메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 74, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 692-701

Severely degraded rangeland: Implications for plant diversity from a case study in Succulent Karoo, South Africa

Author keywords

Disturbance; Extirpation; Grazing; Local extinction; Nurse plants; Soil crusts

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LAND; ANNUAL PLANT; CYANOBACTERIUM; DIVERSITY INDEX; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; GEOPHYTE; GRAZING PRESSURE; LAND DEGRADATION; LOCAL EXTINCTION; MOSS; NURSE PLANT; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; RANGELAND; SOIL CRUST; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES EVENNESS; SPECIES POOL;

EID: 77649179768     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: 1095922X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.10.013     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (42)

References (95)
  • 1
    • 0032872723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of grazing and cultivation on soil patterns and processes in the Paulshoek area of Namaqualand
    • Allsopp N. Effects of grazing and cultivation on soil patterns and processes in the Paulshoek area of Namaqualand. Plant Ecology 142 (1999) 179-187
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.142 , pp. 179-187
    • Allsopp, N.1
  • 2
    • 34347353294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of heavy grazing on an ephemeral river system in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa
    • Allsopp N., Gaika L., Knight R., Monakisi C., and Hoffman M.T. The impact of heavy grazing on an ephemeral river system in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 71 (2007) 82-96
    • (2007) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.71 , pp. 82-96
    • Allsopp, N.1    Gaika, L.2    Knight, R.3    Monakisi, C.4    Hoffman, M.T.5
  • 3
    • 34249336446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impacts of sustained heavy grazing on plant diversity and composition in lowland and upland habitats across the Kamiesberg mountain range in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa
    • Anderson P.M.L., and Hoffman M.T. The impacts of sustained heavy grazing on plant diversity and composition in lowland and upland habitats across the Kamiesberg mountain range in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 686-700
    • (2007) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.70 , pp. 686-700
    • Anderson, P.M.L.1    Hoffman, M.T.2
  • 4
    • 0037316510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nested-intensity design for surveying plant diversity
    • Barnett D.T., and Stohlgren T.J. A nested-intensity design for surveying plant diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 (2003) 255-278
    • (2003) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.12 , pp. 255-278
    • Barnett, D.T.1    Stohlgren, T.J.2
  • 6
    • 0000123438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and recovery of biological soil crusts
    • Ecological Studies.150. Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds), Springer, Berlin
    • Belnap J., and Eldridge D.J. Disturbance and recovery of biological soil crusts. Ecological Studies.150. In: Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management (2001), Springer, Berlin 363-383
    • (2001) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management , pp. 363-383
    • Belnap, J.1    Eldridge, D.J.2
  • 7
    • 43849085668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visually assessing the level of development and soil surface stability of cyanobacterially dominated biological soil crusts
    • Belnap J., Phillips S.L., Witwicki D.L., and Miller M.E. Visually assessing the level of development and soil surface stability of cyanobacterially dominated biological soil crusts. Journal of Arid Environments 72 (2008) 1257-1264
    • (2008) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.72 , pp. 1257-1264
    • Belnap, J.1    Phillips, S.L.2    Witwicki, D.L.3    Miller, M.E.4
  • 8
    • 0141483366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of restoration techniques for the Succulent Karoo, South Africa
    • Beukes P.C., and Cowling R.M. Evaluation of restoration techniques for the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Restoration Ecology 11 (2003) 308-316
    • (2003) Restoration Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 308-316
    • Beukes, P.C.1    Cowling, R.M.2
  • 9
    • 0037659127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil and vegetation changes across a Succulent Karoo grazing gradient
    • Beukes P.C., and Ellis F. Soil and vegetation changes across a Succulent Karoo grazing gradient. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 20 (2003) 11-19
    • (2003) African Journal of Range and Forage Science , vol.20 , pp. 11-19
    • Beukes, P.C.1    Ellis, F.2
  • 11
    • 27944503860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synopsis: comparative biogeography of soil-crust biota
    • Ecological Studies.150. Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds), Springer, Berlin
    • Buedel B. Synopsis: comparative biogeography of soil-crust biota. Ecological Studies.150. In: Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management (2001), Springer, Berlin 141-152
    • (2001) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management , pp. 141-152
    • Buedel, B.1
  • 13
    • 15944402862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models
    • Cingolani A.M., Noy-Meir I., and Díaz S. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15 (2005) 757-773
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 757-773
    • Cingolani, A.M.1    Noy-Meir, I.2    Díaz, S.3
  • 14
    • 0002766220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant biogeography, endemism and diversity
    • Dean W.R.J., and Milton S.J. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Cowling R.M., and Hilton-Taylor C. Plant biogeography, endemism and diversity. In: Dean W.R.J., and Milton S.J. (Eds). The Karoo - Ecological Patterns and Processes (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 42-56
    • (1999) The Karoo - Ecological Patterns and Processes , pp. 42-56
    • Cowling, R.M.1    Hilton-Taylor, C.2
  • 16
    • 0029416150 scopus 로고
    • Where, why, and to what extent have rangelands in the Karoo, South Africa, desertified?
    • Dean W.R.J., Milton S.J., and du Plessis M.A. Where, why, and to what extent have rangelands in the Karoo, South Africa, desertified?. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37 (1995) 103-110
    • (1995) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.37 , pp. 103-110
    • Dean, W.R.J.1    Milton, S.J.2    du Plessis, M.A.3
  • 17
    • 34249321206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Namaqualand - a brief overview of the physical and floristic environment
    • Desmet P.G. Namaqualand - a brief overview of the physical and floristic environment. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 570-587
    • (2007) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.70 , pp. 570-587
    • Desmet, P.G.1
  • 18
    • 77649181918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mittermeier, R.A, Gil, P.R, Hoffmann, M, Pilgrim, J, Brooks, T, Mittermeier, C.G, Lamoreux, J, Da Fonseca, G.A.B, Eds, CEMEX, Mexico. pp
    • Desmet, P., Cowling, R.M., 2004. Succulent Karoo. In: Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., Da Fonseca, G.A.B. (Eds), CEMEX, Mexico. pp. 134-138.
    • (2004) Succulent Karoo , pp. 134-138
    • Desmet, P.1    Cowling, R.M.2
  • 20
    • 33846424895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative logical states. A reply to N.W.H. Mason, J.B. Wilson and J.B. Steel
    • Didham R.K., and Norton D.A. Alternative logical states. A reply to N.W.H. Mason, J.B. Wilson and J.B. Steel. Oikos 116 (2007) 358-360
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 358-360
    • Didham, R.K.1    Norton, D.A.2
  • 21
    • 0031284508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach
    • Dufrêne M., and Legendre P. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67 (1997) 345-366
    • (1997) Ecological Monographs , vol.67 , pp. 345-366
    • Dufrêne, M.1    Legendre, P.2
  • 22
    • 24944564650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using community viability analysis to identify fragile systems and keystone species
    • Ebenman B., and Jonsson T. Using community viability analysis to identify fragile systems and keystone species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (2005) 568-575
    • (2005) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.20 , pp. 568-575
    • Ebenman, B.1    Jonsson, T.2
  • 23
    • 0033732708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How livestock grazing affects vegetation structures and small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo
    • Eccard J.A., Walther R.B., and Milton S.J. How livestock grazing affects vegetation structures and small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo. Journal of Arid Environments 46 (2000) 103-106
    • (2000) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.46 , pp. 103-106
    • Eccard, J.A.1    Walther, R.B.2    Milton, S.J.3
  • 24
    • 0011841687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological soil crusts and water relations in Australian deserts
    • Ecological Studies.150. Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds), Springer, Berlin
    • Eldridge D.J. Biological soil crusts and water relations in Australian deserts. Ecological Studies.150. In: Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management (2001), Springer, Berlin 315-325
    • (2001) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management , pp. 315-325
    • Eldridge, D.J.1
  • 25
    • 0002502834 scopus 로고
    • Soils
    • The Karoo Biome: a Preliminary Synthesis. Part 1 - Physical Environment. Cowling R.M., Roux P.W., and Pieterse A.J.H. (Eds)
    • Ellis F., and Lambrechts J.J.N. Soils. In: Cowling R.M., Roux P.W., and Pieterse A.J.H. (Eds). The Karoo Biome: a Preliminary Synthesis. Part 1 - Physical Environment. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No vol. 124 (1986) 18-38
    • (1986) South African National Scientific Programmes Report No , vol.124 , pp. 18-38
    • Ellis, F.1    Lambrechts, J.J.N.2
  • 28
    • 38449085710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of extinction in plants: interaction of extrinsic threats and life history traits
    • Fréville H., McConway K., Dodd M., and Silvertown J. Prediction of extinction in plants: interaction of extrinsic threats and life history traits. Ecology 88 (2007) 2662-2672
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 2662-2672
    • Fréville, H.1    McConway, K.2    Dodd, M.3    Silvertown, J.4
  • 30
    • 0000157095 scopus 로고
    • Pseudoreplication: a sine qua non for regional ecology
    • Hargrove W.W., and Pickering J. Pseudoreplication: a sine qua non for regional ecology. Landscape Ecology 6 (1992) 251-258
    • (1992) Landscape Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 251-258
    • Hargrove, W.W.1    Pickering, J.2
  • 31
    • 21244434427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant species richness and composition along livestock grazing intensity gradients in a Namaqualand (South Africa) protected area
    • Hendricks H.H., Bond W.J., Midgley J.J., and Novellie P.A. Plant species richness and composition along livestock grazing intensity gradients in a Namaqualand (South Africa) protected area. Plant Ecology 176 (2005) 19-33
    • (2005) Plant Ecology , vol.176 , pp. 19-33
    • Hendricks, H.H.1    Bond, W.J.2    Midgley, J.J.3    Novellie, P.A.4
  • 34
    • 1542378973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On misinterpretations of pseudoreplication and related matters: a reply to Oksanen
    • Hurlbert S.H. On misinterpretations of pseudoreplication and related matters: a reply to Oksanen. Oikos 104 (2004) 591-597
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.104 , pp. 591-597
    • Hurlbert, S.H.1
  • 35
    • 47749104169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity-productivity relationships in two ecologically realistic rarity-extinction scenarios
    • Isbell F.I., Losure D.A., Yurkonis K.A., and Wisley B.J. Diversity-productivity relationships in two ecologically realistic rarity-extinction scenarios. Oikos 117 (2008) 996-1005
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 996-1005
    • Isbell, F.I.1    Losure, D.A.2    Yurkonis, K.A.3    Wisley, B.J.4
  • 36
    • 33645120413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of local extinction rates when species detectability covaries with extinction probability: is it a problem?
    • Jenouvrier S., and Boulinier T. Estimation of local extinction rates when species detectability covaries with extinction probability: is it a problem?. Oikos 113 (2006) 132-138
    • (2006) Oikos , vol.113 , pp. 132-138
    • Jenouvrier, S.1    Boulinier, T.2
  • 37
    • 38449096471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components
    • Jost L. Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology 88 (2007) 2427-2439
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 2427-2439
    • Jost, L.1
  • 38
    • 65549120026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismeasuring biological diversity: response to Hoffmann and Hoffmann
    • (2008)
    • Jost L. Mismeasuring biological diversity: response to Hoffmann and Hoffmann. (2008). Ecological Economics 68 (2009) 925-928
    • (2009) Ecological Economics , vol.68 , pp. 925-928
    • Jost, L.1
  • 39
    • 0032746049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in mammal and bird assemblages between commercial and communal rangelands in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa
    • Joubert D.F., and Ryan P.G. Differences in mammal and bird assemblages between commercial and communal rangelands in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 43 (1999) 287-299
    • (1999) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.43 , pp. 287-299
    • Joubert, D.F.1    Ryan, P.G.2
  • 41
    • 19344363091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and implications of transformation in semi-arid succulent thicket, South Africa
    • Lechmere-Oertel R.G., Kerley G.I.H., and Cowling R.M. Patterns and implications of transformation in semi-arid succulent thicket, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 62 (2005) 459-474
    • (2005) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.62 , pp. 459-474
    • Lechmere-Oertel, R.G.1    Kerley, G.I.H.2    Cowling, R.M.3
  • 42
    • 52049123535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species-specific positive effects in an annual plant community
    • Lortie C.J., and Turkington R. Species-specific positive effects in an annual plant community. Oikos 117 (2008) 1511-1521
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 1511-1521
    • Lortie, C.J.1    Turkington, R.2
  • 43
    • 33846250410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evenness-invasibility relationships differ between two extinction scenarios in tallgrass prairie
    • Losure D.A., Wilsey B.J., and Moloney K.A. Evenness-invasibility relationships differ between two extinction scenarios in tallgrass prairie. Oikos 116 (2007) 87-98
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 87-98
    • Losure, D.A.1    Wilsey, B.J.2    Moloney, K.A.3
  • 44
    • 0008930705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and monitoring rangeland condition in extensive pastoral regions using satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques: an application to the Ceres Karoo region of South Africa
    • Mackay C.H., and Zietsman H.L. Assessing and monitoring rangeland condition in extensive pastoral regions using satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques: an application to the Ceres Karoo region of South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 13 (1996) 100-112
    • (1996) African Journal of Range and Forage Science , vol.13 , pp. 100-112
    • Mackay, C.H.1    Zietsman, H.L.2
  • 45
    • 0035659141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diversity-disturbance relationship: is it generally strong and peaked?
    • Mackey R.L., and Currie D.J. The diversity-disturbance relationship: is it generally strong and peaked?. Ecology 82 (2001) 3479-3492
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 3479-3492
    • Mackey, R.L.1    Currie, D.J.2
  • 46
    • 33846408625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are alternative stable states more likely in high stress environments? Logic and available evidence do not support Didham et al. 2005
    • Mason N.W.H., Wilson J.B., and Steel J.B. Are alternative stable states more likely in high stress environments? Logic and available evidence do not support Didham et al. 2005. Oikos 116 (2007) 353-357
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 353-357
    • Mason, N.W.H.1    Wilson, J.B.2    Steel, J.B.3
  • 49
    • 34249307441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential vulnerability of Namaqualand plant diversity to anthropomorphic climate change
    • Midgley G.F., and Thuiller W. Potential vulnerability of Namaqualand plant diversity to anthropomorphic climate change. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 615-628
    • (2007) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.70 , pp. 615-628
    • Midgley, G.F.1    Thuiller, W.2
  • 50
    • 0038339807 scopus 로고
    • Life styles of plants in four habitats in an arid Karoo shrubland
    • Milton S.J. Life styles of plants in four habitats in an arid Karoo shrubland. South African Journal of Ecology 1 (1990) 63-72
    • (1990) South African Journal of Ecology , vol.1 , pp. 63-72
    • Milton, S.J.1
  • 51
    • 0002526959 scopus 로고
    • The application of state-and-transition models to rangeland research and management in arid succulent and semi-arid grassy Karoo, South Africa
    • Milton S.J., and Hoffman M.T. The application of state-and-transition models to rangeland research and management in arid succulent and semi-arid grassy Karoo, South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 11 (1994) 18-26
    • (1994) African Journal of Range and Forage Science , vol.11 , pp. 18-26
    • Milton, S.J.1    Hoffman, M.T.2
  • 53
    • 0032103579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rangeland health assessment: a practical guide for ranchers in arid Karoo shrublands
    • Milton S.J., Dean W.R., and Ellis R.P. Rangeland health assessment: a practical guide for ranchers in arid Karoo shrublands. Journal of Arid Environments 39 (1998) 253-265
    • (1998) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.39 , pp. 253-265
    • Milton, S.J.1    Dean, W.R.2    Ellis, R.P.3
  • 57
    • 0026304260 scopus 로고
    • Local extinction in perennial grasslands: a life-history approach
    • O'Connor T.G. Local extinction in perennial grasslands: a life-history approach. The American Naturalist 137 (1991) 753-773
    • (1991) The American Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. 753-773
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 58
    • 0000925681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the humped relationship between species richness and biomass an artifact due to plot size?
    • Oksanen J. Is the humped relationship between species richness and biomass an artifact due to plot size?. Journal of Ecology 84 (1996) 293-295
    • (1996) Journal of Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 293-295
    • Oksanen, J.1
  • 59
    • 1542349169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The devil lies in details: reply to Stuart Hurlbert
    • Oksanen L. The devil lies in details: reply to Stuart Hurlbert. Oikos 104 (2004) 598-605
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.104 , pp. 598-605
    • Oksanen, L.1
  • 60
    • 41149158172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The refuge concept extends to plants as well: storage, buffers and regrowth in variable environments
    • Owen-Smith N. The refuge concept extends to plants as well: storage, buffers and regrowth in variable environments. Oikos 117 (2008) 481-483
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 481-483
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 61
    • 13444249953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of livestock grazing on landscape biophysical attributes in privately and communally managed rangelands in Namaqualand
    • Petersen A., Young E.M., Hoffman M.T., and Musil C.F. The impact of livestock grazing on landscape biophysical attributes in privately and communally managed rangelands in Namaqualand. South African Journal of Botany 70 (2004) 777-783
    • (2004) South African Journal of Botany , vol.70 , pp. 777-783
    • Petersen, A.1    Young, E.M.2    Hoffman, M.T.3    Musil, C.F.4
  • 62
    • 34247849113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and identification of antiplasmodial sesquiterpene lactones from Oncosiphon piluliferum
    • Pillay P., Vleggaar R., Maharaj V.J., Smith P.J., and Lategan C.A. Isolation and identification of antiplasmodial sesquiterpene lactones from Oncosiphon piluliferum. Journal of Ethnopharmocology 112 (2007) 71-76
    • (2007) Journal of Ethnopharmocology , vol.112 , pp. 71-76
    • Pillay, P.1    Vleggaar, R.2    Maharaj, V.J.3    Smith, P.J.4    Lategan, C.A.5
  • 63
    • 52049091249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal strategies and spatial organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems
    • Pueyo Y., Kéfi S., Alados C.L., and Rietkerk M. Dispersal strategies and spatial organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems. Oikos 117 (2008) 1522-1532
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 1522-1532
    • Pueyo, Y.1    Kéfi, S.2    Alados, C.L.3    Rietkerk, M.4
  • 64
    • 40749118435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term vegetation change in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa following 67 years of rest from grazing
    • Rahlao S.J., Hoffman M.T., Todd S.W., and McGrath K. Long-term vegetation change in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa following 67 years of rest from grazing. Journal of Arid Environments 72 (2008) 808-819
    • (2008) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.72 , pp. 808-819
    • Rahlao, S.J.1    Hoffman, M.T.2    Todd, S.W.3    McGrath, K.4
  • 65
    • 3042827231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do humans cause deserts?
    • Reynolds J.F., and Stafford Smith D.M. (Eds), Dahlem University Press, Berlin
    • Reynolds J.F., and Stafford Smith D.M. Do humans cause deserts?. In: Reynolds J.F., and Stafford Smith D.M. (Eds). Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts? (2002), Dahlem University Press, Berlin 1-21
    • (2002) Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts? , pp. 1-21
    • Reynolds, J.F.1    Stafford Smith, D.M.2
  • 66
    • 0041766736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in population biology of two succulent shrubs along a grazing gradient
    • Riginos C., and Hoffman M.T. Changes in population biology of two succulent shrubs along a grazing gradient. Journal of Applied Ecology 40 (2003) 615-625
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 615-625
    • Riginos, C.1    Hoffman, M.T.2
  • 67
    • 23944511911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context-dependent interactions between adult shrubs and seedlings in a semi-arid shrubland
    • Riginos C., Milton S.J., and Thorsten W. Context-dependent interactions between adult shrubs and seedlings in a semi-arid shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science 16 (2005) 331-340
    • (2005) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.16 , pp. 331-340
    • Riginos, C.1    Milton, S.J.2    Thorsten, W.3
  • 68
    • 1242288085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool
    • Roberge J., and Angelstam P. Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool. Conservation Biology 18 (2004) 76-85
    • (2004) Conservation Biology , vol.18 , pp. 76-85
    • Roberge, J.1    Angelstam, P.2
  • 69
    • 0343035570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting competitive interactions between pioneer plant species by using plant traits
    • Rösch H., van Rooyen M.W., and Theron G.K. Predicting competitive interactions between pioneer plant species by using plant traits. Journal of Vegetation Science 8 (1997) 489-494
    • (1997) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.8 , pp. 489-494
    • Rösch, H.1    van Rooyen, M.W.2    Theron, G.K.3
  • 71
    • 33749863931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting the biodiversity intactness index right: the importance of habitat degradation data
    • Rouget M., Cowling R.M., Vlok J., Thompson M., and Balmford A. Getting the biodiversity intactness index right: the importance of habitat degradation data. Global Change Biology 12 (2006) 2032-2036
    • (2006) Global Change Biology , vol.12 , pp. 2032-2036
    • Rouget, M.1    Cowling, R.M.2    Vlok, J.3    Thompson, M.4    Balmford, A.5
  • 73
    • 1542349775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: patch dynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence
    • Roxburgh S.H., Shea K., and Wilson J.B. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: patch dynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence. Ecology 85 (2004) 359-371
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 359-371
    • Roxburgh, S.H.1    Shea, K.2    Wilson, J.B.3
  • 74
    • 77649187571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomes and bioregions of southern Africa
    • Strelitzia 19. Mucina L., and Rutherford M.C. (Eds), South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
    • Rutherford M.C., Mucina L., and Powrie L.W. Biomes and bioregions of southern Africa. Strelitzia 19. In: Mucina L., and Rutherford M.C. (Eds). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (2006), South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 30-51
    • (2006) The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland , pp. 30-51
    • Rutherford, M.C.1    Mucina, L.2    Powrie, L.W.3
  • 75
    • 20444390680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review
    • Schröder A., Persson L., and De Roos A.M. Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos 110 (2005) 3-19
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.110 , pp. 3-19
    • Schröder, A.1    Persson, L.2    De Roos, A.M.3
  • 76
    • 14544291017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A biodiversity intactness index
    • Scholes R.J., and Biggs R. A biodiversity intactness index. Nature 434 (2005) 45-49
    • (2005) Nature , vol.434 , pp. 45-49
    • Scholes, R.J.1    Biggs, R.2
  • 77
    • 0032703007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of heavy grazing on invertebrate assemblages in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa
    • Seymour C.L., and Dean W.R.J. Effects of heavy grazing on invertebrate assemblages in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 43 (1999) 267-283
    • (1999) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.43 , pp. 267-283
    • Seymour, C.L.1    Dean, W.R.J.2
  • 79
    • 0344154590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nonparametric test for extinction based on a sighting record
    • Solow A.R., and Roberts D.L. A nonparametric test for extinction based on a sighting record. Ecology 84 (2003) 1329-1332
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1329-1332
    • Solow, A.R.1    Roberts, D.L.2
  • 81
    • 0029478882 scopus 로고
    • A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method
    • Stohlgren T.J., Falkner M.B., and Schell L.D. A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method. Vegetatio 117 (1995) 113-121
    • (1995) Vegetatio , vol.117 , pp. 113-121
    • Stohlgren, T.J.1    Falkner, M.B.2    Schell, L.D.3
  • 82
    • 0036947288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems
    • Sullivan S., and Rohde R. On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems. Journal of Biogeography 29 (2002) 1595-1618
    • (2002) Journal of Biogeography , vol.29 , pp. 1595-1618
    • Sullivan, S.1    Rohde, R.2
  • 83
    • 34247392875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum species richness at intermediate frequencies of disturbance: consistency among levels of productivity
    • Svensson J.R., Lindegarth M., Siccha M., Lenz M., Molis M., Wahl M., and Pavia H. Maximum species richness at intermediate frequencies of disturbance: consistency among levels of productivity. Ecology 88 (2007) 830-838
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 830-838
    • Svensson, J.R.1    Lindegarth, M.2    Siccha, M.3    Lenz, M.4    Molis, M.5    Wahl, M.6    Pavia, H.7
  • 85
    • 33744949981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gradients in vegetation cover, structure and species richness of Nama-Karoo shrublands in relation to distance from livestock watering points
    • Todd S.W. Gradients in vegetation cover, structure and species richness of Nama-Karoo shrublands in relation to distance from livestock watering points. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (2006) 293-304
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.43 , pp. 293-304
    • Todd, S.W.1
  • 86
    • 0032865851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa
    • Todd S.W., and Hoffman M.T. A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa. Plant Ecology 142 (1999) 169-178
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.142 , pp. 169-178
    • Todd, S.W.1    Hoffman, M.T.2
  • 88
    • 0000144572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional aspects of short-lived plants
    • Dean W.R.J., and Milton S.J. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Van Rooyen M.W. Functional aspects of short-lived plants. In: Dean W.R.J., and Milton S.J. (Eds). The Karoo - Ecological Patterns and Processes (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 107-122
    • (1999) The Karoo - Ecological Patterns and Processes , pp. 107-122
    • Van Rooyen, M.W.1
  • 89
    • 0034775326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting plant species' responses to grazing
    • Vesk P.A., and Westoby M. Predicting plant species' responses to grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology 38 (2001) 897-909
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 897-909
    • Vesk, P.A.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 91
    • 1242342792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological soil crusts and hydrology in North American deserts
    • Ecological Studies 150. Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds), Springer, Berlin
    • Warren S.D. Biological soil crusts and hydrology in North American deserts. Ecological Studies 150. In: Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management (2001), Springer, Berlin 327-337
    • (2001) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management , pp. 327-337
    • Warren, S.D.1
  • 92
    • 0001878046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synopsis: influence of biological soil crusts on arid land hydrology and soil stability
    • Ecological Studies 150. Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds), Springer, Berlin
    • Warren S.D. Synopsis: influence of biological soil crusts on arid land hydrology and soil stability. Ecological Studies 150. In: Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management (2001), Springer, Berlin 349-360
    • (2001) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management , pp. 349-360
    • Warren, S.D.1
  • 93
    • 77956823486 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosysytems of arid to semi-arid regions
    • West N.E. Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosysytems of arid to semi-arid regions. Advances in Ecological Research 20 (1990) 179-223
    • (1990) Advances in Ecological Research , vol.20 , pp. 179-223
    • West, N.E.1
  • 94
    • 0034075312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botanical nursing: from deserts to shorelines, nurse effects are receiving renewed attention
    • Withgott J. Botanical nursing: from deserts to shorelines, nurse effects are receiving renewed attention. BioScience 50 (2000) 479-484
    • (2000) BioScience , vol.50 , pp. 479-484
    • Withgott, J.1
  • 95
    • 0025626658 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of a succulent karoo vegetation. A study of species association and recruitment
    • Yeaton R.I., and Esler K.J. The dynamics of a succulent karoo vegetation. A study of species association and recruitment. Vegetatio 88 (1990) 103-113
    • (1990) Vegetatio , vol.88 , pp. 103-113
    • Yeaton, R.I.1    Esler, K.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.