997;32(1 Suppl):S77-86.
    • (1997) Patient Educ Couns , vol.32 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • FitzGerald, J.M.1    Turner, M.O.2
  • 99
    • 33751249606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma exacerbations. 4: Prevention
    • FitzGerald JM, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 4: Prevention. Thorax 2006;61:992-999
    • (2006) Thorax , vol.61 , pp. 992-999
    • FitzGerald, J.M.1    Gibson, P.G.2
  • 100
    • 0027485805 scopus 로고
    • Circumstances surrounding death from asthma in Cook County (Chicago) Illinois
    • Greenberger PA, Miller TP, Lifschultz B. Circumstances surrounding death from asthma in Cook County (Chicago) Illinois. Allergy Proc 1993;14:321-326
    • (1993) Allergy Proc , vol.14 , pp. 321-326
    • Greenberger, P.A.1    Miller, T.P.2    Lifschultz, B.3
  • 101
    • 33846128757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breath-holding test in subjects with nearfatal asthma. A new index for dyspnea perception
    • Nannini LJ, Zaietta GA, Guerrera AJ, et al. Breath-holding test in subjects with nearfatal asthma. A new index for dyspnea perception. Respir Med 2007;101:246-253
    • (2007) Respir Med , vol.101 , pp. 246-253
    • Nannini, L.J.1    Zaietta, G.A.2    Guerrera, A.J.3
  • 102
    • 0015581243 scopus 로고
    • Acute bronchial asthma: Relations between clinical and physiologic manifestations
    • McFadden ER Jr, Kiser R, DeGroot WJ. Acute bronchial asthma: relations between clinical and physiologic manifestations. N Engl J Med 1973;288:221-225
    • (1973) N Engl J Med , vol.288 , pp. 221-225
    • McFadden Jr., E.R.1    Kiser, R.2    DeGroot, W.J.3
  • 103
    • 1642284303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute asthma in adults: A review
    • Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review. Chest 2004;125:1081-1102
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 1081-1102
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Rodrigo, C.2    Hall, J.B.3
  • 104
    • 0019485938 scopus 로고
    • An index predicting relapse and need for hospitalization in patients with acute bronchial asthma
    • Fischl MA, Pitchenik A, Gardner LB. An index predicting relapse and need for hospitalization in patients with acute bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med 1981;305:783-789
    • (1981) N Engl J Med , vol.305 , pp. 783-789
    • Fischl, M.A.1    Pitchenik, A.2    Gardner, L.B.3
  • 105
    • 0031732025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early prediction of poor response in acute asthma patients in the emergency room
    • Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C. Early prediction of poor response in acute asthma patients in the emergency room. Chest 1998;114:1016-1021
    • (1998) Chest , vol.114 , pp. 1016-1021
    • Rodrigo, G.1    Rodrigo, C.2
  • 106
    • 0015691871 scopus 로고
    • Pulsus paradoxus as a valuable sign indicating severity of asthma
    • Knowles GK, Clark TJ. Pulsus paradoxus as a valuable sign indicating severity of asthma. Lancet 1973;2:1356-1359
    • (1973) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1356-1359
    • Knowles, G.K.1    Clark, T.J.2
  • 107
    • 0033890254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of physician ability in the measurement of pulsus paradoxus by sphygmomanometry
    • Jay GD, Onuma K, Davis R, et al. Analysis of physician ability in the measurement of pulsus paradoxus by sphygmomanometry. Chest 2000;118:348-352
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 348-352
    • Jay, G.D.1    Onuma, K.2    Davis, R.3
  • 108
    • 0020570703 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of wheezing to the severity of obstruction in asthma
    • Shim CS, Williams MH Jr. Relationship of wheezing to the severity of obstruction in asthma. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:890-892
    • (1983) Arch Intern Med , vol.143 , pp. 890-892
    • Shim, C.S.1    Williams Jr., M.H.2
  • 109
    • 0018921338 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the severity of asthma: Patients versus physicians
    • Shim CS, Williams MH Jr. Evolution of the severity of asthma: patients versus physicians. Am J Med 1980;68:11-13
    • (1980) Am J Med , vol.68 , pp. 11-13
    • Shim, C.S.1    Williams Jr., M.H.2
  • 110
    • 0032060657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAEP issues. The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale: A new and critical element in health care reform
    • Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
    • Beveridge R. CAEP issues. The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale: a new and critical element in health care reform. Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians. J Emerg Med 1998;16:507-511
    • (1998) J Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 507-511
    • Beveridge, R.1
  • 111
    • 77953313334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ottawa: Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians; Available: (accessed 2009 Sep. 25)
    • Policies/guidelines: CTAS [Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale]. Ottawa: Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians; 2009. Available: www .caep.ca /template.asp?id=B795164082374289BBD9C1C2BF4B8D32 (accessed 2009 Sep. 25).
    • (2009) Policies/guidelines: CTAS [Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale]
  • 112
    • 33846302759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FEV1 performance among patients with acute asthma
    • Silverman RA, Flaster E, Enright PL, et al. FEV1 performance among patients with acute asthma. Chest 2007;131:164-171
    • (2007) Chest , vol.131 , pp. 164-171
    • Silverman, R.A.1    Flaster, E.2    Enright, P.L.3
  • 113
    • 0035089903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Soubani AO. Noninvasive monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:141-146
    • (2001) Am J Emerg Med , vol.19 , pp. 141-146
    • Soubani, A.O.1
  • 114
    • 0842296278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can peripheral venous blood gases replace arterial blood gases in emergency department patients?
    • Rang LC, Murray HE, Wells GA, et al. Can peripheral venous blood gases replace arterial blood gases in emergency department patients? CJEM 2002;4:7-15.
    • (2002) CJEM , vol.4 , pp. 7-15
    • Rang, L.C.1    Murray, H.E.2    Wells, G.A.3
  • 115
    • 0022233171 scopus 로고
    • The usefulness of peripheral venous blood in estimating acid-base status in acutely ill patients
    • Gennis PR, Skovron ML, Aronson ST, et al. The usefulness of peripheral venous blood in estimating acid-base status in acutely ill patients. Ann Emerg Med 1985;14:845-849
    • (1985) Ann Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 845-849
    • Gennis, P.R.1    Skovron, M.L.2    Aronson, S.T.3
  • 116
    • 0036143181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 and pH can be used to screen for significant hypercarbia in emergency patients with acute respiratory disease
    • 2 and pH can be used to screen for significant hypercarbia in emergency patients with acute respiratory disease. J Emerg Med 2002;22:15-19
    • (2002) J Emerg Med , vol.22 , pp. 15-19
    • Kelly, A.M.1    Kyle, E.2    McAlpine, R.3
  • 117
    • 0020453797 scopus 로고
    • Emergency room radiography of asthma: An efficacy study
    • Zieverink SE, Harper AP, Holden RW, et al. Emergency room radiography of asthma: an efficacy study. Radiology 1982;145:27-29
    • (1982) Radiology , vol.145 , pp. 27-29
    • Zieverink, S.E.1    Harper, A.P.2    Holden, R.W.3
  • 118
    • 0027210687 scopus 로고
    • The use of structured, complaint-specific patient encounter forms in the emergency department
    • Wrenn K, Rodewald L, Lumb E, et al. The use of structured, complaint-specific patient encounter forms in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:805-812 (Pubitemid 23124719)
    • (1993) Annals of Emergency Medicine , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 805-812
    • Wrenn, K.1    Rodewald, L.2    Lumb, E.3    Slovis, C.4
  • 120
    • 19144366485 scopus 로고
    • Protocol therapy for acute asthma: Therapeutic benefits and cost savings
    • McFadden ER Jr, Elsanadi N, Dixon L, et al. Protocol therapy for acute asthma: therapeutic benefits and cost savings. Am J Med 1995;99:651-656
    • (1995) Am J Med , vol.99 , pp. 651-656
    • McFadden Jr., E.R.1    Elsanadi, N.2    Dixon, L.3
  • 121
    • 0031981864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical pathway for the emergency department management of acute asthma: Effect on resource utilization
    • DOI 10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70202-1
    • Goldberg R, Chan L, Haley P, et al. Critical pathway for the emergency department management of acute asthma: effect of resource utilization. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:562-567 (Pubitemid 28227963)
    • (1998) Annals of Emergency Medicine , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 562-567
    • Goldberg, R.1    Chan, L.2    Haley, P.3    Harmata-Booth, J.4    Bass, G.5
  • 122
    • 36849093417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of emergency department asthma management strategies on return visits in children: A population-based study
    • Guttmann A, Zagorski B, Austin P, et al. Effectiveness of emergency department asthma management strategies on return visits in children: a population-based study. Pediatrics 2007;120:e1402-10.
    • (2007) Pediatrics , vol.120
    • Guttmann, A.1    Zagorski, B.2    Austin, P.3
  • 123
    • 77953300957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toronto: Ontario Lung Association, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; Available: (accessed 2009 Sep. 24)
    • Emergency department asthma care pathway. Toronto: Ontario Lung Association, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2009. Available: www.on .lung.ca/Health-Care-Professionals/EDACP/emerg-path-dl.php (accessed 2009 Sep. 24).
    • (2009) Emergency Department Asthma Care Pathway
  • 124
    • 34248344260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma in Ontario: Ontario's asthma plan of action
    • Boulet LP, Becker A, Bowie D, et al., editors. Implementing practice guidelines: a workshop on guidelines dissemination and implementation with a focus on asthma and COPD
    • Garvey N, Lougheed D. Asthma in Ontario: Ontario's asthma plan of action. In: Boulet LP, Becker A, Bowie D, et al., editors. Implementing practice guidelines: a workshop on guidelines dissemination and implementation with a focus on asthma and COPD. Can Respir J 2006;13(Suppl A):32A-34A.
    • (2006) Can Respir J , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Garvey, N.1    Lougheed, D.2
  • 125
    • 0142010553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Acute Asthma: A Randomized Trial
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.124.4.1312
    • Rodrigo GJ, Verde Rodriguez M, Peregalli V, et al. Effects of short-term 28% and 100% oxygen on PaCO2 and peak expiratory flow rate in acute asthma: a randomized trial. Chest 2003;124:1312-1317 (Pubitemid 37290040)
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , Issue.4 , pp. 1312-1317
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Verde, M.R.2    Peregalli, V.3    Rodrigo, C.4
  • 127
    • 0020638134 scopus 로고
    • The effect of outpatient treatment of asthma with beta-agonists on the response to sympathomimetics in the emergency room
    • Rossing TH, Fanta CH, McFadden ER Jr. The effect of outpatient treatment of asthma with beta-agonists on the response to sympathomimetics in the emergency room. Am J Med 1983;75:781-784
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.75 , pp. 781-784
    • Rossing, T.H.1    Fanta, C.H.2    McFadden Jr., E.R.3
  • 129
    • 0017877679 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intravenous and nebulised salbutamol in initial treatment of severe asthma
    • Lawford P, Jones B, Milledge J. Comparison of intravenous and nebulised salbutamol in initial treatment of severe asthma. BMJ 1978;1:84-85
    • (1978) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 84-85
    • Lawford, P.1    Jones, B.2    Milledge, J.3
  • 130
    • 0025120268 scopus 로고
    • High-dose inhaled versus intravenous salbutamol combined with theophylline in severe acute asthma
    • Swedish Society of Chest Medicine
    • Swedish Society of Chest Medicine. High-dose inhaled versus intravenous salbutamol combined with theophylline in severe acute asthma. Eur Respir J 1990;3:163-170
    • (1990) Eur Respir J , vol.3 , pp. 163-170
  • 131
    • 0036431680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of IV beta-agonists in treating patients with acute asthma in the emergency department: A Meta-analysis
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.122.4.1200
    • Travers AH, Rowe BH, Barker S, et al. The effectiveness of IV beta-agonists in treating patients with acute asthma in the emergency department. A meta-analysis. Chest 2002;122:1200-1207 (Pubitemid 35339530)
    • (2002) Chest , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 1200-1207
    • Travers, A.H.1    Rowe, B.H.2    Barker, S.3    Jones, A.4    Camargo Jr., C.A.5
  • 132
    • 33646503856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse events associated with the use of intravenous epinephrine in emergency department patients presenting with severe asthma
    • Putland M, Kerr D, Kelly AM. Adverse events associated with the use of intravenous epinephrine in emergency department patients presenting with severe asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47:599-663
    • (2006) Ann Emerg Med , vol.47 , pp. 599-663
    • Putland, M.1    Kerr, D.2    Kelly, A.M.3
  • 133
    • 0024314339 scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine improves expiratory flow rates in patients with asthma who do not respond to inhaled metaproterenol sulfate
    • Appel D, Karpel J, Sherman M. Epinephrine improves expiratory flow rates in patients with asthma who do not respond to inhaled metaproterenol sulfate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:90-98
    • (1989) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.84 , pp. 90-98
    • Appel, D.1    Karpel, J.2    Sherman, M.3
  • 134
    • 0030740911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction: A meta-analysis
    • Turner MO, Patel A, Ginsberg S, et al. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1997;158:1736-1744
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 1736-1744
    • Turner, M.O.1    Patel, A.2    Ginsberg, S.3
  • 135
    • 33745053150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma
    • CD000052
    • Cates CJ, Crilly JA, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD000052.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.2
    • Cates, C.J.1    Crilly, J.A.2    Rowe, B.H.3
  • 136
    • 0027400956 scopus 로고
    • Emergency department treatment of severe asthma. Metered-dose inhaler plus holding chamber is equivalent in effectiveness to nebulizer
    • Idris AH, McDermott MF, Raucci JC, et al. Emergency department treatment of severe asthma. Metered-dose inhaler plus holding chamber is equivalent in effectiveness to nebulizer. Chest 1993;103:665-672
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 665-672
    • Idris, A.H.1    McDermott, M.F.2    Raucci, J.C.3
  • 137
    • 77950147350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment for acute asthma
    • CD001115
    • Camargo CA Jr, Spooner CH, Rowe BH. Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4): CD001115.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Camargo Jr., C.A.1    Spooner, C.H.2    Rowe, B.H.3
  • 138
    • 0036304244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous vs intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment of acute adult asthma: A systematic review with meta-analysis
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.122.1.160
    • Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. Continuous vs intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment of acute adult asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Chest 2002;122:160-165 (Pubitemid 34754156)
    • (2002) Chest , vol.122 , Issue.1 , pp. 160-165
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Rodrigo, C.2
  • 139
    • 24744466684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: A systematic review with meta-analysis
    • Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thorax 2005;60:740-746
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 740-746
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Castro-Rodriguez, J.A.2
  • 140
    • 0034047010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-line therapy for adult patients with acute asthma receiving a multiple-dose protocol of ipratropium bromide plus albuterol in the emergency department
    • Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. First-line therapy for adult patients with acute asthma receiving a multiple-dose protocol of ipratropium bromide plus albuterol in the emergency department. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1862-1868 (Pubitemid 30418121)
    • (2000) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol.161 , Issue.6 , pp. 1862-1868
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Rodrigo, C.2
  • 141
    • 84921429633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids
    • CD002178
    • Rowe BH, Spooner C, Ducharme FM, et al. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(1):CD002178.
    • (2001) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.1
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Spooner, C.2    Ducharme, F.M.3
  • 142
    • 0026753067 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of steroid therapy in acute exacerbations of asthma: A meta-analysis
    • Rowe BH, Keller JL, Oxman AD. Effectiveness of steroid therapy in acute exacerbations of asthma: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 1992;10:301-310
    • (1992) Am J Emerg Med , vol.10 , pp. 301-310
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Keller, J.L.2    Oxman, A.D.3
  • 143
    • 0022640564 scopus 로고
    • Need for intravenous hydrocortisone in addition to oral prednisolone in patients admitted to hospital with severe asthma without ventilatory failure
    • Harrison BD, Stokes TC, Hart GJ, et al. Need for intravenous hydrocortisone in addition to oral prednisolone in patients admitted to hospital with severe asthma without ventilatory failure. Lancet 1986;1:181-184
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 181-184
    • Harrison, B.D.1    Stokes, T.C.2    Hart, G.J.3
  • 144
    • 84921429483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids for acute severe asthma in hospitalised patients
    • CD001740
    • Manser R, Reid D, Abramson MJ. Corticosteroids for acute severe asthma in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(1):CD001740.
    • (2001) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.1
    • Manser, R.1    Reid, D.2    Abramson, M.J.3
  • 145
    • 0027196804 scopus 로고
    • Dosages of corticosteroids in asthma
    • McFadden ER Jr. Dosages of corticosteroids in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:1306-1310
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 1306-1310
    • McFadden Jr., E.R.1
  • 146
    • 19644395568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of inhaled fluticasone with intravenous hydrocortisone in the treatment of adult acute asthma
    • DOI 10.1164/rccm.200410-1415OC
    • Rodrigo GJ. Comparison of inhaled fluticasone with intravenous hydrocortisone in the treatment of adult acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:1231-1236 (Pubitemid 40740729)
    • (2005) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol.171 , Issue.11 , pp. 1231-1236
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1
  • 147
    • 33751062503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid effects of inhaled corticosteroids in acute asthma. An evidence based evaluation
    • Rodrigo G. Rapid effects of inhaled corticosteroids in acute asthma. An evidence based evaluation. Chest 2006;130:1301-1311
    • (2006) Chest , vol.130 , pp. 1301-1311
    • Rodrigo, G.1
  • 148
    • 0031953882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled flunisolide for acute severe asthma
    • Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C. Inhaled flunisolide for acute severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:698-703.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 698-703
    • Rodrigo, G.1    Rodrigo, C.2
  • 149
    • 0141613114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma
    • CD002308
    • Edmonds M, Camargo CA Jr, Pollack CV Jr, et al. Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD002308.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.3
    • Edmonds, M.1    Camargo Jr., C.A.2    Pollack Jr., C.V.3
  • 150
    • 0036315752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma: A metaanalysis
    • Edmonds ML, Camargo CA Jr, Pollack CV Jr, et al. The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a metaanalysis. Ann Emerg Med 2002;40:145-154
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.40 , pp. 145-154
    • Edmonds, M.L.1    Camargo Jr., C.A.2    Pollack Jr., C.V.3
  • 151
    • 84921431137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department
    • CD001490
    • Rowe BH, Bretzlaff J, Bourdon C, et al. Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(4):CD001490.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Bretzlaff, J.2    Bourdon, C.3
  • 152
    • 22244477404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: A systematic review
    • Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, et al. Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 2005;128:337-344
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 337-344
    • Blitz, M.1    Blitz, S.2    Hughes, R.3
  • 153
    • 0034566464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of intravenous aminophylline to beta2-agonists in adults with acute asthma
    • CD002742
    • Parameswaran K, Belda J, Rowe BH. Addition of intravenous aminophylline to beta2-agonists in adults with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(4):CD002742.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Parameswaran, K.1    Belda, J.2    Rowe, B.H.3
  • 154
    • 0028025626 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acute asthma: Lack of therapeutic benefit and increase of the toxicity from aminophylline given in addition to high doses of salbutamol delivered by metered-dose inhaler with a spacer
    • Rodrigo C, Rodrigo G. Treatment of acute asthma: lack of therapeutic benefit and increase of the toxicity from aminophylline given in addition to high doses of salbutamol delivered by metered-dose inhaler with a spacer. Chest 1994;106:1071-1076
    • (1994) Chest , vol.106 , pp. 1071-1076
    • Rodrigo, C.1    Rodrigo, G.2
  • 155
    • 0037338429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: A systematic review
    • Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, et al. Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 2003;123:891-896
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 891-896
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Rodrigo, C.2    Pollack, C.V.3
  • 156
    • 0037337208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heliox vs air-oxygen mixtures for the treatment of patients with acute asthma: A systematic overview
    • Ho AM, Lee A, Karmakar MK, et al. Heliox vs air-oxygen mixtures for the treatment of patients with acute asthma: a systematic overview. Chest 2003;123:882-890
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 882-890
    • Ho, A.M.1    Lee, A.2    Karmakar, M.K.3
  • 157
    • 32544459424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma exacerbations during pregnancy: Incidence and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes
    • Murphy VE, Clifton VL, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations during pregnancy: incidence and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Thorax 2006;61:169-176
    • (2006) Thorax , vol.61 , pp. 169-176
    • Murphy, V.E.1    Clifton, V.L.2    Gibson, P.G.3
  • 158
    • 0032873660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute asthma among pregnant women presenting to the emergency department
    • Cydulka RK, Emerman CL, Schreiber D, et al. Acute asthma among pregnant women presenting to the emergency department. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:887-892
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 887-892
    • Cydulka, R.K.1    Emerman, C.L.2    Schreiber, D.3
  • 159
    • 0029798767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discharge considerations for adult asthmatic patients treated in emergency departments
    • Grunfeld AF, FitzGerald JM. Discharge considerations for adult asthmatic patients treated in emergency departments. Can Respir J 1996;3:322-324
    • (1996) Can Respir J , vol.3 , pp. 322-324
    • Grunfeld, A.F.1    FitzGerald, J.M.2
  • 160
    • 0032960226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicentre study of relapse following treatment for acute asthma among adults presenting to the emergency department
    • MARC Investigators. Multicenter Asthma Research Collaboration
    • Emerman CL, Woodruff PG, Cydulka RK, et al. Prospective multicentre study of relapse following treatment for acute asthma among adults presenting to the emergency department. MARC Investigators. Multicenter Asthma Research Collaboration. Chest 1999;115:919-927
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 919-927
    • Emerman, C.L.1    Woodruff, P.G.2    Cydulka, R.K.3
  • 161
    • 0017317792 scopus 로고
    • Rapid prediction of need for hospitalization in acute asthma
    • Banner AS, Shah RS, Addington WW, et al. Rapid prediction of need for hospitalization in acute asthma. JAMA 1976;235:1337-1338
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 1337-1338
    • Banner, A.S.1    Shah, R.S.2    Addington, W.W.3
  • 163
    • 0021918423 scopus 로고
    • Assessing severity of adult asthma and need for hospitalization
    • Corre KA, Rothstein RJ. Assessing severity of adult asthma and need for hospitalization. Ann Emerg Med 1985;14:45-52.
    • (1985) Ann Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 45-52
    • Corre, K.A.1    Rothstein, R.J.2
  • 164
    • 38649105267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma
    • CD000195
    • Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Ducharme FM, et al. Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD000195.
    • (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.3
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Spooner, C.H.2    Ducharme, F.M.3
  • 165
    • 0025967724 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a short course of prednisone in the prevention of early relapse after the emergency room treatment of acute asthma
    • Chapman KR, Verbeek PR, White JG, et al. The effect of a short course of prednisone in the prevention of early relapse after the emergency room treatment of acute asthma. N Engl J Med 1991;324:788-794
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 788-794
    • Chapman, K.R.1    Verbeek, P.R.2    White, J.G.3
  • 166
    • 0027500091 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind trial of steroid tapering in acute asthma
    • O'Driscoll BR, Kalra S, Wilson M, et al. Double-blind trial of steroid tapering in acute asthma. Lancet 1993;341:324-327
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.341 , pp. 324-327
    • O'Driscoll, B.R.1    Kalra, S.2    Wilson, M.3
  • 167
    • 0033538313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled budesonide in addition to oral corticosteroids to prevent asthma relapse following discharge from the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial
    • Rowe BH, Bota GW, Fabris L, et al. Inhaled budesonide in addition to oral corticosteroids to prevent asthma relapse following discharge from the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;281:2119-2126
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.281 , pp. 2119-2126
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Bota, G.W.2    Fabris, L.3
  • 168
    • 0036282639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replacement of oral corticosteroids with inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of acute asthma following emergency department discharge: A meta-analysis
    • Edmonds ML, Camargo CA Jr, Brenner BE, et al. Replacement of oral corticosteroids with inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of acute asthma following emergency department discharge: a meta-analysis. Chest 2002;121:1798-1805
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , pp. 1798-1805
    • Edmonds, M.L.1    Camargo Jr., C.A.2    Brenner, B.E.3
  • 169
    • 0034054024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, controlled trial of high dose, inhaled budesonide versus oral prednisone in patients discharged from the emergency department following an acute asthma exacerbation
    • FitzGerald JM, Shragge D, Haddon J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of high dose, inhaled budesonide versus oral prednisone in patients discharged from the emergency department following an acute asthma exacerbation. Can Respir J 2000;7:61-67
    • (2000) Can Respir J , vol.7 , pp. 61-67
    • FitzGerald, J.M.1    Shragge, D.2    Haddon, J.3
  • 170
    • 34548798073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids after discharge from the emergency department for acute asthma: A randomized controlled trial
    • Rowe BH, Wong E, Blitz S, et al. Adding long-acting beta-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids after discharge from the emergency department for acute asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 2007;14:833-840
    • (2007) Acad Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 833-840
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Wong, E.2    Blitz, S.3
  • 171
    • 0036044523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children
    • CD002314
    • Ducharme F, Di Salvio F. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD002314.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Ducharme, F.1    Di Salvio, F.2
  • 172
    • 10644297062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid use after hospital discharge among high-risk adults with asthma
    • Krishnan JA, Riekert KA, McCoy JV, et al. Corticosteroid use after hospital discharge among high-risk adults with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:1281-1285
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 1281-1285
    • Krishnan, J.A.1    Riekert, K.A.2    McCoy, J.V.3
  • 173
    • 0023373810 scopus 로고
    • Patient compliance in filling prescriptions after discharge from the emergency department
    • Saunders CE. Patient compliance in filling prescriptions after discharge from the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 1987;5:283-286
    • (1987) Am J Emerg Med , vol.5 , pp. 283-286
    • Saunders, C.E.1
  • 174
    • 0030031105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient non-compliance with medical advice after the emergency department visit
    • Thomas EJ, Burstin HR, O'Neil AC, et al. Patient non-compliance with medical advice after the emergency department visit. Ann Emerg Med 1996;27:49-55.
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.27 , pp. 49-55
    • Thomas, E.J.1    Burstin, H.R.2    O'Neil, A.C.3
  • 175
    • 34447618753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paradox of adult asthma control: "Who's in control anyway?"
    • Hodder R. The paradox of adult asthma control: "Who's in control anyway?" Can Respir J 2007;14:229-234
    • (2007) Can Respir J , vol.14 , pp. 229-234
    • Hodder, R.1
  • 176
    • 33750069112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depressive symptoms and adherence to asthma therapy after hospital discharge
    • Smith A, Krishnan J, Bilderback A, et al. Depressive symptoms and adherence to asthma therapy after hospital discharge. Chest 2006;130:1034-1038
    • (2006) Chest , vol.130 , pp. 1034-1038
    • Smith, A.1    Krishnan, J.2    Bilderback, A.3
  • 177
    • 0034933811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intramuscular betamethasone and oral prednisone in the prevention of relapse of acute asthma
    • Chan JS, Cowie RL, Lazarenko GC, et al. Comparison of intramuscular betamethasone and oral prednisone in the prevention of relapse of acute asthma. Can Respir J 2001;8:147-152
    • (2001) Can Respir J , vol.8 , pp. 147-152
    • Chan, J.S.1    Cowie, R.L.2    Lazarenko, G.C.3
  • 178
    • 0027420993 scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular methylprednisolone acetate for prevention of relapse in acute asthma
    • McNamara RM, Rubin JM. Intramuscular methylprednisolone acetate for prevention of relapse in acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1829-1835
    • (1993) Ann Emerg Med , vol.22 , pp. 1829-1835
    • McNamara, R.M.1    Rubin, J.M.2
  • 179
    • 0031953010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intramuscular triamcinolone and oral prednisone in the outpatient treatment of acute asthma: A randomized controlled trial
    • Schuckman H, DeJulius D, Blanda M, et al. Comparison of intramuscular triamcinolone and oral prednisone in the outpatient treatment of acute asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:333-338
    • (1998) Ann Emerg Med , vol.31 , pp. 333-338
    • Schuckman, H.1    DeJulius, D.2    Blanda, M.3
  • 180
    • 1242351726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Written action plans for asthma: An evidence-based review of the key components
    • Gibson PG, Powell H. Written action plans for asthma: an evidence-based review of the key components. Thorax 2004;59:94-99
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , pp. 94-99
    • Gibson, P.G.1    Powell, H.2
  • 181
    • 84921430993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma
    • CD001117
    • Gibson PG, Powell H, Coughlan J, et al. Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD001117.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.1
    • Gibson, P.G.1    Powell, H.2    Coughlan, J.3
  • 182
    • 0034987935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of two different educational inter- Ventions for adult patients consulting with an acute asthma exacerbation
    • Coté J, Bowie D, Robichaud P, et al. Evaluation of two different educational inter- ventions for adult patients consulting with an acute asthma exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1415-1419
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1415-1419
    • Coté, J.1    Bowie, D.2    Robichaud, P.3
  • 183
    • 0031457452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of a peak flow-based action plan in the prevention of exacerbations of asthma
    • Cowie RL, Revitt SG, Underwood MF, et al. The effect of a peak flow-based action plan in the prevention of exacerbations of asthma. Chest 1997;112:1534-1538
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , pp. 1534-1538
    • Cowie, R.L.1    Revitt, S.G.2    Underwood, M.F.3
  • 184
    • 84921701812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Options for self-management education for adults with asthma
    • CD004107
    • Powell H, Gibson P. Options for self-management education for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD004107.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.1
    • Powell, H.1    Gibson, P.2
  • 185
    • 73249141510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of asthma in adults
    • DOI:10.1503/cmaj.080007
    • Balter MS, Bell AD, Kaplan AG, et al. Management of asthma in adults. CMAJ 2009. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.080007.
    • (2009) CMAJ
    • Balter, M.S.1    Bell, A.D.2    Kaplan, A.G.3
  • 186
    • 0032037581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency department observation unit versus hospital inpatient care for a chronic asthmatic population: A randomized trial of health status outcome and cost
    • Rydman RJ, Isola ML, Roberts RR, et al. Emergency department observation unit versus hospital inpatient care for a chronic asthmatic population: a randomized trial of health status outcome and cost. Med Care 1998;36:599-609.
    • (1998) Med Care , vol.36 , pp. 599-609
    • Rydman, R.J.1    Isola, M.L.2    Roberts, R.R.3
  • 187
    • 0036793769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised trial of self-management planning for adult patients admitted to hospital with acute asthma
    • Osman LM, Calder C, Godden DJ, et al. A randomised trial of self-management planning for adult patients admitted to hospital with acute asthma. Thorax 2002;57:869-874
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 869-874
    • Osman, L.M.1    Calder, C.2    Godden, D.J.3
  • 188
    • 70350258809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway diseases, inflammometry and individualized therapy
    • Polosa R, Holgate ST, editors Oxford (UK): Clinical Publishing
    • Nair P, Hargreave F. Airway diseases, inflammometry and individualized therapy. In: Polosa R, Holgate ST, editors. Therapeutic strategies in asthma: current treatments. Oxford (UK): Clinical Publishing, 2007. p. 155-164
    • (2007) Therapeutic Strategies in Asthma: Current Treatments , pp. 155-164
    • Nair, P.1    Hargreave, F.2
  • 189
    • 0037441916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma
    • Camargo CA Jr, Smithline HA, Malice MP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:528-533
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 528-533
    • Camargo Jr., C.A.1    Smithline, H.A.2    Malice, M.P.3
  • 190
    • 66749146095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of low-dose theophylline plus beclomethasone on lung function in smokers with asthma: A pilot study
    • Spears M, Donnelly I, Jolly L, et al. Effect of low-dose theophylline plus beclomethasone on lung function in smokers with asthma: a pilot study. Eur Respir J 2009;33:1010-1017
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.33 , pp. 1010-1017
    • Spears, M.1    Donnelly, I.2    Jolly, L.3
  • 191
    • 33644811309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease
    • Fan Chung K. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;533:110-117
    • (2006) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.533 , pp. 110-117
    • Fan Chung, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.