Power differences in the construal of a crisis: The immediate aftermath of september 11, 2001

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 354-370

  Magee, Joe C ^a   Milliken, Frances J ^a   Lurie, Adam R ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abstraction; Confidence; Construal; Power; Psychological distance; Text analysis

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; TERRORISM; UNCERTAINTY;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 77649251005     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167209360418     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Anderson, C., & Berdahl, J.L. (2002). The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1362-1377.
2. Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A.D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 511-536.
3. Astley, W.G., & Sachdeva, P.S. (1984). Structural sources of intra-organizational power: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 9, 104-113.
4. Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
5. Brauer, M., Chambres, P., Niedenthal, P.M., & Chatard-Pannetier, A. (2004). The relationship between expertise and evaluative extremity: The moderating role of experts' task characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 5-18.
6. Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the planning fallacy: Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 366-381.
7. Cohn, M.A., Mehl, M.R., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2004). Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychological Science, 15, 687-693.
8. de Poot, C.J., & Semin, G.R. (1995). Pick your verbs with care when you formulate a question! Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14, 351-368.
9. Dumont, M., Yzerbyt, V., Wigboldus, D., & Gordijn, E.H. (2003). Social categorization and fear reactions to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1509-1520.
10. Emerson, R.M. (1962). Power dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27, 31-41.
11. Fast, N.J., Gruenfeld, D.H., Sivanathan, N., & Galinsky, A.D. (2009). Illusory control: A generative force behind power's far-reaching effects. Psychological Science, 20, 502-508.
12. Finkelstein, S. (1992). Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Review, 35, 505-538.
13. Fiske, S.T., & Berdahl, J. (2007). Social power. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 678-692). New York: Guilford.
14. Fraley, R.C., Fazzari, D.A., Bonanno, G.A., & Dekel, S. (2006). Attachment and psychological adaptation in high exposure survivors of the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 538-551.
15. Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E., & Larkin, G.R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
16. French, J., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
17. Fujita, K., Henderson, M.D., Eng, J., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2006). Spatial distance and mental construal of events. Psychological Science, 17, 278-282.
18. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
19. Guinote, A. (2007). Power affects basic cognition: Increased attentional inhibition and flexibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 685-697.
20. Hardin, C.D., & Higgins, E.T. (1996). Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In E. T. Higgins and R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 25-84). New York: Guilford.
21. Henderson, M.D., Trope, Y., & Carnevale, P.J. (2006). Negotiation from a near and distant time perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 712-729.
22. Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D.H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265-284.
23. Leary, M.R., & Kowalski, R.M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
24. Lee, F., & Tiedens, L.Z. (2001). Is it lonely at the top? The independence and interdependence of power holders. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 43-91.
25. Liberman, N., Sagristano, M., & Trope, Y. (2002). The effect of temporal distance on level of construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 523-535.
26. Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 5-18.
27. Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). The psychology of transcending the here and now. Science, 322, 1201-1205.
28. Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Stephan E. (2007). Psychological distance. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 353-381). New York: Guilford.
29. Magee, J.C., & Galinsky, A.D. (2008). Social hierarchy: The self-reinforcing nature of power and status. Academy of Management Annals, 2, 351-398.
30. McKenzie, C.R.M., Liersch, M.J., & Yaniv, I. (2008). Overconfidence in interval estimates: What does expertise buy you? Organizational Behavior in Human Decision Processes, 107, 179-191.
31. Milliken, F.J., Magee, J.C., Lam, N., & Menezes, D. (2009). The lens and language of power: Sense-making gaps in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Unpublished manuscript, New York University.
32. Mulac A., Bradac, J.J., & Gibbons, P. (2001). Empirical support for the gender-as-culture hypothesis: An intercultural analysis of male/female language differences. Human Communication Research, 27, 121-152.
33. Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2006). Predicting the near and distant future. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 152-161.
34. Pennebaker, J.W., Francis, M.E., & Booth R.J. (2001). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC 2001): A computerized text analysis program. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Pennebaker, J.W., & Stone, L.D. (2003). Words of wisdom: Language over the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 291-301.
36. Penner, L.A. (2004). Volunteerism and social problems: Making things better or worse. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 645-666.
37. Pyszczynski, T.A., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2002). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
38. Skitka, L.J., Bauman, C.W., & Mullen, E. (2004). Political tolerance and coming to psychological closure following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: An integrative approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 743-756.
39. Smith, P.K., Jostmann, N.B., Galinsky, A.D., & van Dijk, W.W. (2008). Lacking power impairs executive functions. Psychological Science, 19, 441-447.
40. Smith, P.K., & Trope, Y. (2006). You focus on the forest when you're in charge of the trees: Power priming and abstract information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 578-596.
41. Thibaut, J.W., & Kelley, H.H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: John Wiley.
42. Thompson, L., & Fine, G.A. (1999). Socially shared cognition, affect, and behavior: A review and integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 278-302.
43. Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110, 403-421.
44. Updegraff, J.A., Silver, R.C., & Holman, E.A. (2008). Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: Results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 705-722.
45. Vallacher, R.R., & Wegner, D.M. (1987). What do people think they're doing: Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3-15.
46. Wakslak, C.J., Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Alony, R. (2006). Seeing the forest when entry is unlikely: Probability and the mental representation of events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 641-653.
47. Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. (T. Parsons, Ed.; A. H. Henderson & T. Parsons, Trans.). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
48. Weick, K. (1993). The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 628-652.
49. Wilson, T.D., & Gilbert, D.T. (2003). Affective forecasting. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 345-411). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic.
50. Yukl, G., & Falbe, C.M. (1991). Importance of different power sources in downward and lateral relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 416-423.