Alcohol abuse in pregnant women: Effects on the fetus and newborn, mode of action and maternal treatment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 364-379

  Ornoy, Asher ^a   Ergaz, Zivanit ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Ethanol; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Pregnancy outcome

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN; FLAVONOID; HYDROCORTISONE; PROSTAGLANDIN; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN;

ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL METABOLISM; ALCOHOLISM; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CLEFT FACE; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT LIP PALATE; CLEFT PALATE; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYOPATHY; EMBRYOTOXICITY; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GROWTH DISORDER; GROWTH RETARDATION; HUMAN; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LACTATION; LEARNING DISORDER; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MATERNAL AGE; MATERNAL CARE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSTNATAL GROWTH; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRENATAL GROWTH; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; REVIEW; TERATOGENESIS; TERATOGENICITY; COMPLICATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; NEWBORN; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION;

ALCOHOLISM; FEMALE; FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 77949693600     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7020364     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Ornoy, A. The impact of intrauterine exposure versus postnatal environment in neurodevelopmental toxicity: long-term neurobehavioral studies in children at risk for developmental disorders. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 140-141, 171-181.
2. Ornoy, A. The effects of alcohol and illicit drugs on the human embryo and fetus. Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci. 2002, 39, 120-132.
3. Jones, K.L.; Smith, D.W. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet 1973, 2, 999.
4. Lemoine, P.; Harousseau, H.; Borteyru, J.P.; Menuet, J.C. Children of alcoholic parents-observed anomalies: discussion of 127 cases. Ther. Drug Monit. 2003, 25, 132-136.
5. Randall, C.L. Alcohol and pregnancy: highlights from three decades of research. J. Stud. Alcohol 2001, 62, 554-561.
6. Luczak, S.E.; Glatt, S.J.; Wall, T.L. Meta-analyses of ALDH2 and ADH1B with alcohol dependence in Asians. Psychol. Bull. 2006, 132, 607-621.
7. Konishi, T.; Calvillo, M.; Leng, A.S.; Feng, J.; Lee, T.; Lee, H.; Smith, J.L.; Sial, S.H.; Berman, N.; French, S.; Eysselein, V.; Lin, K.M.; Wan, Y.J. The ADH3*2 and CYP2E1 c2 alleles increase the risk of alcoholism in Mexican American men. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2003, 74, 183-189.
8. Kang, T.S.; Woo, S.W.; Park, H.J.; Lee, Y.; Roh, J. Comparison of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, ADH2, and ALDH2 genes involved in alcohol metabolism in Koreans and four other ethnic groups. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2009, 34, 225-230.
9. Tanaka, F.; Shiratori, Y.; Yokosuka, O.; Imazeki, F.; Tsukada, Y.; Omata, M. High incidence of ADH2*1/ALDH2*1 genes among Japanese alcohol dependents and patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1996, 23, 234-239.
10. Russo, D.; Purohit, V.; Foudin, L.; Salin, M. Workshop on Alcohol Use and Health Disparities 2002: a call to arms. Alcohol 2004, 32, 37-43.
11. Streissguth, A.P.; Dehaene, P. Fetal alcohol syndrome in twins of alcoholic mothers: concordance of diagnosis and IQ. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1993, 47, 857-861.
12. Lombard, Z.; Tiffin, N.; Hofmann, O.; Bajic, V.B.; Hide, W.; Ramsay, M. Computational selection and prioritization of candidate genes for fetal alcohol syndrome. BMC Genomics 2007, 8, 389.
13. Viljoen, D.L.; Carr, L.G.; Foroud, T.M.; Brooke, L.; Ramsay, M.; Li, T.K. Alcohol dehydrogenase-2*2 allele is associated with decreased prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in the mixed-ancestry population of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2001, 25, 1719-1722.
14. McCarver, D.G.; Thomasson, H.R.; Martier, S.S.; Sokol, R.J.; Li, T. Alcohol dehydrogenase-2*3 allele protects against alcohol-related birth defects among African Americans. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 283, 1095-1101.
15. Delpisheh, A.; Topping, J.; Reyad, M.; Tang, A.; Brabin, B.J. Prenatal alcohol exposure, CYP17 gene polymorphisms and fetal growth restriction. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2008, 138, 49-53.
16. Ouko, L.A.; Shantikumar, K.; Knezovich, J.; Haycock, P.; Schnugh, D.J.; Ramsay, M. Effect of alcohol consumption on CpG methylation in the differentially methylated regions of H19 and IG-DMR in male gametes: implications for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33, 1615-1627.
17. Yates, W.R.; Cadoret, R.J.; Troughton, E.P.; Stewart, M.; Giunta, T.S. Effect of fetal alcohol exposure on adult symptoms of nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1998, 22, 914-920.
18. Alati, R.; Clavarino, A.; Najman, J.M.; O'Callaghan, M.; Bor, W.; Mamun, A.A.; Williams, G.M. The developmental origin of adolescent alcohol use: findings from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008, 98, 136-143.
19. Baer, J.S.; Sampson, P.D.; Barr, H.M.; Connor, P.D.; Streissguth, A.P. A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003, 60, 377-385.
20. Kesmodel, U.; Wisborg, K.; Olsen, S.F.; Henriksen, T.B.; Secher, N.J. Moderate alcohol intake in pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002, 37, 87-92.
21. Martinez-Frias, M.L.; Bermejo, E.; Rodriguez-Pinilla, E.; Frias, J.L. Risk for congenital anomalies associated with different sporadic and daily doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy: a case-control study. Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2004, 70, 194-200.
22. Polygenis, D.; Wharton, S.; Malmberg, C.; Sherman, N.; Kennedy, D.; Koren, G.; Einarson, T.R. Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the incidence of fetal malformations: a meta-analysis. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1998, 20, 61-67.
23. Strandberg-Larsen, K.; Nielsen, N.R.; Gronbaek, M.; Andersen, P.K.; Olsen, J.; Andersen, A.M. Binge drinking in pregnancy and risk of fetal death. Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 111, 602-609.
24. Aliyu, M.H.; Wilson, R.E.; Zoorob, R.; Chakrabarty, S.; Alio, A.P.; Kirby, R.S.; Salihu, H.M. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of early stillbirth among singletons. Alcohol 2008, 42, 369-374.
25. Jones, K.L.; Smith, D.W.; Ulleland, C.N.; Streissguth, A. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Obstetrical Gynecol. Survey 1974, 29, 63.
26. Ornoy, A. Embryonic oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis with special emphasis on diabetic embryopathy. Reprod. Toxicol. 2007, 24, 31-41.
27. Covington, C.Y.; Nordstrom-Klee, B.; Ager, J.; Sokol, R.; Delaney-Black, V. Birth to age 7 growth of children prenatally exposed to drugs: a prospective cohort study. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2002, 24, 489-496.
28. Banerjee, T.D.; Middleton, F.; Faraone, S.V. Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta. Paediatrica 2007, 96, 1269-1274.
29. Jones, K.L. From recognition to responsibility: Josef Warkany, David Smith, and the fetal alcohol syndrome in the 21st century. Birth Defects Res. Pt. A 2003, 67, 13-20.
30. Stratton, K.R.; Howe, C.J.; Battaglia, F.C. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment; Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1996; Volume 156, pp. 63-81.
31. Astley, S.J.; Clarren, S.K. Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol-exposed individuals: introducing the 4-digit diagnostic code. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000, 35, 400-410.
32. Hoyme, H.E.; May, P.A.; Kalberg, W.O.; Kodituwakku, P.; Gossage, J.P.; Trujillo, P.M.; Buckley, D.G.; Miller, J.H.; Aragon, A.S.; Khaole, N.; Viljoen, D.L.; Jones, K.L.; Robinson, L.K. A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteria. Pediatrics 2005, 115, 39-47.
33. Meyer, K.A.; Werler, M.M.; Hayes, C.; Mitchell, A.A. Low maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and oral clefts in offspring: the Slone Birth Defects Study. Birth Defects Res. A 2003, 67, 509-514.
34. Romitti, P.A.; Sun, L.; Honein, M.A.; Reefhuis, J.; Correa, A.; Rasmussen, S.A. Maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and risk of orofacial clefts. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166, 775-785.
35. DeRoo, L.A.; Wilcox, A.J.; Drevon, C.A.; Lie, R.T. First-trimester maternal alcohol consumption and the risk of infant oral clefts in Norway: a population-based case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 168, 638-646.
36. Chevrier, C.; Perret, C.; Bahuau, M.; Nelva, A.; Herman, C.; Francannet, C.; Robert-Gnansia, E.; Cordier, S. Interaction between the ADH1C polymorphism and maternal alcohol intake in the risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts: an evaluation of the contribution of child and maternal genotypes. Birth Defects Res. A 2005, 73, 114-122.
37. Williams, L.J.; Correa, A.; Rasmussen, S. Maternal lifestyle factors and risk for ventricular septal defects. Birth Defects Res. A 2004, 70, 59-64.
38. Tikkanen, J.; Heinonen, O.P. Risk factors for atrial septal defect. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1992, 8, 509-515.
39. Grewal, J.; Carmichael, S.L.; Ma, C.; Lammer, E.J.; Shaw, G.M. Maternal periconceptional smoking and alcohol consumption and risk for select congenital anomalies. Birth Defects Res. A 2008, 82, 519-526.
40. Carmichael, S.L.; Shaw, G.M.; Yang, W.; Lammer, E.J. Maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and risk for conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res. A 2003, 67, 875-878.
41. Autti-Ramo, I.; Fagerlund, A.; Ervalahti, N.; Loimu, L.; Korkman, M.; Hoyme, H.E. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Finland: clinical delineation of 77 older children and adolescents. Am. J. Med. Genet A 2006, 140, 137-143.
42. Krasemann, T.; Klingebiel, S. Influence of chronic intrauterine exposure to alcohol on structurally normal hearts. Cardiol. Young 2007, 17, 185-188.
43. Chen, C.P. Syndromes, disorders and maternal risk factors associated with neural tube defects (VI). Taiwan J. Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 47, 267-275.
44. Shaw, G.M.; Velie, E.M.; Morland, K.B. Parental recreational drug use and risk for neural tube defects. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996, 144, 1155-1160.
45. Slickers, J.E.; Olshan, A.F.; Siega-Riz, A.M.; Honein, M.A.; Aylsworth, A.S. Maternal body mass index and lifestyle exposures and the risk of bilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia: the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 168, 1259-1267.
46. Linneberg, A.; Petersen, J.; Gronbaek, M.; Benn, C.S. Alcohol during pregnancy and atopic dermatitis in the offspring. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004, 34, 1678-1683.
47. O'Callaghan, F.V.; O'Callaghan, M.; Najman, J.M.; Williams, G.M.; Bor, W. Prenatal alcohol exposure and attention, learning and intellectual ability at 14 years: a prospective longitudinal study. Early Hum. Dev. 2007, 83, 115-123.
48. Cottencin, O.; Nandrino, J.L.; Karila, L.; Mezerette, C.; Danel, T. A case-comparison study of executive functions in alcohol-dependent adults with maternal history of alcoholism. Eur. Psychiatry 2009, 24, 195-200.
49. Gladstone, J.; Nulman, I.; Koren, G. Reproductive risks of binge drinking during pregnancy. Reprod. Toxicol. 1996, 10, 3-13.
50. Boyd, T.A.; Ernhart, C.B.; Greene, T.H.; Sokol, R.J.; Martier, S. Prenatal alcohol exposure and sustained attention in the preschool years. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1991, 13, 49-55.
51. Streissguth, A.P.; Barr, H.M.; Sampson, P.D. Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: effects on child IQ and learning problems at age 7 1/2 years. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1990, 14, 662-669.
52. Adnams, C.M.; Sorour, P.; Kalberg, W.O.; Kodituwakku, P.; Perold, M.D.; Kotze, A.; September, S.; Castle, B.; Gossage, J.; May, P.A. Language and literacy outcomes from a pilot intervention study for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in South Africa. Alcohol 2007, 41, 403-414.
53. Kalberg, W.O.; Provost, B.; Tollison, S.J.; Tabachnick, B.G.; Robinson, L.K.; Eugene Hoyme, H.; Trujillo, P.M.; Buckley, D.; Aragon, A.S.; May, P.A. Comparison of motor delays in young children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those with prenatal alcohol exposure and with no prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30, 2037-2045.
54. Goodlett, C.R.; Eilers, A.T. Alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss with a single binge exposure in neonatal rats: a stereological study of temporal windows of vulnerability. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 1997, 21, 738-744.
55. Ramadoss, J.; Lunde, E.R.; Chen, W.J.; West, J.R.; Cudd, T.A. Temporal vulnerability of fetal cerebellar Purkinje cells to chronic binge alcohol exposure: ovine model. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31, 1738-1745.
56. Astley, S.J.; Olson, H.C.; Kerns, K.; Brooks, A.; Aylward, E.H.; Coggins, T.E.; Davies, J.; Dorn, S.; Gendler, B.; Jirikowic, T.; Kraegel, P.; Maravilla, K.; Richards, T. Neuropyschological and behavioral outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009, 16, e178-201.
57. Handmaker, N.S.; Rayburn, W.F.; Meng, C.; Bell, J.B.; Rayburn, B.B.; Rappaport, V.J. Impact of alcohol exposure after pregnancy recognition on ultrasonographic fetal growth measures. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30, 892-898.
58. Barr, H.M.; Bookstein, F.L.; O'Malley, K.D.; Connor, P.D.; Huggins, J.E.; Streissguth, A.P. Binge drinking during pregnancy as a predictor of psychiatric disorders on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV in young adult offspring. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006, 163, 1061-1065.
59. Cartwright, M.M.; Smith, S.M. Increased cell death and reduced neural crest cell numbers in ethanol-exposed embryos: partial basis for the fetal alcohol syndrome phenotype. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1995, 19, 378-386.
60. Heaton, M.B.; Paiva, M.; Mayer, J.; Miller, R. Ethanol-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species in developing rat cerebellum. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 334, 83-86.
61. Kay, H.H.; Tsoi, S.; Grindle, K.; Magness, R.R. Markers of oxidative stress in placental villi exposed to ethanol. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 2006, 13, 118-121.
62. Signore, C.; Aros, S.; Morrow, J.D.; Troendle, J.; Conley, M.R.; Flanigan, E.Y.; Cassorla, F.; Mills, J.L. Markers of oxidative stress and systemic vasoconstriction in pregnant women drinking > or =48 g of alcohol per day. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32, 1893-1898.
63. Randall, C.L.; Anton, R.F. Aspirin reduces alcohol-induced prenatal mortality and malformations in mice. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1984, 8, 513-515.
64. Ylikorkala, O.; Halmesmaki, E.; Viinikka, L. Urinary prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in drinking pregnant women and in their infants: relations to the fetal alcohol effects. Obstet. Gynecol. 1988, 71, 61-66.
65. Randall, C.L. Alcohol as a teratogen: a decade of research in review. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987, 1, 125-132.
66. Haley, D.W.; Handmaker, N.S.; Lowe, J. Infant stress reactivity and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30, 2055-2064.
67. Vangipuram, S.D.; Grever, W.E.; Parker, G.C.; Lyman, W.D. Ethanol increases fetal human neurosphere size and alters adhesion molecule gene expression. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32, 339-347.
68. Cohen-Kerem, R.; Koren, G. Antioxidants and fetal protection against ethanol teratogenicity. I. Review of the experimental data and implications to humans. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2003, 25, 1-9.
69. Floyd, R.L.; Sobell, M.; Velasquez, M.M.; Ingersoll, K.; Nettleman, M.; Sobell, L.; Mullen, P.D.; Ceperich, S.; von Sternberg, K.; Bolton, B.; Johnson, K.; Skarpness, B.; Nagaraja, J. Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 32, 1-10.
70. Ward, R.M.; Bates, B.A.; Benitz, W.E. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001, 108, 776-789.
71. Gareri, J.; Lynn, H.; Handley, M.; Rao, C.; Koren, G. Prevalence of fetal ethanol exposure in a regional population-based sample by meconium analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters. Ther. Drug Monit. 2008, 30, 239-245.
72. Chen, S.Y.; Dehart, D.B.; Sulik, K.K. Protection from ethanol-induced limb malformations by the superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, EUK-134. Faseb. J. 2004, 18, 1234-1236.
73. Wentzel, P.; Rydberg, U.; Eriksson, U.J. Antioxidative treatment diminishes ethanol-induced congenital malformations in the rat. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30, 1752-1760.
74. Vonghia, L.; Leggio, L.; Ferrulli, A.; Bertini, M.; Gasbarrini, G.; Addolorato, G. Acute alcohol intoxication. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2008, 19, 561-567.
75. Wang, Y.; Zhu, H.J.; Lai, W.Q.; Chen, J.G.; Mei, S.; Zhang, W.Y.; Zhang, X. Reproductive toxicity of metadoxine in rats. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2003, 37, 178-182.