Breakthrough pain in cancer patients: The need for evidence

European Journal of Palliative Care

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 58-67

  Hui, David ^a   Bruera, Eduardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77949406284     PISSN: 13522779     EISSN: 14790793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Portenoy RK, Hagen NA. Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics. Pain 1990; 41: 273-281.
2. Payne R. Recognition and diagnosis of breakthrough pain. Pain Med 2007; 8: S3-7.
3. Caraceni A, Portenoy RK. IASP Task Force on Cancer Pain. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain 1999; 82: 263-274.
4. Caraceni A, Martini C, Zecca E et al. Breakthrough pain characteristics and syndromes in patients with cancer pain. An international survey. Palliat Med 2004; 18: 177-183.
5. Mercadante S, Radbruch L, Caraceni A et al. Episodic (breakthrough) pain: consensus conference of an expert working group of the European Association for Palliative Care. Cancer 2002; 94: 832-839.
6. Bennett D, Burton AW, Fishman S et al. Consensus panel recommendations for the assessment and management of breakthrough pain: Part 1 assessment. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2005; 30: 296-301.
7. Hagen NA, Stiles C, Nekolaichuk C et al. The Alberta Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool for cancer patients: a validation study using a delphi process and patient think-aloud interviews. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35: 136-152.
8. Patt RB, Ellison NM. Breakthrough pain in cancer patients: characteristics, prevalence, and treatment. Oncology (Williston Park) 1988; 12: 1035-1046; discussion 1049-1052.
9. Zeppetella G, Ribeiro MD. Pharmacotherapy of cancer-related episodic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003; 4: 493-502.
10. Zeppetella G. An assessment of the safety, efficacy, and acceptability of intranasal fentanyl citrate in the management of cancer-related breakthrough pain: a pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20:253-258.
11. Swanwick M, Haworth M, Lennard RF. The prevalence of episodic pain in cancer: a survey of hospice patients on admission. Palliat Med 2001; 15: 9-18.
12. Gómez-Batiste X, Madrid F, Moreno F et al. Breakthrough cancer pain: prevalence and characteristics in patients in Catalonia, Spain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 24: 45-52.
13. Portenoy RK, Payne D, Jacobsen P. Breakthrough pain: characteristics and impact in patients with cancer pain. Pain 1999; 81:129-134.
14. Fainsinger RL, Nekolaichuk CL. A 'TNM' classification system for cancer pain: the Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS- CP). Support Care Cancer 2008; 16: 547-555.
15. Bruera E, MacMillan K, Hanson J, MacDonald RN. The Edmonton staging system for cancer pain: preliminary report. Pain 1989; 37: 203-209.
16. Fortner BV, Okon TA, Portenoy RK. A survey of pain-related hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and physician office visits reported by cancer patients with and without history of breakthrough pain. J Pain 2002; 3: 38-44.
17. Watanabe S, Bruera E. Corticosteroids as adjuvant analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994; 9: 442-445.
18. Ross JR, Saunders Y, Edmonds PM et al. Systematic review of role of bisphosphonates on skeletal morbidity in metastatic cancer. BMJ 2003; 327:469.
19. Bruera E, Fainsinger R, MacEachern T, Hanson J. The use of methylphenidate in patients with incident cancer pain receiving regular opiates. A preliminary report. Pain 1992; 50: 75-77.
20. Rozans M, Dreisbach A, Lertora JJ, Kahn MJ. Palliative uses of methylphenidate in patients with cancer: a review. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 335-339.
21. Bennett D, Burton AW, Fishman S et al. Consensus panel recommendations for the assessment and management of breakthrough pain: Part 2 management. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2005; 30: 354-361.
22. Cormie PJ, Nairn M, Welsh J; Guideline Development Group. Control of pain in adults with cancer: summary of SIGN guidelines. BMJ 2008; 337: a2154.
23. Cherny NI, Portenoy RK. Cancer pain management. Current strategy. Cancer 1993; 72: 3393-3415.
24. Benedetti C, Brock C, Cleeland C et al. NCCN Practice Guidelines for Cancer Pain. Oncology (Williston Park) 2000; 14: 135-150.
25. Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N et al. Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 587-593.
26. Bruera E, Sloan P, Mount B, Scott J, Suarez-Almazor M. A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover trial comparing the safety and efficacy of oral sustained-release hydromorphone with immediate-release hydromorphone in patients with cancer pain. Canadian Palliative Care Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1713-1717.
27. Bruera E, Belzile M, Neumann CM et al. Twice-daily versus once- daily morphine sulphate controlled-release suppositories for the treatment of cancer pain. A randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer 1999; 7:280-283.
28. Bruera E, Belzile M, Pituskin E et al. Randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial comparing safety and efficacy of oral controlled-release oxycodone with controlled-release morphine in patients with cancer pain. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3222-3229.
29. Bruera E, Palmer JL, Bosnjak S et al. Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 185-192.
30. Mercadante S, Intravaia G, Villari P et al. Intravenous morphine for breakthrough (episodic-) pain in an acute palliative care unit: a confirmatory study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35: 307-313.
31. Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P et al. Transmucosal fentanyl vs intravenous morphine in doses proportional to basal opioid regimen for episodic-breakthrough pain. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1828-1833.
32. Zeppetella G. Impact and management of breakthrough pain in cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2009; 3: 1-6.
33. McCarberg BH. The treatment of breakthrough pain. Pain Med 2007; 8: S8-13.
34. Watanabe S, Pereira J, Tarumi Y, Hanson J, Bruera E. A randomized double-blind crossover comparison of continuous and intermittent subcutaneous administration of opioid for cancer pain. J Palliat Med 2008; 11: 570-574.
35. Parsons HA, Shukkoor A, Quan H et al. Intermittent subcutaneous opioids for the management of cancer pain. J Palliat Med 2008; 11: 1319-1324.
36. Hagen NA, Fisher K, Stiles C. Sublingual methadone for the management of cancer-related breakthrough pain: a pilot study. J Palliat Med 2007; 10: 331-337.
37. Farrar JT, Cleary J, Rauck R, Busch M, Nordbrock E. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: randomized, double-blinded, placebo- controlled trial for treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 611-616.
38. Portenoy RK, Taylor D, Messina J, Tremmel L. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of fentanyl buccal tablet for breakthrough pain in opioid-treated patients with cancer. Clin J Pain 2006; 22: 805-811.
39. Slatkin NE, Xie F, Messina J, Segal TJ. Fentanyl buccal tablet for relief of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer- related chronic pain. J Support Oncol 2007; 5: 327-334.
40. Zeppetella G, Ribeiro MD. Opioids for the management of breakthrough (episodic) pain in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD004311.
41. Portenoy RK, Payne R, Coluzzi P et al. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients: a controlled dose titration study. Pain 1999; 79: 303-312.
42. Christie JM, Simmonds M, Patt R et al. Dose-titration, multicenter study of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients using transdermal fentanyl for persistent pain. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3238-3245.
43. Coluzzi PH, Schwartzberg L, Conroy JD et al. Breakthrough cancer pain: a randomized trial comparing oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and morphine sulfate immediate release (MSIR). Pain 2001; 91: 123-130.
44. Gordon D, Schroeder M. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate-OTFC (ACTIQ) #103. J Palliat Med 2008; 11: 633-634.
45. Egan TD, Sharma A, Ashburn MA et al. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 665-673.
46. Zeppetella G. Opioids for cancer breakthrough pain: a pilot study reporting patient assessment of time to meaningful pain relief. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35: 563-567.
47. Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Gluud C, Kjaergard LL. Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: a reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? JAMA 2003; 290: 921-928.
48. Ruiz-Garcia V, Lopez-Briz E. Morphine remains gold standard in breakthrough cancer pain. BMJ 2008; 337: a3104.
49. Farrar JT, Portenoy RK, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Strom BL. Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures. Pain 2000; 88:287-294.
50. O'Connor AB. Is actiq use in noncancer-related pain really 'a recipe for success'? Pain Med 2008; 9: 258-60; author reply 261-265.
51. Passik SD, Kirsh KL. Weighing in on the off-label use of Actiq for noncancer-related pain: a recipe for success or a recipe for disaster? Pain Med 2007; 8: 130-133.
52. Marsch LA, Bickel WK, Badger GJ et al. Effects of infusion rate of intravenously administered morphine on physiological, psychomotor, and self-reported measures in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 299: 1056-1065.
53. Comer SD, Ashworth JB, Sullivan MA et al. Relationship between rate of infusion and reinforcing strength of oxycodone in humans. J Opioid Manag 2009; 5: 203-212.
54. Hagen NA, Fisher K, Victorino C, Farrar JT. A titration strategy is needed to manage breakthrough cancer pain effectively: observations from data pooled from three clinical trials. J Palliat Med 2007; 10: 47-55.
55. Lecybyl R, Hanna M. Fentanyl buccal tablet: faster rescue analgesia for breakthrough pain? Future Oncol 2007; 3: 375-379.
56. Darwish M, Tempero K, Kirby M, Thompson J. Relative bioavailability of the fentanyl effervescent buccal tablet (FEBT) 1,080 pg versus oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate 1,600 pg and dose proportionality of FEBT 270 to 1,300 microg: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, three-period study in healthy adult volunteers. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 715-724.
57. Weinstein SM, Messina J, Xie F. Fentanyl buccal tablet for the treatment of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic cancer pain: A long-term, open-label safety study. Cancer 2009; 115:2571-2579.
58. Zeppetella G. Sublingual fentanyl citrate for cancer-related breakthrough pain: A pilot study. Palliat Med 2001; 15: 323-328.
59. Zeppetella G. Nebulized and intranasal fentanyl in the management of cancer-related breakthrough pain. Palliat Med 2000; 14: 57-58.
60. Kress HG, Oronska A, Kaczmarek Z et al. Efficacy and tolerability of intranasal fentanyl spray 50 to 200 microg for breakthrough pain in patients with cancer: a phase III, multinational, randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with a 10-month, open-label extension treatment period. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 1177-1191.
61. Monk JP, Beresford R, Ward A. Sufentanil. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1988; 36: 286-313.
62. Jackson K, Ashby M, Keech J. Pilot dose finding study of intranasal sufentanil for breakthrough and incident cancer-associated pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23: 450-452.
63. Good P, Jackson K, Brumley D, Ashby M. Intranasal sufentanil for cancer-associated breakthrough pain. Palliat Med 2009; 23: 54-58.
64. Davies AN, Dickman A, Reid C et al. The management of cancer- related breakthrough pain: recommendations of a task group of the Science Committee of the Association for Palliative Medicine of Great Britain and Ireland. Eur J Pain 2009; 13: 331-338.
65. Bruera E, Macmillan K, Hanson J, MacDonald RN. The cognitive effects of the administration of narcotic analgesics in patients with cancer pain. Pain 1989; 39: 13-16.