Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: A review

Oral Diseases

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 248-256

  Tsang, C S P ^a   Samaranayake, L P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

AIDS; HAART; HIV; Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; Oral manifestations

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; VIRUS RNA;

CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HERPES ZOSTER; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; KAPOSI SARCOMA; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SALIVARY GLAND DISEASE; SEX DIFFERENCE; THRUSH; VERRUCA VULGARIS;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CANDIDIASIS, ORAL; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMANS; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; MOUTH DISEASES; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; SARCOMA, KAPOSI;

EID: 77949596806     PISSN: 1354523X     EISSN: 16010825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01628.x     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Abino JF, Peraldi R, Lepidi H, Luciani M, Girard PM (2002). Bacillary splenitis (Bartonella henselae) during immune restoration in an HIV-infected patient. AIDS 16 : 1429 1430.
2. Arici C, Ripamonti D, Ravasio V et al (2001). Long-term clinical benefit after highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV-1 infection, even in patients without immune reconstitution. Int J STD AIDS 12 : 573 581.
3. Barry SM, Lipman MC, Deery AR, Johnson MA, Janossy G (2002). Immune reconstitution pneumonitis following Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected subjects. HIV Med 3 : 207 211.
4. + T lymphocytes in the lung: a characteristic feature of active pulmonary and non-pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 187 : 243 250.
5. Batista MD, Porro AM, Maeda SM et al (2008). Leprosy reversal reaction as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 46 : e56 60.
6. Bell C, Nelson M, Kaye S (2002). A case of immune reconstitution rheumatoid arthritis. Int J STD AIDS 13 : 580 581.
7. Blanche P, Gombert B, Ginsburg C et al (1998). HIV combination therapy: immune restitution causing cryptococcal lymphadenitis dramatically improved by anti-inflammatory therapy. Scand J Infect Dis 30 : 615 616.
8. Blanche P, Gombert B, Rivoal O, Abad S, Salmon D, Brezin A (2002). Uveitis due to Leishmania major as part of HAART-induced immune restitution syndrome in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 34 : 1279 1280.
9. Blumberg HM, Burman WJ, Chaisson RE et al (2003). American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 : 603 662.
10. Bonham SB, Meya DB, Bohjanen PR, Boulware DR (2008). Biomarkers of HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Biomark Med 2 : 349 361.
11. Bourgarit A, Carcelain G, Martinez V et al (2006). Explosion of tuberculin-specific Th1-responses induces immune restoration syndrome in tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients. AIDS 20 : F1 7.
12. Bouscarat F, Maubec E, Matheron S, Descamps V (2000). Immune recovery inflammatory folliculitis. AIDS 14 : 617 618.
13. Bower M, Nelson M, Young AM et al (2005). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 23 : 5224 5228.
14. Breen RA, Smith CJ, Bettinson H et al (2004). Paradoxical reactions during tuberculosis treatment in patients with and without HIV co-infection. Thorax 59 : 704 707.
15. Breton G, Duval X, Estellat C et al (2004). Determinants of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV type 1-infected patients with tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 1709 1712.
16. Breton G, Adle-Biassette H, Therby A et al (2006). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. AIDS 20 : 119 121.
17. Bucy RP, Hockett RD, Derdeyn CA et al (1999). Initial increase in blood CD4(+) lymphocytes after HIV antiretroviral therapy reflects redistribution from lymphoid tissues. J Clin Invest 103 : 1391 1398.
18. Burman W, Weis S, Vernon A et al (2007). Frequency, severity and duration of immune reconstitution events in HIV-related tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11 : 1282 1289.
19. + T lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals following antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 13 : 483 488.
20. Cheng VC, Yuen KY, Chan WM, Wong SS, Ma ES, Chan RM (2000). Immunorestitution disease involving the innate and adaptive response. Clin Infec Dis 30 : 882 892.
21. Clark BM, Krueger RG, Price P, French MA (2004). Compartmentalization of the immune response in varicella zoster virus immune restoration disease causing transverse myelitis. AIDS 18 : 1218 1221.
22. Couppié P, Abel S, Voinchet H et al (2004). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with HIV and leprosy. Arch Dermatol 140 : 997 1000.
23. Crum NF, Ganesan A, Johns ST, Wallace MR (2006). Graves' disease: an increasingly recognized immune reconstitution syndrome. AIDS 20 : 466 469.
24. Dean GL, Edwards SG, Ives NJ et al (2002). Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 16 : 75 83.
25. Dheda K, Lampe FC, Johnson MA, Lipman MC (2004). Outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 190 : 1670 1676.
26. Domingo P, Torres OH, Ris J, Vazquez G (2001). Herpes zoster as an immune reconstitution disease after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. Am J Med 110 : 605 609.
27. Douek DC, McFarland RD, Keiser PH et al (1998). Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature 396 : 690 695.
28. Drake A, Mijch A, Sasadeusz J (2004). Immune reconstitution hepatitis in HIV and hepatitis B coinfection, despite lamivudine therapy as part of HAART. Clin Infect Dis 39 : 129 132.
29. Dunic I, Djurkovic-Djakovic O, Vesic S, Zerjav S, Jevtovic D (2005). Herpes zoster as an immune restoration disease in AIDS patients during therapy including protease inhibitors. Int J STD AIDS 16 : 475 478.
30. Feller L, Anagnostopoulos C, Wood NH, Bouckaert M, Raubenheimer EJ, Lemmer J (2008). Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi sarcoma as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a literature review and case report. J Periodontol 79 : 362 368.
31. Florence E, Lundgren J, Dreezen C et al (2003). Factors associated with a reduced CD4 lymphocyte count response to HAART despite full viral suppression in the EuroSIDA study. HIV Med 4 : 255 262.
32. French MA (1999). Antiretroviral therapy immune restoration disease in HIV-infected patients on HAART. AIDS Read 9 : 548 562.
33. French MA (2009). HIV/AIDS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis 48 : 101 107.
34. French MA, Price P (2001). Immune restoration disease in HIV-infected patients after antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 32 : 325 326.
35. French MA, Lenzo N, John M et al (2000). Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 1 : 107 115.
36. French MA, Price P, Stone SF (2004). Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 18 : 1615 1627.
37. Gaitan Cepeda LA, Ceballos Salobreña A, López Ortega K, Arzate Mora N, Jiménez Soriano Y (2008). Oral lesions and immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV+/AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Epidemiological evidence. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 13 : E85 93.
38. Gajdatsy AD, Tay-Kearney ML (2001). Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis after HAART. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 29 : 327 329.
39. Glesby MJ, Moore RD, Chaisson RE (1995). Clinical spectrum of herpes zoster in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 21 : 370 375.
40. Goebel FD (2005). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) - another new disease entity following treatment initiation of HIV infection. Infection 33 : 43 45.
41. Gray F, Bazille C, Adle-Biassette H, Mikol J, Moulignier A, Scaravilli F (2005). Central nervous system immune reconstitution disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment. J Neurovirol 11 (Suppl. 3 16 22.
42. Greenspan D, Canchola AJ, MacPhail LA, Cheikh B, Greenspan JS (2001). Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts. Lancet 357 : 1411 1412.
43. Greenwood I, Zakrzewska JM, Robinson PG (2002). Changes in the prevalence of HIV-associated mucosal disease at a dedicated clinic over 7 years. Oral Dis 8 : 90 94.
44. Jenny-Avital ER, Abadi M (2002). Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 35 : e128 e133.
45. Jevtovic DJ, Salemovic D, Ranin J, Pesic L, Zerjav S, Djurkovic-Djakovic O (2005). The prevalence and risk of immune restoration disease in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Medicine 6 : 140 143.
46. Kambugu A, Meya DB, Rhein J et al (2008). Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy availability. Clin Inf Dis 46 : 1694 1701.
47. Karavellas MP, Azen SP, MacDonald JC et al (2001). Immune recovery vitritis and uveitis in AIDS: clinical predictors, sequelae, and treatment outcomes. Retina 21 : 1 9.
48. King MD, Reznik DA, O'Daniels CM, Larsen NM, Osterholt D, Blumberg HM (2002). Human papillomavirus-associated oral warts among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an emerging infection. Clin Infect Dis 34 : 641 648.
49. Knysz B, Bolanowski M, Klimczak M, Gladysz A, Zwolinska K (2006). Graves' disease as an immune reconstitution syndrome in an HIV-1 -positive patient commencing effective antiretroviral therapy: case report and literature review. Viral Immunol 19 : 102 107.
50. Lawn SD, Bekker LG, Miller RF (2005). Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. Lancet Infect Dis 5 : 361 373.
51. Lawn SD, Myer L, Bekker LG, Wood R (2007). Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: Incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. AIDS 21 : 335 341.
52. Lenner R, Bregman Z, Teirstein AS, De Palo L (2001). Recurrent pulmonary sarcoidosis in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest 119 : 978 981.
53. Li SD, Yong S, Srinivas D, Van Thiel DH (2002). Reactivation of sarcoidosis during interferon therapy. J Gastroenterol 37 : 50 54.
54. Lipman M, Breen R (2006). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19 : 20 25.
55. Lortholary O, Fontanet A, Mémain N et al (2005a). Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France. AIDS 19 : 1043 1049.
56. Lortholary O, Sitbon K, Dromer F, French Cryptococcus Study Group (2005b). Evidence for HIV and Cryptococcus neoformans interactions on the pro- and antiinflamatory responses in blood during AIDS-associated cryptococcosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 11 : 296 300.
57. Manabe YC, Campbell JD, Sydnor E, Moore RD (2007). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: risk factors and treatment implications. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46 : 456 462.
58. Martinez E, Gatell J, Moran Y et al (1998). High incidence of herpes zoster in patients with AIDS soon after therapy with protease inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis 27 : 1510 1513.
59. Matsuzaki G, Umemura M (2007). Interleukin-17 as an effector molecule of innate and acquired immunity against infections. Microbiol Immunol 51 : 1139 1147.
60. Meintjes G, Lawn SD, Scano F et al (2008). Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for adults in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis 8 : 516 523.
61. Michailidis C, Pozniak AL, Mandalia S, Basnayake S, Nelson MR, Gazzard BG (2005). Clinical characteristics of IRIS syndrome in patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Antivir Ther 10 : 417 422.
62. Michelet C, Arvieux C, François C et al (1998). Opportunistic infections occurring during highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 12 : 1815 1822.
63. + lymphocytosis in HIV-1 infected patients with immune restoration induced by HAART. Acta Neuropathol 108 : 17 23.
64. Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C et al (2003). Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet 362 : 22 29.
65. Murdoch DM, Venter WDF, Feldman C, Van Rie A (2008). Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study. AIDS 22 : 601 610.
66. Mutimer HP, Akatsuka Y, Manley T et al (2002). Association between immune recovery uveitis and a diverse intraocular cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cell response. J Infect Dis 186 : 701 705.
67. Nacher M, Vantilcke V, Huber F et al (2007). Increased incidence of mucosal candidiasis after HAART initiation: a benign form of immune reconstitution disease? AIDS 21 : 2534 2536.
68. Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, Pitchenik AE (1998). Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158 : 157 161.
69. Neumann S, Kreth F, Schubert S, Mossner J, Caca K (2003). Reiter's syndrome as a manifestation of an immune reconstitution syndrome in an HIV-infected patient: successful treatment with doxycycline. Clin Infect Dis 36 : 1628 1629.
70. Nolan RC, Chidlow G, French MA (2003). Parvovirus B19 encephalitis presenting as immune restoration disease after highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 36 : 1191 1194.
71. Olalla J, Pulido F, Rubio R et al (2002). Paradoxical responses in a cohort of HIV-1 -infected patients with mycobacterial disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 : 71 75.
72. Ortega KL, Ceballos-Salobreña A, Gaitán-Cepeda LA, Magalhães MG (2008a). Oral manifestations after immune reconstitution in HIV patients on HAART. Int J STD AIDS 19 : 305 308.
73. Ortega KL, Rezende NP, Lotufo MA, Magalhães MH (2008b). Mandibular lesion in an HIV-positive patient. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66 : 2140 2144.
74. Palella FJ Jr., Chmiel JS, Moorman AC, Holmberg SD (2002). Durability and predictors of success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for ambulatory HIV-infected patients. AIDS 16 : 1617 1626.
75. Patton LL, McKaig R, Strauss R, Rogers D, Eron JJ Jr. (2000). Changing prevalence of oral manifestations of human immuno-deficiency virus in the era of protease inhibitor therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 89 : 299 304.
76. Phillips P, Bonner S, Gataric N et al (2005). Nontuberculous mycobacterial immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-infected patients: spectrum of disease and long-term follow-up. Clin Infect Dis 41 : 1483 1497.
77. Price P, Keane NM, Stone SF, Cheong KY, French MA (2001). Major histocompatibility complex haplotypes affect the expression of opportunistic infections in HIV patients. Hum Immunol 62 : 157 164.
78. Price P, Morahan G, Huang D et al (2002). Polymorphisms in cytokine genes define subpopulations of HIV-1 patients who experienced immune restoration diseases. AIDS 16 : 2043 2047.
79. Puthanakit T, Oberdorfer P, Punjaisee S, Wannarit P, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V (2005). Immune reconstitution syndrome due to bacillus Calmette-Guérin after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 41 : 1049 1052.
80. Race EM, Adelson-Mitty J, Kriegel GR et al (1998). Focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. Lancet 351 : 252 255.
81. Ramírez-Amador VA, Espinosa E, González-Ramírez I, Anaya-Saavedra G, Ormsby CE, Reyes-Terán G (2009). Identification of oral candidosis, hairy leukoplakia and recurrent oral ulcers as distinct cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J STD AIDS 20 : 259 261.
82. Ratnam I, Chiu C, Kandala NB, Easterbrook PJ (2006). Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an ethnically diverse HIV type 1-infected cohort. Clin Infect Dis 42 : 418 427.
83. Reddy V, Luzzi GA (2005). Chronic vulval ulceration - another immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? Int J STD AIDS 16 : 454 455.
84. Ridolfo AL, Gervasoni C, Antinori S et al (2000). Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis during highly active antiretroviral therapy in an AIDS patient infected with Leishmania infantum. J Infect 40 : 199 202.
85. Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Priepke F, Bergmann FJ, Reichart PA (2000). Decline in the rate of oral opportunistic infections following introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Oral Pathol Med 29 : 336 341.
86. Scriba TJ, Kalsdorf B, Abrahams DA et al (2008). Distinct, specific IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4+ T cell subsets contribute to the human anti-mycobacterial immune response. J Immunol 180 : 1962 1970.
87. Shelburne SA III., Hamill RJ, Rodriguez-Barradas MC et al (2002). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Medicine 81 : 213 227.
88. Shelburne SA III., Darcourt J, White AC Jr. et al (2005a). The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 40 : 1049 1052.
89. Shelburne SA III., Darcourt J, White AC Jr. et al (2005b). Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 19 : 399 406.
90. Shelburne SA, Montes M, Hamill RJ (2006). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: more answers, more questions. J Antimicrob Chemother 57 : 167 170.
91. Srikantiah P, Walusimbi MN, Kayanja HK et al (2007). Early virological response of zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir for patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis in Uganda. AIDS 21 : 1972 1974.
92. Tamburini J, Grimaldi D, Chiche JD, Bricaire F, Bossi P (2007). Cytokine pattern in Kaposi's sarcoma associated with immune restoration disease in HIV and tuberculosis co-infected patients. AIDS 21 : 1980 1983.
93. Tan DB, Yong YK, Tan HY et al (2008). Immunological profiles of immune restoration disease presenting as mycobacterial lymphadenitis and cryptococcal meningitis. HIV Med 9 : 307 316.
94. Vos F, Pieters G, Keuter M, van der Ven A (2006). Graves' disease during immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. Scand J Infect Dis 38 : 124 126.
95. Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Pathan A et al (2005). Ex vivo characterization of early secretory antigenic target 6-specific T cells at sites of active disease in pleural tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 40 : 184 187.
96. Wright ME, Suzman DL, Csaky KG, Masur H, Polis MA, Robinson MR (2003). Extensive retinal neovascularization as a late finding in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immune recovery uveitis. Clin Infect Dis 36 : 1063 1066.