Why democracy needs a level playing field

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 57-68

  Levitsky, Steven ^a,b   Way, Lucan A ^a,b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77249085635     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. For an excellent analysis of the causes and consequences of an uneven playing field, see Kenneth F. Greene, Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
2. Greene, Why Dominant Parties Lose.
3. Andres Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos: Guerrillas, Stockbrokers, Politicians, and Mexico's Road to Prosperity (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), 88.
4. Mike Oquaye, "Human Rights and the 1996 Elections," in Joseph R.A. Ayee, ed., The 1996 General Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana (Accra: University of Ghana Department of Political Science, 1998), 109.
5. Steve Heder, "Cambodia: Hun Sen's Consolidation: Death or Beginning of Reform?" Southeast Asian Affairs 2005 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005), 113-130
6. Julian Baum, "The Money Machine," Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 August 2004, 62-64;
7. Jaushieh Joseph Wu, Taiwan's Democratization: Forces Behind the New Momentum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 79.
8. Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos, 110.
9. Michael McFaul, Russia's 1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1997), 13.
10. David White, Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy (Surrey, U.K.: Ashgate, 2006), 205.
11. Africa Report, November-December 1994, 57.
12. Taylor Boas, "Television and Neopopulism in Latin America: Media Effects in Brazil and Peru," Latin American Research Review 40, no.2 (2005): 36.
13. Ian Taylor, "As Good as It Gets? Botswana's 'Democratic Development,'" Journal of Contemporary African Studies 21 (July 2003): 215-231
14. Taylor, "As Good as It Gets?" 218.
15. John Holm and Staffan Darnolf, "Democratizing the Administrative State in Botswana," in York W. Bradshaw and Stephen N. Ndegwa, eds, The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 122.
16. Freedom House, "Freedom of the Press, 2008: Botswana"; available at www. freedomhouse .org.
17. "Botswana Elections: Free but Not Fair," MmegilThe Reporter, 23 June 2004.
18. Lucan A. Way interview with Professor Stevfan Mushi, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 23 November 2007.
19. Way interview with Wilbrod Slaa, Chadema opposition party, Arusha, Tanzania, 29 November 2007.
20. Barak Hoffman and Lindsay Robinson, "Tanzania's Missing Opposition," Journal of Democracy 20 (October 2009): 130.
21. Hoffman and Robinson, "Tanzania's Missing Opposition," 123.
22. Jorge G. Castan̄eda, The Mexican Shock: Its Meaning for the United States (New York: New Press, 1995), 131.
23. Shelley Rigger, "The Democratic Progressive Party in 2000: Obstacles and Opportunities," China Quarterly 168 (December 2001): 949.
24. Africa Confidential, 21 January 2005, 5.
25. See Levitsky and Way, Competitive Authoritarianism (forthcoming, 2010), ch. 6.
26. See David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (April 1997): 430-451
27. See Valerie J. Bunce and Sharon L. Wolchik, "Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions," Journal of Democracy 17 (October 2006): 5-18.