메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 46-53

Repeated or long-duration TASER® electronic control device exposures: Acidemia and lack of respiration

Author keywords

Acidosis; Conducted energy weapon; Electro muscular disruption; Electronic control device; Forensic pathophysiology; Forensic science; Respiration; TASER

Indexed keywords

LACTIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

EID: 77949295479     PISSN: 1547769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9126-4     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 44949243059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taser safety remains unclear (letter)
    • Strote J, Hutson HR. Taser safety remains unclear (letter). Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 52: 84-5.
    • (2008) Ann Emerg Med , vol.52 , pp. 84-85
    • Strote, J.1    Hutson, H.R.2
  • 3
    • 84878467352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of deaths following electro muscular disruption: Interim report. Washington, DC
    • U.S. National Institute of Justice. Study of deaths following electro muscular disruption: Interim report. Washington, DC. http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/222981. pdf (2008).
    • (2008) U.S. National Institute of Justice
  • 4
    • 77949299422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint non-lethal weapons program newsletter, second quarter, fiscal year
    • U. S. Marine Corps Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate. Joint non-lethal weapons program newsletter, second quarter, fiscal year 2005. https://www. jnlwd. usmc. mil/documents/1QFY05_012705. pdf.
    • (2005) U.S. Marine Corps Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate
  • 5
    • 77949278779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occasional paper no. 3. Bradford non-lethal weapons research project, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, United Kingdom, (May)
    • Davison N. The contemporary development of "non-lethal" weapons. Occasional paper no. 3. Bradford non-lethal weapons research project, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, United Kingdom. http://www. bradford. ac. uk/acad/nlw/research_reports/docs/BNLWRP_OP3_May07. pdf (May 2007).
    • (2007) The Contemporary Development of "Non-Lethal" Weapons
    • Davison, N.1
  • 6
    • 77949306329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research report no. 7. Bradford University, Department of Peace Studies, Centre for Conflict Resolution, (May)
    • Davison N, Lewer N. Bradford non-lethal weapons research project. Research report no. 7. Bradford University, Department of Peace Studies, Centre for Conflict Resolution. http://www. bradford. ac. uk/acad/nlw/research_reports/docs/BNLWRPResearchReportNo7_May05. pdf (May 2005).
    • (2005) Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project
    • Davison, N.1    Lewer, N.2
  • 8
    • 71549140377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ® devices) or excited delirium? (review)
    • doi: 10. 1016/j. jflm. 2008. 05. 011 (in press)
    • ® devices) or excited delirium? (review). J Forensic Leg Med. 2009. doi: 10. 1016/j. jflm. 2008. 05. 011 (in press).
    • (2009) J Forensic Leg Med
    • Jauchem, J.R.1
  • 9
    • 0027741045 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of rhabdomyolysis (review)
    • Knochel JP. Mechanisms of rhabdomyolysis (review). Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1993; 5: 725-31.
    • (1993) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.5 , pp. 725-731
    • Knochel, J.P.1
  • 10
    • 34548261485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the direct cardiac effects of the electric pulses generated by the TASER X26 cause immediate or delayed sudden cardiac arrest in normal adults? (review)
    • Ideker RE, Dosdall DJ. Can the direct cardiac effects of the electric pulses generated by the TASER X26 cause immediate or delayed sudden cardiac arrest in normal adults? (review). Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007; 28: 195-201.
    • (2007) Am J Forensic Med Pathol , vol.28 , pp. 195-201
    • Ideker, R.E.1    Dosdall, D.J.2
  • 11
    • 34948830125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed lethal arrhythmia after an electrical injury (letter)
    • Fatovich DM. Delayed lethal arrhythmia after an electrical injury (letter). Emerg Med J. 2007; 24: 743.
    • (2007) Emerg Med J , vol.24 , pp. 743
    • Fatovich, D.M.1
  • 12
    • 77949292205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6th Annual Non-Lethal Technology and Academic Research Symposium. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 16 Nov 2004
    • Jauchem JR. Effectiveness and health effects of electro-muscular incapacitating devices. 6th Annual Non-Lethal Technology and Academic Research Symposium. Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 2004 http://ecow. engr. wisc. edu/cgi-bin/getbig/bme/762/webster/hw1-25-07/jauchem-effectivenesshealtheffects. pdf. 16 Nov 2004.
    • (2004) Effectiveness and Health Effects of Electro-Muscular Incapacitating Devices
    • Jauchem, J.R.1
  • 16
    • 68949125377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of an alternative electronic-control-device waveform in swine
    • Jauchem JR, Beason CW, Cook MC. Acute effects of an alternative electronic-control-device waveform in swine. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2009; 5: 2-10.
    • (2009) Forensic Sci Med Pathol , vol.5 , pp. 2-10
    • Jauchem, J.R.1    Beason, C.W.2    Cook, M.C.3
  • 18
    • 38449117653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of TASER X26 discharges in a swine model
    • Dennis AJ, Valentino DJ, Walter RJ, et al. Acute effects of TASER X26 discharges in a swine model. J Trauma. 2007; 63: 581-90.
    • (2007) J Trauma , vol.63 , pp. 581-590
    • Dennis, A.J.1    Valentino, D.J.2    Walter, R.J.3
  • 20
    • 34147153810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ® exposures (letter)
    • doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.12.004
    • ® exposures (letter). Forensic Sci Int. 2007; 168: e19. doi: 10. 1016/j. forsciint. 2006. 12. 004.
    • (2007) Forensic Sci Int , vol.168
    • Jauchem, J.R.1
  • 21
    • 0021914272 scopus 로고
    • Anaerobic threshold: Review of the concept and direction for future research
    • Brooks GA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and direction for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985; 17: 31-5.
    • (1985) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.17 , pp. 31-35
    • Brooks, G.A.1
  • 22
    • 50649112637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point: Lactic acid is the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise
    • Böning D, Maassen N. Point: lactic acid is the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 105: 358-9.
    • (2008) J Appl Physiol , vol.105 , pp. 358-359
    • Böning, D.1    Maassen, N.2
  • 24
    • 34248384420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated thoracic discharges from a stun device
    • Valentino DJ, Walter RJ, Nagy K, et al. Repeated thoracic discharges from a stun device. J Trauma. 2007; 62: 1134-42.
    • (2007) J Trauma , vol.62 , pp. 1134-1142
    • Valentino, D.J.1    Walter, R.J.2    Nagy, K.3
  • 25
    • 39049119488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of MK63 stun device discharges in miniature swine
    • Valentino DJ, Walter RJ, Dennis AJ, et al. Acute effects of MK63 stun device discharges in miniature swine. Military Med. 2008; 173: 167-73.
    • (2008) Military Med , vol.173 , pp. 167-173
    • Valentino, D.J.1    Walter, R.J.2    Dennis, A.J.3
  • 27
    • 44449141140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TASER X26 discharges in swine produce potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias
    • Walter RJ, Dennis AJ, Valentino DJ, et al. TASER X26 discharges in swine produce potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Acad Emerg Med. 2008; 15: 66-73.
    • (2008) Acad Emerg Med , vol.15 , pp. 66-73
    • Walter, R.J.1    Dennis, A.J.2    Valentino, D.J.3
  • 31
    • 0037278331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological mapping and histological examinations of the swine atrium with sustained (>or =24 h) atrial fibrillation: A suitable animal model for studying human atrial fibrillation
    • Lin JL, Lai LP, Lin CS, et al. Electrophysiological mapping and histological examinations of the swine atrium with sustained (> or =24 h) atrial fibrillation: a suitable animal model for studying human atrial fibrillation. Cardiology. 2003; 99: 78-84.
    • (2003) Cardiology , vol.99 , pp. 78-84
    • Lin, J.L.1    Lai, L.P.2    Lin, C.S.3
  • 32
    • 33646339132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of commercially available chest wall protectors to prevent sudden cardiac death induced by chest wall blows in an experimental model of commotio cordis
    • Weinstock J, Maron BJ, Song C, Mane PP, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS. Failure of commercially available chest wall protectors to prevent sudden cardiac death induced by chest wall blows in an experimental model of commotio cordis. Pediatrics. 2006; 117: e656-62.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117
    • Weinstock, J.1    Maron, B.J.2    Song, C.3    Mane, P.P.4    Estes 3rd, N.A.5    Link, M.S.6
  • 33
    • 33847068799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in swine biomedical model genomics (review)
    • Lunney JK. Advances in swine biomedical model genomics (review). Int J Biol Sci. 2007; 3: 179-84.
    • (2007) Int J Biol Sci , vol.3 , pp. 179-184
    • Lunney, J.K.1
  • 35
    • 33746828597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac electrophysiological consequences of neuromuscular incapacitating device discharges
    • Nanthakumar K, Billingsley IM, Masse S, et al. Cardiac electrophysiological consequences of neuromuscular incapacitating device discharges. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 798-804.
    • (2006) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.48 , pp. 798-804
    • Nanthakumar, K.1    Billingsley, I.M.2    Masse, S.3
  • 36
    • 33746858514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cocaine intoxication on the threshold for stun gun induction of ventricular fibrillation
    • Lakkireddy D, Wallick D, Ryschon K, et al. Effects of cocaine intoxication on the threshold for stun gun induction of ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 805-11.
    • (2006) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.48 , pp. 805-811
    • Lakkireddy, D.1    Wallick, D.2    Ryschon, K.3
  • 37
    • 67650641578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taser X26 discharges in swine: Ventricular rhythm capture is dependent on discharge vector
    • Valentino DJ, Walter RJ, Dennis AJ, et al. Taser X26 discharges in swine: ventricular rhythm capture is dependent on discharge vector. J Trauma. 2008; 65: 1478-85.
    • (2008) J Trauma , vol.65 , pp. 1478-1485
    • Valentino, D.J.1    Walter, R.J.2    Dennis, A.J.3
  • 39
    • 77949304561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of an electronic control device exposure on a methamphetamine intoxicated animal model
    • Poster available at:, 14-17 Sept 2009
    • Ho J, Dawes D, Cole J, et al. Effect of an electronic control device exposure on a methamphetamine intoxicated animal model. The Fifth Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress (2009). Poster available at: http://www. ipicd. com/docs/9-9-09-meth_poster. pdf. 14-17 Sept 2009.
    • (2009) The Fifth Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress
    • Ho, J.1    Dawes, D.2    Cole, J.3
  • 41
    • 33646747618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and physiologic effects of conducted electrical weapon discharge in resting adults
    • Ho JD, Miner JR, Lakkireddy DR, Bultman LL, Heegaard WG. Cardiovascular and physiologic effects of conducted electrical weapon discharge in resting adults. Acad Emerg Med. 2006; 13: 589-95.
    • (2006) Acad Emerg Med , vol.13 , pp. 589-595
    • Ho, J.D.1    Miner, J.R.2    Lakkireddy, D.R.3    Bultman, L.L.4    Heegaard, W.G.5
  • 42
    • 62649139324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15-second conducted electrical weapon application does not impair basic respiratory parameters, venous blood gases, or blood chemistries and does not increase core body temperature (abstract)
    • Dawes DM, Ho JD, Johnson MA, Lundin E, Miner JR. 15-second conducted electrical weapon application does not impair basic respiratory parameters, venous blood gases, or blood chemistries and does not increase core body temperature (abstract). Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 50: S133.
    • (2007) Ann Emerg Med , vol.50
    • Dawes, D.M.1    Ho, J.D.2    Johnson, M.A.3    Lundin, E.4    Miner, J.R.5
  • 43
    • 62649139324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breathing parameters, venous blood gases, and serum chemistries with exposure to a new wireless projectile conducted electrical weapon in human volunteers (abstract)
    • Dawes D, Ho J, Johnson M, Lundin E, Miner J. Breathing parameters, venous blood gases, and serum chemistries with exposure to a new wireless projectile conducted electrical weapon in human volunteers (abstract). Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 50: S133.
    • (2007) Ann Emerg Med , vol.50
    • Dawes, D.1    Ho, J.2    Johnson, M.3    Lundin, E.4    Miner, J.5
  • 45
    • 67649904977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactate and pH evaluation in exhausted humans with prolonged TASER X26 exposure or continued exertion
    • Ho JD, Dawes DM, Cole JB, Hottinger JC, Overton KG, Miner JR. Lactate and pH evaluation in exhausted humans with prolonged TASER X26 exposure or continued exertion. Forensic Sci Int. 2009; 190: 80-6.
    • (2009) Forensic Sci Int , vol.190 , pp. 80-86
    • Ho, J.D.1    Dawes, D.M.2    Cole, J.B.3    Hottinger, J.C.4    Overton, K.G.5    Miner, J.R.6
  • 47
    • 0035064846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis induced by excessive muscle contraction during spinal evoked stimulation
    • Tohdoh Y, Sumita S, Kawamata T, Omote K, Kawana S, Namiki A. Acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis induced by excessive muscle contraction during spinal evoked stimulation. Br J Anaesth. 2001; 86: 589-93.
    • (2001) Br J Anaesth , vol.86 , pp. 589-593
    • Tohdoh, Y.1    Sumita, S.2    Kawamata, T.3    Omote, K.4    Kawana, S.5    Namiki, A.6
  • 48
    • 0016630030 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of clinical disorders of acid-base balance
    • Brobst D. Evaluation of clinical disorders of acid-base balance. JAMA. 1975; 166: 359-64.
    • (1975) Jama , vol.166 , pp. 359-364
    • Brobst, D.1
  • 49
    • 0022354026 scopus 로고
    • Effects of uncompensated and compensated metabolic acidosis on canine diaphragm
    • Howell S, Fitzgerald RS, Roussos C. Effects of uncompensated and compensated metabolic acidosis on canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol. 1985; 59: 1376-82.
    • (1985) J Appl Physiol , vol.59 , pp. 1376-1382
    • Howell, S.1    Fitzgerald, R.S.2    Roussos, C.3
  • 51
    • 0015990777 scopus 로고
    • Exercise acidosis as cause of electrolyte changes in femoral venous blood of trained and untrained man
    • Tibes U, Hemmer B, Schweigart U, Boning D, Fotescu D. Exercise acidosis as cause of electrolyte changes in femoral venous blood of trained and untrained man. Pflugers Arch. 1974; 347: 145-58.
    • (1974) Pflugers Arch , vol.347 , pp. 145-158
    • Tibes, U.1    Hemmer, B.2    Schweigart, U.3    Boning, D.4    Fotescu, D.5
  • 52
    • 0345099540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid-base balance at exercise in normoxia and in chronic hypoxia. Revisiting the "lactate paradox"
    • Cerretelli P, Samaja M. Acid-base balance at exercise in normoxia and in chronic hypoxia. Revisiting the "lactate paradox". Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003; 90: 431-48.
    • (2003) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.90 , pp. 431-448
    • Cerretelli, P.1    Samaja, M.2
  • 54
    • 38449099838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic acidosis (review)
    • Lim S. Metabolic acidosis (review). Acta Med Indones. 2007; 39: 145-50.
    • (2007) Acta Med Indones , vol.39 , pp. 145-150
    • Lim, S.1
  • 56
    • 0030988993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +, acid, norepinephrine, and ischemia on the heart: Implications for exercise
    • +, acid, norepinephrine, and ischemia on the heart: implications for exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1997; 82: 1046-52.
    • (1997) J Appl Physiol , vol.82 , pp. 1046-1052
    • O'neill, M.1    Sears, C.E.2    Paterson, D.J.3
  • 57
    • 20144366065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactate and base deficit in trauma: Does alcohol or drug use impair their predictive accuracy?
    • Dunne JR, Tracy JK, Scalea TM, Napolitano LM. Lactate and base deficit in trauma: does alcohol or drug use impair their predictive accuracy? J Trauma. 2005; 58: 959-66.
    • (2005) J Trauma , vol.58 , pp. 959-966
    • Dunne, J.R.1    Tracy, J.K.2    Scalea, T.M.3    Napolitano, L.M.4
  • 58
    • 33645543097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Admission serum lactate levels do not predict mortality in the acutely injured patient
    • Pal JD, Victorino GP, Twomey P, Liu TH, Bullard MK, Harken AH. Admission serum lactate levels do not predict mortality in the acutely injured patient. J Trauma. 2006; 60: 583-7.
    • (2006) J Trauma , vol.60 , pp. 583-587
    • Pal, J.D.1    Victorino, G.P.2    Twomey, P.3    Liu, T.H.4    Bullard, M.K.5    Harken, A.H.6
  • 59
    • 33847234633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory effect of prolonged electrical weapon application on human volunteers
    • Ho JD, Dawes DM, Bultman LL, et al. Respiratory effect of prolonged electrical weapon application on human volunteers. Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 197-201.
    • (2007) Acad Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 197-201
    • Ho, J.D.1    Dawes, D.M.2    Bultman, L.L.3
  • 60
    • 0030794312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival put to the acid test: Extreme arertial blood acidosis (pH 6.33) after near drowning
    • Opdahl H. Survival put to the acid test: extreme arertial blood acidosis (pH 6. 33) after near drowning. Crit Care Med. 1997; 25: 1431-6.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1431-1436
    • Opdahl, H.1
  • 61
    • 0025074242 scopus 로고
    • Electric shock devices and their effects on the human body
    • Robinson MN, Brooks CG, Renshaw GD. Electric shock devices and their effects on the human body. Med Sci Law. 1990; 30: 285-300.
    • (1990) Med Sci Law , vol.30 , pp. 285-300
    • Robinson, M.N.1    Brooks, C.G.2    Renshaw, G.D.3
  • 63
    • 77949287604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Annex K-Human effects of electro-muscular devices (EMD). Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex, France: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Research and Technology Organization
    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Human effects of non-lethal technologies (Impacts humain des technologies non létales). Annex K-Human effects of electro-muscular devices (EMD). Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex, France: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Research and Technology Organization 2006. http://ftp. rta. nato. int/public//PubFullText/RTO/TR/RTO-TR-HFM-073/TR-HFM-073-ANN-K. pdf.
    • (2006) Human effects of non-lethal technologies (Impacts humain des technologies non létales)
  • 64
    • 77949301250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TASER International, Medical safety information. Scottsdale, Arizona: TASER International, Inc
    • TASER International. Advanced TASER M26 less-lethal EMD weapon. Medical safety information. Scottsdale, Arizona: TASER International, Inc. 2000.
    • (2000) Advanced TASER M26 Less-Lethal EMD Weapon
  • 65
    • 77954422433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilkinson DI, editor, Publication no. 64/06. St. Albans, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom: Home Office Police Scientific Development branch
    • Wilkinson DI, editor. Supplement to HOSDB evaluations of Taser devices: A collection of medical evidence and other source material. Publication no. 64/06. St. Albans, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom: Home Office Police Scientific Development branch. 2006. http://scienceandresearch. homeoffice. gov. uk/hosdb/publications/police-weaponry/64-06_-_Supplement_to_HOSDB2. pdf?view=Binary.
    • (2006) Supplement to HOSDB Evaluations of Taser Devices: A Collection of Medical Evidence and Other Source Material
  • 66
    • 0035449430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of stun guns and tasers (review)
    • Fish R, Geddes L. Effects of stun guns and tasers (review). Lancet. 2001; 358: 687-8.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 687-688
    • Fish, R.1    Geddes, L.2
  • 68
    • 35349018401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological effects of a conducted electrical weapon on human subjects
    • Vilke GM, Sloane CM, Bouton KD, et al. Physiological effects of a conducted electrical weapon on human subjects. Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 50: 569-75.
    • (2007) Ann Emerg Med , vol.50 , pp. 569-575
    • Vilke, G.M.1    Sloane, C.M.2    Bouton, K.D.3
  • 69
    • 0028841831 scopus 로고
    • The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: A canine model of pulseless electrical activity
    • DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation. 1995; 30: 169-75.
    • (1995) Resuscitation , vol.30 , pp. 169-175
    • Debehnke, D.J.1    Hilander, S.J.2    Dobler, D.W.3    Wickman, L.L.4    Swart, G.L.5
  • 70
    • 0344629342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mnemonic for the recall of causes of electro-mechanical dissociation (EMD)
    • Rosenberg D, Levin E, Myerburg RJ. A mnemonic for the recall of causes of electro-mechanical dissociation (EMD). Resuscitation. 1999; 40: 57.
    • (1999) Resuscitation , vol.40 , pp. 57
    • Rosenberg, D.1    Levin, E.2    Myerburg, R.J.3
  • 71
    • 26544441492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 between asphyxia cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting
    • 2 between asphyxia cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. Crit Care. 2003; 7: R139-44.
    • (2003) Crit Care , vol.7
    • Grmec, S.1    Lah, K.2    Tušek-Bunc, K.3
  • 72
    • 68149169639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presenting rhythm in sudden deaths temporally proximate to discharge of TASER conducted electrical weapons
    • Swerdlow CD, Fishbein MC, Chaman L, Lakkireddy DR, Tchou P. Presenting rhythm in sudden deaths temporally proximate to discharge of TASER conducted electrical weapons. Acad Emerg Med. 2009; 16: 1-13.
    • (2009) Acad Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 1-13
    • Swerdlow, C.D.1    Fishbein, M.C.2    Chaman, L.3    Lakkireddy, D.R.4    Tchou, P.5
  • 74
    • 72249089245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of cross-chest electronic control device exposure on breathing (abstract)
    • Dawes DM, Ho JD, Miner JR. The effect of cross-chest electronic control device exposure on breathing (abstract). Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 52(4 Suppl 1): S65.
    • (2008) Ann Emerg Med , vol.52 , Issue.4 SUPPL.1
    • Dawes, D.M.1    Ho, J.D.2    Miner, J.R.3
  • 76
    • 0028567713 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiological study of asphyxia and its applications to medico-legal diagnosis
    • Japanese
    • Sawaguchi A. Pathophysiological study of asphyxia and its applications to medico-legal diagnosis. Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1994; 48: 403-19. Japanese.
    • (1994) Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi , vol.48 , pp. 403-419
    • Sawaguchi, A.1
  • 78
    • 0019451805 scopus 로고
    • Zur Pathophysiologie der Atmung und des Kreislaufs bei Tod durch obstruktive Asphyxie
    • German
    • Brinkmann B, Püschel K, Bause HW, Doehn M. Zur Pathophysiologie der Atmung und des Kreislaufs bei Tod durch obstruktive Asphyxie. Z Rechtsmed. 1981; 87: 103-16. German.
    • (1981) Z Rechtsmed , vol.87 , pp. 103-116
    • Brinkmann, B.1    Püschel, K.2    Bause, H.W.3    Doehn, M.4
  • 82
    • 0034705954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part 6: Advanced cardiovascular life support. Section 7: Algorithm approach to ACLS. 7C: A guide to the international ACLS algorithms (review)
    • European Resuscitation Council
    • European Resuscitation Council. Part 6: Advanced cardiovascular life support. Section 7: Algorithm approach to ACLS. 7C: A guide to the international ACLS algorithms (review). Resuscitation. 2000; 46: 169-84.
    • (2000) Resuscitation , vol.46 , pp. 169-184
  • 84
    • 77949278069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of autopsy examination. Document identifier B200801419. Charlotte, North Carolina, 30 June 2008
    • Mecklenburg County Medical Examiner's Office. Report of autopsy examination. Document identifier B200801419. Charlotte, North Carolina. 2008. http://centerforinvestigativereporting. org/files/CharlotteAutopsy. pdf 30 June 2008.
    • (2008) Mecklenburg County Medical Examiner's Office
  • 85
    • 77949285622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TASER International, Inc. and City of Akron, Plaintiffs, v. Chief Medical Examiner of Summit County, Ohio aka Lisa Dr. Kohler, M. D., Defendant. Case no. CV 2006-11-7421. Final order pursuant to Ohio revised code §319. l9
    • Court of Common Pleas, Summit County, Ohio. TASER International, Inc. and City of Akron, Plaintiffs, v. Chief Medical Examiner of Summit County, Ohio aka Lisa Dr. Kohler, M. D., Defendant. Case no. CV 2006-11-7421. Final order pursuant to Ohio revised code §319. l9. 2008. http://www. CEWlaw. info/outlines/05-02-08%20TASER%20(OH)%Kohler%20Court's%20Order. pdf.
    • (2008) Court of Common Pleas, Summit County, Ohio
  • 86
    • 77949295994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rickey A. Beaver, plaintiff, v. City of Federal Way, et al., defendants. Case no. C05-1938-JPD, 507 F. supp. 2d 1137, U. S. Dist. Lexis 64665. 2007 31 Aug 2007
    • United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Rickey A. Beaver, plaintiff, v. City of Federal Way, et al., defendants. Case no. C05-1938-JPD, 507 F. supp. 2d 1137, 2007 U. S. Dist. Lexis 64665. 2007. http://www. aele. org/beaver-federalway. html 31 Aug 2007.
    • (2007) United States District Court for the Western District of Washington
  • 88
    • 77949300358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convened by Stephen A. Zappala, Jr., District Attorney Of Allegheny County, 8 Oct 2009
    • Report of the Use of Force Working Group of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Convened by Stephen A. Zappala, Jr., District Attorney Of Allegheny County. 2009. http://www. law. pitt. edu/files/harris/Taser-Working-Group. pdf 8 Oct 2009.
    • (2009) Report of the Use of Force Working Group of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.