On temperate sources of bromoform and other reactive organic bromine gases

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D16, 2000, Pages 20539-20547

  Carpenter, L J ^a,b   Liss, P S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ALGA; BROMINE; EMISSION;

ALGAE;

EID: 0033784924     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900242     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Abrahamsson, K., and A. Ekdahl, Gas chromatographic determination of halogenated organic compounds in water and sediment in the Skagerrak, J. Chromatogr., 643, 239-248, 1993.
2. Abrahamsson, K., and S. Klick, Determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile halocarbons in sea-water by liquid-liquid-extraction and capillary gas-chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 513, 39-45, 1990.
3. Arzel, P., In Les Laminaires sur les Côtes Bretonnes. Evolution de l'exploitation et de la Flotille de Pêche, état Actuel et Perspectives, Ifremer, Plouzané, France, 1998.
4. Atlas, E., W. Pollock, J. Greenberg, L. Heidt, and A. M. Thompson, Alkyl nitrates, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and halocarbon gases over the equatorial Pacific-Ocean during Saga-3, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,933-16,947, 1993.
5. 3Br, organochlorines and organoiodines from temperate macroalgae, Chemosphere, in press, 2000.
6. Barrie, L. A., J. W. Bottenheim, R. C. Schnell, P. J. Crutzen, and K. A. Rasmussen, Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138-141, 1988.
7. Bottenheim, J. W., L. A. Barrie, E. Atlas, L. E. Heidt, H. Niki, R. A. Rasmussen, and P. B. Shepson, Depletion of lower tropospheric ozone during Arctic spring: The Polar Sunrise Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,555-18,568, 1990.
8. Burresson, B. J., and R. E. Moore, Haloforms in the essential oil of the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta), Tetrahedron Lett., 7, 473-476, 1975.
9. Carpenter, L. J., W. T. Sturges, P. S. Liss, S. A. Penkett, B. Alicke, K. Hebestreit, and U. Platt, Short-lived alkyl iodides and bromides at Mace Head, Ireland: Links to biogenic sources and halogen oxide production, J. Geophys. Res, 104, 1679-1690, 1999.
10. Carpenter, L. J., G. Malin, P. S. Liss and F. Küpper, Novel biogenic iodine-containing trihalomethanes and other short-lived halocarbons in the coastal East Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, in press, 2000.
11. Chassé, C., and L. Kerambrun, Les grandes algues de Bretagne, un potentiel sous-développé, Penn ar Bed, 13 (108-109), 43-52, 1982.
12. Class, T., R. Kohnle, and K. Ballschmiter, Chemistry of organic traces in air, VII, Bromochloromethanes and bromochloromethanes in air over the Atlantic Ocean, Chemosphere, 15, 429-436, 1986.
13. Class, T. H., and K. Ballschmiter, Chemistry of organic traces in air, VIII, Sources and distribution of bromo- and bromochloromethanes in marine air and surface seawater of the Atlantic-Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 35-46, 1988.
14. Critchley, A. T., and M. Ohno (Eds.), Seaweed Resources of the World, Kanawa Int. Fish. Training Cent. and Jpn. Int. Coop. Agency, Yokosuka, Japan, 1998.
15. Collén, J., A. Ekdahl, K. Abrahamsson, and M. Pedersén, The involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the production of volatile halogenated compounds by Meristiella-gelidium, Phytochemistry, 36, 1197-1202, 1994.
16. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, Evaluation 12, NASA, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1997.
17. De Vooys, C. G. N., Primary production in aquatic environments, in The Global Carbon Cycle, edited by B. Bolin et al., pp. 259-292, John Wiley, New York, 1979.
18. Dvortsov, V. L., M. A. Geller, S. Solomon, S. M. Schauffler, E. L. Atlas and D. R. Blake, Rethinking reactive halogen budgets in the midlatitude lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1699-1702, 1999.
19. Ekdahl, A., On the origin and assessment of biogenic halocarbons, Ph.D. thesis, Göteborg University, Sweden, 1997.
20. Geen, C., Selected marine sources and sinks of bromoform and other molecular weight organobromines, M.S. thesis, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can., 1992.
21. Goodwin, K. D., M. E. Lidstrom, and R. S. Oremland, Marine bacterial degradation of brominated methanes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3188-3192, 1997.
22. Gschwend, P. M., J. K. McFarlane, and K. A. Newman, Volatile halogenated organic compounds released to seawater from temperate marine macroalgae, Science, 227, 1023-1035, 1985.
23. Hebestreit, K., J. Stutz, D. Rosen, V. Matveiv, M. Peleg, M. Luria, and U. Platt, DOAS measurements of tropospheric bromine oxide in midlatitudes, Science, 283, 55-57, 1999.
24. Hession, C., M. D. Guiry, S. McGarvey, and D. Joyce, Mapping and assessment of the seaweed resources (Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria spp.) off the West coast of Ireland, The Mar. Inst., Dublin, June 1998.
25. e Cycle, Tome I, 150p., Tome II, 51p., Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, 1984.
26. e Cycle, Tome I, 150p., Tome II, 51p., Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest, 1984.
27. Klick, S., The release of volatile halocarbons to seawater by untreated and heavy metal exposed samples of the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, Mar. Chem., 42, 211-221, 1993.
28. Kritz, M. A., and J. Rancher, Circulation of Na, Cl, and Br in the tropical marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res, 85, 1633-1639, 1980.
29. Laturnus, F., Volatile halocarbons released from Arctic macroalgae, Mar. Chem., 55, 359-366, 1996.
30. Li, S. M., Y. Yokouchi, L. A. Barrie, K. Muthuramu, P. B. Shepson, J. W. Bottenheim, W. T. Sturges, and S. Landsberger, Organic and inorganic bromine compounds and their composition in the Arctic troposphere during polar sunrise, J. Geophys. Res, 99, 25,415-25,428, 1994.
31. Liss, P. S., and P. G. Slater, Flux of gases across the air-sea interface, Nature, 247, 181-184, 1974.
32. Manley, S. L., K. Goodwin, and W. J. North, Laboratory production of bromoform, methylene bromide and methyl iodide by macroalgae and distribution in nearshore southern California waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1652-1659, 1992.
33. Marshall, R. A., D. B. Harper, W. C. McRoberts and M. J. Dring, Volatile bromocarbons produced by Falkenbergia stages of Asparagopsis spp. (Rhydophtya), Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1348-1352, 1999.
34. McElroy, C. T., C. A. McLinden, and J. C. McConnell, Evidence for bromine monoxide in the free troposphere during the Arctic polar sunrise, Nature, 397, 338-340, 1999.
35. Michanek, G., Seaweed resources of the ocean, FAO Fish. Tech. Pap., 138, 127, 1975.
36. Moore, R. M., and R. Tokarczyk, Volatile biogenic halocarbons in the northwest Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 195-210, 1993.
37. Moore, R. M., R. Tokarczyk, and C. Geen, Sources of organobromines to the Arctic atmosphere, paper presented at The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Wolfsville, Nova Scotia, Can., August 23-28, 1992.
38. Moore, R. M., R. Tokarczyk, V. K. Tait, M. Poulin, and C. Geen, Marine phytoplankton as a natural source of volatile organohalogens, in Naturally-Produced Organohalogens, edited by A. Grimvall and E. W. B. de Leer, pp. 283-294, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1995.
39. Moore, R. M., M. Webb, R. Tokarczyk, and R. Wever, Bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase enzymes and production of halogenated methanes in marine diatom cultures, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 20,899-20,908, 1996.
40. Moyers, J. L., and R. A. Duce, Gaseous and particulate bromine in the marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res, 77, 5330-5338, 1972.
41. Nightingale, P. D., Low molecular weight halocarbons in seawater, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, England, 1991.
42. Nightingale, P. D., G. Malin, and P. S. Liss, Production of chloroform and other low-molecular-weight halocarbons by some species of macroalgae, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 680-689, 1995.
43. Oltmans, S. J., R. C. Schnell, P. J. Sheridan, R. E. Peterson, S.M. Li, J. W. Winchester, P. P Tans, W. T. Sturges, J. D. Kahl, and L. A. Barrie, Seasonal surface ozone and filterable bromine relationship in the high Arctic, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2431-2441, 1989.
44. Pedersén, M., J. Collén, K. Abrahamsson and A. Ekdahl, Production of halocarbons from seaweeds - An oxidative stress reaction, Sci. Mar., 60, 257-263, 1996.
45. Penkett, S. A., B. M. R. Jones, M. J. Rycroft, and D. A. Simmons, An interhemispheric comparison of the concentrations of bromine compounds in the atmosphere, Nature, 318, 550, 1985.
46. 3, ClO, BrO and IO in the troposphere, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 100, 175-198, 1995.
47. Quack, B., and E. Suess, Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons over the western Pacific between 43° and 4° N, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1663-1678, 1999.
48. Reifenhäuser, W., and K. G. Heumann, Bromomethanes and bromochloromethanes in the Antarctic atmosphere and the south polar sea, Chemosphere, 24, 1293-1300, 1992.
49. Schall, C., and K. G. Heumann, GC determination of volatile organoiodine and organobromine compounds in Arctic seawater and air samples, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem., 346, 117-722, 1993.
50. Schall, C., K. G. Heumann, and G. O. Kirst, Biogenic volatile organoiodine and organobromine hydrocarbons in the Atlantic Ocean from 42 degrees N to 72 degrees S, Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem., 359, 298-305, 1997.
51. Schauffler, S. M., E. L. Atlas, D. R. Blake, F. Flocke, X. X. Tie, R. A. Lueb, J. M. Lee-Taylor, V. Stroud, and W. Travnicek, Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21,513-21,535, 1999.
52. Smith, J. N., K. M. Ellis, and L. R. Kilius, I-129 and Cs-137 tracer measurements in the Arctic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., 45, 959-984, 1998.
53. Sturges, W. T., G. F. Cota, and P. T. Buckley, Bromoform emission from Arctic ice algae, Nature, 358, 660-662, 1992.
54. Sturges, W. T., D. E. Oram, L. J. Carpenter, A. Engel and S. A. Penkett, Bromoform as a source of bromine to the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2000.
55. Sturges, W. T., C. W. Sullivan, R. C. Schnell, L. E. Heidt, and W. H. Pollock, Bromoalkane production by Antarctic ice algae, Tellus Ser. B, 45, 120-126, 1993.
56. Tokarczyk, R., and R. M. Moore, Production of volatile organohalogens by phytoplankton cultures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 285-288, 1994.
57. Tuckermann M., R. Ackermann, C. Golz, H. LorenzenSchmidt, T. Senne, J. Stutz, B. Trost, W. Unold, and U. Platt, DOAS-observation of halogen radical-catalysed arctic boundary layer ozone destruction during the ARCTOC-campaigns 1995 and 1996 in Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen, Tellus Ser. B, 49, 533-555, 1997.
58. Vilter, H., K.-W. Glombitza, and A. Grawe, Peroxidases from Phaeophyceae, I, Extraction and detection of the peroxidases, Bot. Mar., 26, 331-340, 1983.
59. Vogt, R., R. Sander, R. Von Glasow, and P. J. Crutzen, Iodine chemistry and its role in halogen activation and ozone loss in the marine boundary layer: A model study, J. Atmos. Chem., 32, 375-395, 1999.
60. Wells, N.G., The absorption of solar radiation in the ocean, in The Atmosphere and Ocean, 2nd ed., pp. 84-88, John Wiley, New York, 1997.
61. Wever, R., M. G. M. Tromp, B. E. Krenn, A. Marjani, and M. Vantol, Brominating activity of the seaweed Ascophyllum-nodosum - Impact on the biosphere, Environ. Sci. Tech., 25, 446-449, 1991.
62. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, Global Ozone Res. and Monit. Proj. Rep. 44, Geneva, 1999.
63. Yokouchi Y., H. Akimoto, L. A. Barrie, J. W. Bottenheim, K. Anlauf, and B. T. Jobson, Serial gas-chromatographic mass-spectrometric measurements of some volatile organic-compounds in the Arctic atmosphere during the 1992 Polar Sunrise Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,379-25,389, 1994.
64. Yokouchi, Y., L. A. Barrie, D. Toom, and H. Akimoto, The seasonal-variation of selected natural and anthropogenic halocarbons in the Arctic troposphere, Atmos. Environ, 30, 1723-1727, 1996.
65. Yokouchi, Y., U. Mukai, U. Yamamoto, A. Otsuki, C. Saitoh, and Y. Nojiri, Distribution of methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, bromoform, and dibromomethane over the ocean (east and southeast Asian Seas and the western Pacific), J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8805-8809, 1997.