Pediatric bipolar disorder: Evidence for prodromal states and early markers

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 459-471

  Luby, Joan L ^a   Navsaria, Neha ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Childhood bipolar disorder; Prodromes

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; TIME;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 77949397763     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: 14697610     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02210.x     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Axelson, D., Birmaher, B.J., Brent, D., Wassick, S., Hoover, C., Bridge, J., et al. (2003). A preliminary study of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children mania rating scale for children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 463 470.
2. Axelson, D., Birmaher, B., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., et al. (2006). Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1139 1148.
3. Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Wozniak, J., Mick, E., Kwon, A., Cayton, G.A., et al. (2005). Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 611 622.
4. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Hunt, J., et al. (2009). Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: The Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 795 804.
5. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., et al. (2006). Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 175 183.
6. Brotman, M.A., Guyer, A.E., Lawson, E.S., Horsey, S.E., Rich, B.A., Dickstein, D.P., et al. (2008). Facial emotion labeling deficits in children and adolescents at risk for bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 385 389.
7. Chang, K.D., Blasey, C.M., Ketter, T.A. Steiner, H. (2003). Temperament characteristics of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. Journal of Affective Disorders, 77, 11 19.
8. Chang, K.D., Steiner, H. Ketter, T.A. (2000). Psychiatric phenomenology of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 453 460.
9. Choate, M.L., Pincus, D.B., Eyberg, S.M. Barlow, D.H. (2005). Parent-child interaction therapy for treatment of separation anxiety disorder in young children: A pilot study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12, 126 135.
10. Clark, L.A., Watson, D. Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103 116.
11. Cornblatt, B.A., Lencz, T., Smith, C.W., Correll, C.U., Auther, A.M. Nakayama, E. (2003). The schizophrenia prodrome revisited: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 633 651.
12. Correll, C.U., Manu, P., Olshanskiy, V., Napolitano, B., Kane, J.M. Malhotra, A.K. (2009). Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Assocation, 302, 1765 1773.
13. Correll, C.U., Penzner, J.B., Frederickson, A.M., Richter, J.J., Auther, A.M., Smith, C.W., et al. (2007). Differentiation in the preonset phases of schizophrenia and mood disorders: Evidence in support of a bipolar mania prodrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 703 714.
14. DelBello, M.P., Adler, C.M. Strakowski, S.M. (2006). The neurophysiology of childhood and adolescent bipolar disorder. CNS Spectrums, 11, 298 311.
15. DelBello, M.P., Adler, C.M., Whitsel, R.M., Stanford, K.E. Strakowski, S.M. (2007a). A 12-week single-blind trial of quetiapine for the treatment of mood symptoms in adolescents at high risk for developing bipolar I disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 789 795.
16. DelBello, M.P., Hanseman, D., Adler, C., Fleck, D.E. Strakowski, S.M. (2007b). Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 582 590.
17. Dickstein, D.P., Milham, M.P., Nugent, A.C., Drevets, W.C., Charney, D.S., Pine, D.S., et al. (2005). Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder: Results of a voxel-based morphometry study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 734 741.
18. Duffy, A. (2007). Does bipolar disorder exist in children? A selected review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 52, 409 417.
19. Duffy, A., Alda, M., Crawford, L., Milin, R. Grof, P. (2007). The early manifestations of bipolar disorder: A longitudinal prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 828 838.
20. Duffy, A., Alda, M., Hajek, T., Sherry, S.B. Grof, P. (2009). Early stages in the development of bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders.
21. Egeland, J.A., Hostetter, A.M., Pauls, D.L. Sussex, J.N. (2000). Prodromal symptoms before onset of manic-depressive disorder suggested by first hospital admission histories. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1245 1252.
22. Egeland, J.A., Shaw, J.A., Endicott, J., Pauls, D.L., Allen, C.R., Hostetter, A.M., et al. (2003). Prospective study of prodromal features for bipolarity in well Amish children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 786 796.
23. Egger, H.L., Ascher, B. Angold, A. (1999). Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA): Version1.1. Durham, NC: Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center.
24. Ellenbogen, M.A., Hodgins, S. Walker, C.D. (2004). High levels of cortisol among adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 99 106.
25. Ellenbogen, M.A., Hodgins, S., Walker, C.D., Couture, S. Adam, S. (2006). Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 1164 1180.
26. Findling, R.L., Gracious, B.L., McNamara, N.K., Youngstrom, E.A., Demeter, C.A., Branicky, L.A., et al. (2001). Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 202 210.
27. Findling, R.L., McNamara, N.K., Youngstrom, E.A., Stansbrey, R., Gracious, B.L., Reed, M.D., et al. (2005). Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 409 417.
28. Frazier, J.A., Ahn, M.S., DeJong, S., Bent, E.K., Breeze, J.L. Giuliano, A.J. (2005). Magnetic resonance imaging studies in early-onset bipolar disorder: A critical review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 13, 125 140.
29. Frazier, J.A., Breeze, J.L., Papadimitriou, G., Kennedy, D.N., Hodge, S.M., Moore, C.M., et al. (2007). White matter abnormalities in children with and at risk for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 799 809.
30. Geller, B., Fox, L.W. Clark, K.A. (1994). Rate and predictors of prepubertal bipolarity during follow-up of 6- to 12-year-old depressed children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 461 468.
31. Geller, B., Tillman, R., Bolhofner, K. Zimerman, B. (2008). Child bipolar I disorder: Prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1125 1133.
32. Geller, B., Tillman, R., Craney, J.L. Bolhofner, K. (2004). Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 459 467.
33. Geller, B., William, M., Zimerman, B. Frazier, J. (1996). Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS). Washington University in St Louis.
34. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K. Craney, J.L. (2001). Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 125 127.
35. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., DelBello, M.P., Frazier, J. Beringer, L. (2002). Phenomenology of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder: Examples of elated mood, grandiose behaviors, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and hypersexuality. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12, 3 9.
36. Gilvarry, C.M., Russell, A., Jones, P., Sham, P., Hemsley, D. Murray, R.M. (2001). Verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia and affective psychoses and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 31, 695 704.
37. Glahn, D.C., Bearden, C.E., Niendam, T.A. Escamilla, M.A. (2004). The feasibility of neuropsychological endophenotypes in the search for genes associated with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 171 182.
38. Gogtay, N., Ordonez, A., Herman, D.H., Hayashi, K.M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, C., et al. (2007). Dynamic mapping of cortical development before and after the onset of pediatric bipolar illness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 852 862.
39. Gottesman, I. Gould, T.D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636 645.
40. Gourovitch, M.L., Torrey, E.F., Gold, J.M., Randolph, C., Weinberger, D.R. Goldberg, T.E. (1999). Neuropsychological performance of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 639 646.
41. Hillegers, M.H., Reichart, C.G., Wals, M., Verhulst, F.C., Ormel, J. Nolen, W.A. (2005). Five-year prospective outcome of psychopathology in the adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 344 350.
42. Hirshfeld-Becker, D., Biederman, J., Henin, A., Faraone, S., Cayton, G. Rosembaum, J. (2006). Laboratory-observed behavioral disinhibition in the young offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 265 271.
43. Hirshfeld-Becker, D.R., Biederman, J., Calltharp, S., Rosenbaum, E.D., Faraone, S.V. Rosenbaum, J. F. (2003). Behavioral inhibition and disinhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology: Implications for pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 985 999.
44. Hirshfeld-Becker, D.R., Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Violette, H., Wrightsman, J. Rosenbaum, J.F. (2002). Temperamental correlates of disruptive behavior disorders in young children: Preliminary findings. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 563 574.
45. Hirshfeld, D.R., Rosenbaum, J.F., Biederman, J., Bolduc, E.A., Faraone, S.V., Snidman, N., et al. (1992). Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 103 111.
46. Kelvin, R.G., Goodyer, I.M. Altham, P.M. (1996). Temperament and psychopathology amongst siblings of probands with depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 543 550.
47. Keri, S., Kelemen, O., Benedek, G. Janka, Z. (2001). Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A neurocognitive approach. Psychological Medicine, 31, 915 922.
48. Kochman, F.J., Hantouche, E.G., Ferrari, P., Lancrenon, S., Bayart, D. Akiskal, H.S. (2005). Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 181 189.
49. Kowatch, R. DelBello, M.P. (2006). Pediatric bipolar disorder: Emerging diagnostic and treatment approaches. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 73 108.
50. Ladouceur, C.D., Almeida, J.R., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D.A., Nau, S., Kalas, C., et al. (2008). Subcortical gray matter volume abnormalities in healthy bipolar offspring: Potential neuroanatomical risk marker for bipolar disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 532 539.
51. Leibenluft, E., Rich, B.A., Vinton, D.T., Nelson, E.E., Fromm, S.J., Berghorst, L.H., et al. (2007). Neural circuitry engaged during unsuccessful motor inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 52 60.
52. Lencz, T., Smith, C.W., Auther, A.M., Correll, C.U. Cornblatt, B.A. (2003). The assessment of 'prodromal schizophrenia': Unresolved issues and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 717 728.
53. Lewis, L.J. (2001). The face of bipolar illness: Results of a National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association Survey. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the American Psychiatric Association 2001 Annual Meeting.
54. Lish, J.D., Dime-Meenan, S., Whybrow, P.C., Price, R.A. Hirschfeld, R.M. (1994). The National Depressive and Manic-depressive Association (DMDA) survey of bipolar members. Journal of Affective Disorders, 31, 281 294.
55. Luby, J. Belden, A. (2006). Defining and validating bipolar disorder in the preschool period. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 971 988.
56. Luby, J.L., Belden, A. Tandon, M. (in press). Bipolar disorder in the preschool period: Focus on development and differential diagnosis. In D.J. Miklowitz D. Cicchetti (Eds Bipolar disorder: A development psychopathology approach. New York: Guilford Press
57. Luby, J., Heffelfinger, A., Koenig-McNaught, A., Brown, K. Spitznagel, E. (2004). The preschool feelings checklist: A brief and sensitive screening measure for depression in young children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 708 717.
58. Luby, J.L., Si, X., Belden, A.C., Tandon, M. Spitznagel, E. (2009a). Preschool depression: Homotypic continuity and course over 24 months. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 897 905.
59. Luby, J., Tandon, M. Nicol, G. (2007). Three clinical cases of DSM-IV mania symptoms in preschoolers. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 17, 237 243.
60. Luby, J.L., Tandon, M. Belden, A. (2009b). Preschool bipolar disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18, 391 403. ix.
61. McClure, E.B., Treland, J.E., Snow, J., Schmajuk, M., Dickstein, D.P., Towbin, K.E., et al. (2005). Deficits in social cognition and response flexibility in pediatric bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1644 1651.
62. Meyer, S.E., Carlson, G.A., Wiggs, E.A., Ronsaville, D.S., Martinez, P.E., Klimes-Dougan, B., et al. (2006). A prospective high-risk study of the association among maternal negativity, apparent frontal lobe dysfunction, and the development of bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 573 589.
63. Meyer, T.D., Koßmann-Böhm, S. Schlottke, P.F. (2004). Do child psychiatrists in Germany diagnose bipolar disorders in children and adolescents? Results from a survey Bipolar Disorders, 6, 426 431.
64. Miklowitz, D.J., Biuckians, A. Richards, J.A. (2006). Early-onset bipolar disorder: A family treatment perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 1247 1265.
65. Miklowitz, D.J., Biuckians, A. Richards, J.A. (2007). The bipolar teen: What you can do to help your teen and your family. New York: Guilford Press.
66. Miklowitz, D.J. Chang, K.D. (2008). Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 881 897.
67. Moreno, C., Laje, G., Blanco, C., Jiang, H., Schmidt, A.B. Olfson, M. (2007). National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1032 1039.
68. National Institute of Mental Health research roundtable on prepubertal bipolar disorder 2001). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 871 878.
69. Nigg, J.T. (2006). Temperament and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 395 422.
70. Rebecca, L. (2007). Early communication development and intervention for children with autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 16 25.
71. Rich, B.A., Vinton, D.T., Roberson-Nay, R., Hommer, R.E., Berghorst, L.H., McClure, E.B., et al. (2006). Limbic hyperactivation during processing of neutral facial expressions in children with bipolar disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 8900 8905.
72. Rubin, K.H., Burgess, K.B., Dwyer, K.M. Hastings, P.D. (2003). Predicting preschoolers' externalizing behaviors from toddler temperament, conflict, and maternal negativity. Developmental Psychology, 39, 164 176.
73. Rubinsztein, J.S., Michael, A., Paykel, E.S. Sahakian, B.J. (2000). Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1025 1036.
74. Scheeringa, M.S., Salloum, A., Arnberger, R.A., Weems, C.F., Amaya-Jackson, L. Cohen, J.A. (2007). Feasibility and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children: Two case reports. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 631 636.
75. Scheffer, R.E. Niskala Apps, J.A. (2004). The diagnosis of preschool bipolar disorder presenting with mania: Open pharmacological treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82 (Suppl 1 S25 34.
76. Schenkel, L.S., Pavuluri, M.N., Harral, E.M. Sweeney, J.A. (2007). Facial emotion processing in medicated and unmedicated patients with pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1070 1079.
77. Shaw, J.A., Egeland, J.A., Endicott, J., Allen, C.R. Hostetter, A.M. (2005). A 10-year prospective study of prodromal patterns for bipolar disorder among Amish youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1104 1111.
78. Stalets, M.M. Luby, J.L. (2006). Preschool depression. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 899 917. viii-ix.
79. Strober, M., Lampert, C., Schmidt, S. Morrell, W. (1993). The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 34 42.
80. Thompson, R. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N.A. Fox Ed The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations (pp. 25 166). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
81. Tiihonen, J., Haukka, J., Henriksson, M., Cannon, M., Kieseppa, T., Laaksonen, I., et al. (2005). Premorbid intellectual functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: Results from a cohort study of male conscripts. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1904 1910.
82. Tillman, R. Geller, B. (2003). Definitions of rapid, ultrarapid, and ultradian cycling and of episode duration in pediatric and adult bipolar disorders: A proposal to distinguish episodes from cycles. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 267 271.
83. Tramontina, S., Schmitz, M., Polanczyk, G. Rohde, L.A. (2003). Juvenile bipolar disorder in Brazil clinical and treatment findings. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 1043 1049.
84. Tumuluru, R.V., Weller, E.B., Fristad, M.A. Weller, R.A. (2003). Mania in six preschool children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 489 494.
85. Wilens, T.E., Biederman, J., Forkner, P., Ditterline, J., Morris, M., Moore, H., et al. (2003). Patterns of comorbidity and dysfunction in clinically referred preschool and school-age children with bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 495 505.
86. Wozniak, J., Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Mick, E., Faraone, S., Orlovsky, K., et al. (2005). How cardinal are cardinal symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder? An examination of clinical correlates Biological Psychiatry, 58, 583 588.
87. Young, R.C., Biggs, J.T., Ziegler, V.E. Meyer, D.A. (1978). A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 429 435.
88. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cummings, E.M., McKnew, D.H. Radke-Yarrow, M. (1984a). Altruism, aggression, and social interactions in young children with a manic-depressive parent. Child Development, 55, 112 122.
89. Zahn-Waxler, C., McKnew, D.H., Cummings, E.M., Davenport, Y.B. Radke-Yarrow, M. (1984b). Problem behaviors and peer interactions of young children with a manic-depressive parent. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 236 240.
90. Zalla, T., Joyce, C., Szoke, A., Schurhoff, F., Pillon, B., Komano, O., et al. (2004). Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 121, 207 217.