Research methods to avoid bias in categorical ratings of brightness

LEUKOS - Journal of Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 167-181

  Fotiosand, S A ^a   Houser, K W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bias; Brightness; Category rating; Lighting; Research methods; Spectral power distribution

Indexed keywords

CATEGORY RATING; LIGHTING RESEARCH; RESEARCH METHODS; RESPONSE RANGE; SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION;

LIGHTING;

RESEARCH;

EID: 77649122068     PISSN: 15502724     EISSN: 15502716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1582/LEUKOS.2008.05.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Akashi Y, Boyce PR. 2006. A field study of illuminance reduction. Energy & Build. 38(6):588-599.
2. Baron RA, Rea MS, Daniels SG. 1992. Effects of indoor lighting (illuminance and spectral distribution) on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviours: the potential mediating role of positive affect. Motivation & Emotion 16(1):1-33.
3. Bartholomew R. 1975. Lighting in the classroom. Build Res Practice. 3(1):32-39.
4. Berman SM, Jewett DL, Fein G, Saika G & Ashford F. 1990. Photopic luminance does not always predict perceived room brightness, Light Res Tech. 22(1):37-41.
5. Berman SM, Fein G, Jewett DL, Saika G, & Ashford F,. 1992. Spectral determinants of steady-state pupil size with full field of view, J Illum Eng Soc. 21(2):3-13.
6. Boray PF, Gifford R, Rosenblood L. 1989. Effects of warm white, cool white and fullspectrum fluorescent lighting on simple cognitive performance, mood and ratings of others. J Environ Psych. 9:297-308.
7. Boyce PR. 1977. Investigations of the subjective balance between illuminance and lamp colour properties. Light Res Tech. 9(1):11-24.
8. Boyce PR, Cuttle C. 1990. Effect of correlated colour temperature on the perception of interiors and colour discrimination. Light Res Tech. 22(1):19-36.
9. CIE. 2004. Chromatic Adaptation under Mixed Illumination Condition when Comparing Softcopy and Hardcopy Images. Commission Internationale De L'E' clairage, 162:200.
10. Cliff N. Scaling. Annual Review Psychology 197;24:473-5063.
11. Cockram AH, Collins JB, Langdon FJ. 1970. A study of user preferences for fluorescent lamp colours for daytime and night-time lighting. Light Res Tech. 2(4):249-256.
12. Davis RG, Ginthner DN. 1990. Correlated color temperature, illuminance level and the Kruithof curve. J Illum Eng Soc. 19(1):27-38.
13. DeLaney WB, Hughes PC, McNelis JF, Sarver JF, Soules TF. 1978. An examination of visual clarity with high colour rendering fluorescent light sources. J Illum Eng Soc. 7(2):74-84.
14. Fairchild MD, Reniff L. 1995. Time course of chromatic adaptation for color-appearance judgements. J Opt Soc Am (A). 12(5):824-833.
15. Fleischer S, Krueger H, Schierz C. 2001. Effect of brightness distribution and light colours on office staff. In: Lux Europa. Rejkjavik 18-20 June 2001. p76-80.
16. Flynn JE, Spencer TJ. 1977. The effects of light source colour on user impression and satisfaction. J Illum Eng Soc. 6:167-179.
17. Fotios SA. 2001. Lamp colour properties and apparent brightness: a review. Light Res Tech. 33(3):163-181.
18. Fotios SA, Cheal C. 2007. Lighting in subsidiary streets: investigation of SPD effects. Part 2 - Brightness. Light Res Tech. 39(3):233-252.
19. Fotios S, Houser K. 2007. Research of Lamp SPD Effects on the Perception of Interior Spaces: The Current State of Knowledge. 26th Session of the CIE, Beijing, 4-11 July 2007, vol. 1, pp. D1-111 to D1-11.
20. Fotios SA, Houser KW, Cheal C. 2008. Counterbalancing needed to avoid bias in side-by-side brightness matching tasks. Leukos 4(4):207-223.
21. Gescheider GA. 1988. Psychophysical scaling. Annual Review Psychology 39:169-200.
22. Green PE, Rao VR. 1970. Rating scales and information recovery - how many scales and response categories to use? Journal of Marketing. 34(3):33-39.
23. Guth SL, Lodge HR. 1973. Heterochromatic additivity, foveal spectral sensitivity and a new colour model. J Opt Soc Am. 63(4):450-462.
24. Heise DR. 1969. Some methodological differences in semantic differential research. Psychological Bulletin. 72(6):406-42.
25. Hesselgren S. 1967. The language of architecture. Studentlitteratur. Lund, Sweden.
26. Houser KW, Tiller DK. 2003. Measuring the subjective response to interior lighting: paired comparisons and semantic differential scaling. Light Res Tech. 35(3):183-198.
27. Houser KW, Tiller DK, Hu X. 2004. Tuning the fluorescent spectrum for the trichromatic visual response: A pilot study. Leukos. 1(1):7-22.
28. Hu X, Houser KW, Tiller DK. 2006. Higher colour temperature lamps may not appear brighter. Leukos 3(1):69-81. (For more complete details of this work)
29. see Houser KW, TillerDK, Hu X. 2003. Prototype demonstration of vision-tuned fluorescent lamps, Energy Innovations Small Grant (EISG) Program, Final Report for the California Energy Commission
30. Hunt RWG. 1995. Measuring Colour. 2nd edition. Ellis Horwood. London. 221p.
31. Hsee CK, Loewenstein GF, Blount S, Bazerman MH. 1999. Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of options: A review and theoretical analysis. Psychological Bulletin 125(5):576-59.
32. th Session of the CIE, Beijing, 4-11 July 2007, pp. D1-178 to D1-18.
33. Knez I. 1995. Effects of indoor lighting on mood and cognition. J Environ Psych. 15:39-51.
34. Knez I. 2001. Effects of colour of light on non-visual psychological processes. J Environ Psych. 21:201-208.
35. Lennie P, Pokorny J, Smith VC. 1993. Luminance. J Opt Soc Am (A). 10(6):1283-12933.
36. McNelis JF, Howley JG, Dore GE, DeLaney WB. 1985. Subjective appraisal of colored scenes under various fluorescent lamp colors. Light Des Appl. 15(6):25-29.
37. Miller GA. 1956. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psych Rev. 63(2):81-97.
38. th April 2002, the Royal Society, London, CIE publication x024:2002, pp95-10.
39. Oi N, Takahashi H. 2007. Preferred combinations between illuminance and color temperature in several settings for daily living activities. 26th Session of the CIE, Beijing, 4- 11 July 2007, (Abstract pp D3-178; full paper not included, downloaded from authors website).
40. Parducci A, Perrett LF. 1971. Category rating scales: Effects of relative spacing and frequency of stimulus values. J Exp Psych Monograph. 89(2):427-452.
41. Poulton EC. 1989. Bias in quantifying judgements, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. Hove and London.
42. Pracejus WG. 1967. Preliminary report on a new approach to color acceptance studies. Illum Eng. 62(12):663-673.
43. th Session of the CIE. 2:D3-110-111.
44. Schneider B, Parker S, Valenti M, Farrel G, Kanow G. 1978. Response bias in category and magnitude estimation of difference and similarity for loudness and pitch. J Exp Psych. 4(3): 483-496.
45. Shevell SK. 2001. The time course of chromatic adaptation. Color Res Appl. Supplement. 26: S170-S173.
46. Staddon JER, King M, Lockhead GR. 1980. On sequential effects in absolute judgement experiments. J Exp Psych. 6(2):290-301.
47. Tiller DK, Rea MS. 1992. Semantic differential scaling: Prospects in lighting research. Light Res Tech. 24(1):43-52.
48. Vrabel PL, Bernecker CA, Mistrick RG. 1998. Visual performance and visual clarity under electric light sources: Part II - Visual Clarity. J Illum Eng Soc. 27(1):29-41.
49. Wagner G, Boynton RM. 1972. Comparison of four methods of heterochromatic photometry. J Opt Soc Am. 62(12):1508-1515.
50. Wake T, Kikuchi T, Takeichi K, Kasama M, Kamisasa H. 1977. The effects of illuminance, color temperature and colour rendering index of light sources upon comfortable visual environments in the case of the office. J Light Visual Environ. 1(2):31-39.
51. Ward LM, Lockhead GR. 1970. Sequential effects and memory in category judgements. J Exp Psych. 84(1):27-34.
52. Yaguchi H, Ikeda M. 1983. Contribution of opponent-colour channels to brightness. In Mollon JD, Sharpe LT (Eds), Colour Vision: Physiology & Psychophysics. Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd; London. 353-36.