Finding the missing stratospheric Bry: A global modeling study of CHBr3 and CH2Br2

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 2269-2286

  Liang, Q ^a,b,f   Stolarski, R S ^a   Kawa, S R ^a   Nielsen, J E ^a,c   Douglass, A R ^a   Rodriguez, J M ^a   Blake, D R ^d   Atlas, E L ^e   Ott, L E ^a,f  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b OAK RIDGE ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES   (United States)

^c SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS INC   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE SENSING; AIRBORNE SURVEY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; BROMINE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CONVECTION; EMISSION INVENTORY; EOS; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; INORGANIC COMPOUND; SATELLITE DATA; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEASONALITY; STRATOSPHERE; UPDRAFT;

NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 77749345781     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-2269-2010     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Aschmann, J., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Atlas, E. L., and Schauffler, S. M.: Modeling the transport of very short-lived substances into the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9237-9247, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/9237/2009/.
2. Atlas, E., Pollock, W., Greenberg, J., Heidt, L., and Thompson, A. M.: Alkyl Nitrates, Nonmethane Hydrocarbons, and Halocarbon Gases Over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean During Saga 3, J. Geo-phys. Res., 98(D9), 16933-16947, 1993.
3. Atlas, E. L. and Ridley, B. A.: The Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment: Introduction, J. Geophys. Res.,101, 14531-14541, 1996.
4. 210Pb, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20573-20586, 1993.
5. Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D., Fiore, A. M., Li, Q., Liu, H. Y., Mickley, L. J., and Schultz, M. G.: Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geo-phys. Res., 106, 23073-23096, 2001.
6. Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., Simpson, I. J., et al.: NMHCs and halo-carbons in Asian continental outflow during TRACE-P: Comparison to PEM-WestB, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 8806, doi:10.1029/2002JD003367, 2003. (Pubitemid 350187736)
7. Butler, J. H., King, D. B., Montzka, S. A., Lobert, J. M., Yvon-Lewis, S. A., and Warwick, N. J.: Oceanic fluxes of CHBr3, CH2Br2, and CH3I into the marine boundarylayer, Global Bio-geochem. Cy., 21, GB1023, doi:10.1029/ 2006GB002732, 2007. (Pubitemid 46831876)
8. Carpenter, L. J. and Liss, P. S.: On temperate sources of Bromo-form and other reactive organic bromine gases, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D16), 20539-20547, 2000.
9. Carpenter, L. J., Sturges, W. T., Liss, P. S., Penkett, S. A., Alicke, B., Hebestreit, K., and Platt U.: Short-lived alkyl iodides and bromides at Mace Head, Ireland: Links to biogenic sources and halogen oxide production, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1679-1690, 1999.
10. Carpenter, L. J., Malin, G., Kuepper, F., and Liss, P. S.: Novel biogenic iodine-containing trihalomethanes and other short-lived halocarbons in the coastal East Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1191-1204, 2000.
11. Carpenter, L. J., Wevill, D. J., Hopkins, J. R., Dunk, R. M., Jones, C. E., Hornsby, K. E., and McQuaid, J. B.: Bromoform in tropical Atlantic air from 25 N to 25 S, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11810, doi:10.1029/2007GL029893, 2007.
12. Carpenter, L. J., Jones, C. E., Dunk, R. M., Hornsby, K. E., and Woeltjen, J.: Air-sea fluxes of biogenic bromine from the tropical and North Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1805-1816, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/9/1805/2009/.
13. Chin, M., Rood, R. B., Lin, S.-J., Muller, J. F., and Thomspon, A. M.: Atmosphericsulfur cycle in the global model GOCART: Model description and global properties, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24671-24687, 2000a.
14. Chin, M., Savoie, D. L., Huebert, B. J., Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C., Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Saltzman, E. S., and De Bruyn, W. J.: Atmospheric sulfur cycle in the global model GOCART: Comparison with field observations and regional budgets, J. Geo-phys. Res., 105, 24689-24712, 2000b.
15. Chin, M., Diehl, T., Ginoux, P., and Malm, W.: Intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols: implications for regional air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5501-5517, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/5501/2007/. (Pubitemid 350050335)
16. Class,Th., Kohnle, R., and Ballschmiter, K.: Chemistry of organic traces in air, VII, Bromo-and bromochloromethanes in air over the Atlantic Ocean, Chemosphere, 15(4), 429-436, 1986.
17. Dorf, M., Butz, A., Camy-Peyret, C., Chipperfield, M. P., Kritten, L., and Pfeilsticker, K.: Bromine in the tropical troposphere and stratosphere as derived from balloon-borne BrO observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7265-7271, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/7265/2008/.
18. Douglass, A. R. and Kawa, S. R.: Contrast between 1992 and 1997 high-latitude spring Halogen Occultation Experiment observations of lower stratospheric HCl, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D15), 18739-18754, doi:10.1029/ 1999JD900281, 1999.
19. Douglass, A. R., Stolarski, R. S., Schoeberl, M. R., Jackman, C. H., Gupta, M. L., Newman, P. A., Nielsen, J. E., and Fleming, E. L.: Relationship of loss, mean age of air and the distribution of CFCs to stratospheric circulation and implications for atmospheric lifetimes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14309, doi:10.1029/2007JD009575, 2008.
20. Dvortsov, V. L., Geller, M. A., Solomon, S., Schauffler, S. M., Atlas, E. L., and Blake, D. R.: Rethinking reactive halogen budgets in the midlatitudes lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1699-1702, 1999.
21. Eyring, V., Butchart, N., Waugh, D. W., et al.: Assessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22308, doi:10.1029/2006JD007327, 2006. (Pubitemid 47386238)
22. Fueglistaler, S., Bonazzola, M., Haynes, P. H., and Peter, T.: Stratospheric water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air entering the stratosphere in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005516, 2005. (Pubitemid 40899638)
23. Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47(1), RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
24. Garcia, R. R., and Solomon, S.: A new numerical model of the middle atmosphere: 2. Ozone and related species, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,937-12,951, 1994.
25. Gettelman, A., Lauritzen, P. H., Park, M., and Kay, J. E.: Processes regulating short-lived species in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13303, doi:10.1029/2009JD011785, 2009.
26. Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.-J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20225-20273, 2001.
27. Giorgi, F. and Chameides, W. L.: Rainout lifetimes of highly soluble aerosols and gases as inferred from simulations with a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14367-14376, 1986.
28. Goodwin, K. D., Lidstrom, M. E., and Oremland, R. S.: Marine bacterial degradation of brominated methanes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3188-3192, 1997.
29. Hoell, J. M., Davis, D. D., Jacob, D. J., Rodgers, M. O., Newell, R. E., Fuelberg, H. E., McNeal, R. J., Raper, J. L., and Bendura, R. J.: Pacific Exploratory Mission in the tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics A, August-September 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D5), 5567-5583, 1999.
30. Holton, J. R. and Gettelman, A.: Horizontal transport and the dehydration of the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2799-2802, 2001.
31. Hossaini, R., Chipperfield, M. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Richards, N. A. D., Atlas, E., and Blake, D. R.: Bromoform and dibro-momethane in the tropics: a 3-D model study of chemistry and transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 719-735, 2010, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/719/2010/.
32. Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Kleb, M. M., Connors, V. S., Bendura, R. J., Raper, J. L., Sachse, G. W., Gille, J. C., Emmons, L., and Heald, C. L.: Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 9000, doi:10.1029/2002JD003276, 2003. (Pubitemid 350187705)
33. Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Maring, H., Clarke, A. D., Dibb, J. E., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Russell, P. B., Singh, H. B., Thompson, A. M., Shaw, G. E., McCauley, E., Pederson, J. R., and Fisher, J. A.: The ARCTAS aircraft mission: design and execution, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 17073-17123, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/17073/2009/.
34. Kerkweg, A., Jöckel, P., Warwick, N., Gebhardt, S., Brenninkmei-jer, C. A. M., and Lelieveld, J.: Consistent simulation of bromine chemistry from the marine boundary layer to the stratosphere-Part 2: Bromocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5919-5939, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/5919/2008/.
35. Klick, S.: The release of volatile halocarbons to seawater by untreated and heavy metal exposed samples of the brown seaweed, Fucus vesiculosus, Mar. Chem., 42, 211-221, 1993.
36. Kroon, M., Petropavlovskikh, I., Shetter,R., Hall, S., Ullmann, K., Veefkind, J. P., McPeters, R. D., Browell, E. V., and Levelt, P. F.: OMI total ozone column validation with Aura-AVE CAFS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S13, doi:10.1029/2007JD008795, 2008.
37. Kurylo, M. J. and Rodriguez, J. M.: Short-lived ozone related compounds, in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, Global Ozone Res. and Monit. Proj., Rep. 44, chap. 2, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
38. Liang, Q., Jaeglé, L., Hudman, R. C., et al.: Summertime influence of Asian pollution in the free troposphere over North America, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S11, doi:10.1029/2006JD007919, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241666)
39. Liang, Q., Stolarski, R. S., Douglass, A. R., Newman, P. A., and Nielsen, J. E.: Evaluation of emissions and transport of CFCs using surface observations and their seasonal cycles and the GEOS CCM simulation with emissions-based forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14302, doi:10.1029/2007JD009617, 2008.
40. Lin, S.-J.: A "vertically Lagrangian" finite-volume dynamical core for global models, Mon. Weather Rev., 132(10), 2293-2307, 2004.
41. Livesey, N. J., Kovalenko, L. J., Salawitch, R.,J., MacKenzie, I. A., Chipperfield, M. P., Read, W. G., Jarnot, R. F., and Waters, J.W.: EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of upper stratospheric BrO: Implications for bromine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20817, doi:10.1029/2006GL026930, 2006. (Pubitemid 44941746)
42. McElroy, M., Salawitch, R. J., Wolfsy, S., and Logan, J.: Reductions of Antarctic ozone due to synergistic interactions of chlorine and bromine, Nature, 321, 759-762, 1986.
43. Moorthi, S. and Suarez, M. J.: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 978-1002, 1992.
44. Nielsen, J. E. and Douglass, A. R.: A simulation of bromoform's contribution to stratospheric bromine, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8089-8100, 2001.
45. Ott, L. E., Pawson, S., and Bacmeister, J.: An analysis of the impact of convective arameter sensitivity on simulated global atmospheric CO distributions, in preparation, 2010.
46. Pawson, S., Stolarski, R. S., Douglass, A. R., Newman, P. A., Nielsen, J. E., Frith, S. M., and Gupta, M. L.: Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations of Stratospheric Ozone-Temperature Coupling Between 1950 and 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12103, doi:10.1029/2007JD009511, 2008.
47. Quack, B. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Air-sea flux of bromoform: Controls, rates and implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(1), 1023, doi:10.1029/2002GB001890, 2003.
48. Quack, B., Atlas, E., Petrick, B., Stroud, V., Schauffler, S., and Wallace, D. W.: Oceanic bromoform sources for the tropical atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23S05, doi:10.1029/2004GL020597, 2004. (Pubitemid 40482474)
49. Quack, B., Atlas, E., Petrick, G., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Bromo-form and dibromomethane above the Mauritanian upwelling: Atmospheric distributions and oceanic emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 112(D9), D09312, doi:10.1029/2006JD007614, 2007. (Pubitemid 47009871)
50. Raper, J., Kleb, M. M., Jacob, D. J., Davis, D. D., Newell, R. E., Fuelberg, H. E., Bendura, R. J., Hoell,J. M., and Mc-Neal, R. J.: Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics B, March-April 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32401-32425, 2001.
51. Reinecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., et al.: The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System-Documentation of Versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0, Tech. Rep. 104606 V27, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, 2008.
52. Salawitch, R. J., Weisenstein, D. K., Kovalenko, L. J., Sioris, C. E., Wennberg, P. O., Chance, K., Ko, M. K. W., and McLinden, C. A.: Sensitivity of ozone to bromine in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05811, doi:10.1029/2004GL021504, 2005. (Pubitemid 40815135)
53. Schauffler, S. M., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Flocke, F., Lueb, R. A., Lee-Taylor, J. M., Stroud, V., and Travnicek, W.: Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D17), 21513-21535, 1999.
54. Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.: On the control of stratospheric humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2513-2516, 2000.
55. Singh, H. B., Brune, W. H., Crawford, J. H., Jacob, D. J., and Russell, P. B.: Overview of the summer 2004 Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America (INTEX-A), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007905, 2006.
56. Singh, H. B., Brune, W. H., Crawford, J. H., Flocke, F., and Jacob, D. J.: Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2301-2318, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2301/2009/.
57. Sinnhuber, B.-M., Arlander, D. W., Bovensmann, H., et al.: Comparison of measurements and model calculations of stratospheric bromine monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4398, doi:10.1029/2001JD000940, 2002. (Pubitemid 44793886)
58. Sinnhuber, B.-M., Rozanov, A., Sheode, N., Afe, O. T., Richter, A., Sinnhuber, M., Wittrock, F., Burrows, J. P., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., and Linden, A.: Global observations of stratospheric bromine monoxide from SCIAMACHY, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20810, doi:10.1029/2005GL023839, 2005. (Pubitemid 41782744)
59. Sinnhuber, B.-M. and Folkins, I.: Estimating the contribution of bromoform to stratospheric bromine and its relation to dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4755-4761, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4755/2006/.
60. Sioris, C. E., Kovalenko, L. J., McLinden, et al.:, Latitudinal and vertical distribution of bromine monoxide in the lower stratosphere from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography limb scattering measurements, J. Geo-phys. Res., 111, D14301, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006479, 2006. (Pubitemid 46055353)
61. Solomon, S., Wuebbles, D., Isaksen, I., Kiehl, J., Lal, M., Simon, P., and Sze, N. D.: Ozone depletion potentials, global warming potentials and future chlorine/bromine loading, in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, Global Ozone Res. and Monit. Proj. Rep. 37, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, Switzerland, 13.1-13.36, 1995.
62. Sturges, W. T., Cota, G. F., and Buckley, P. T.: Bromoform emission from Arctic ice algae, Nature, 358, 6388, 660-662, 1992.
63. Sturges, W. T., Cota, G. F., and Buckley, P. T.: Vertical profiles of bromoform in snow, sea ice, and seawater in the Canadian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C11), 25073-25083, 1997.
64. Sturges, W. T., Oram, D. E., Carpenter, L. J., Penkett, S. A., and En-gel, A.: Bromoform as a source of stratospheric bromine, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 27(14), 2081-2084, 2000.
65. Toon, O. B., Starr, D. O., Jensen, E. J., et al.: Planning, Implementation and First Results of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4), J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2010.
66. Turquety, S., Logan, J. A., Jacob, D. J., et al.: Inventory of boreal fire emissions for North America in 2004: Importance of peat burning and pyroconvective injection, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S03, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007281, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241660)
67. von Glasow, R., von Kuhlmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Platt, U., and Crutzen, P. J.: Impact of reactive bromine chemistry in the troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2481-2497, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/2481/2004/.
68. Yokouchi, Y., Hasebe, F., Fujiwara, M., Takashima, H., Shiotani, M., Nishi, N., Kanaya, Y., Hashimoto, S., Fraser, P., Toom-Sauntry, D., Mukai, H., and Nojiri, Y.: Correlations and emission ratios among bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibro-momethane in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23309, doi:10.1029/2005JD006303, 2005. (Pubitemid 43141270)
69. Warwick, N. J., Pyle, J. A., Carver, G. D., Yang, X., Savage, N. H., O'Connor, F. M., and Cox, R. A.: Global modeling of biogenic bromocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24305, doi:10.1029/2006JD007264, 2006. (Pubitemid 47260800)
70. Waugh, D. W., Strahan, S. E., and Newman, P. A.: Sensitivity of stratospheric inorganic chlorine to differences in transport, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4935-4941, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4935/2007/.
71. WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion:2006
72. Yang, X., Cox, R. A., Warwick, N. J., Pyle, J. A., Carver, G. D., and O'Connor F. M.: Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study, J.Geophys. Res., 110, D23311, doi:10.1029/2005-JD006244, 2005.