Tanzania's missing opposition

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 123-136

  Hoffman, Barak ^a   Robinson, Lindsay ^b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 73649107911     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.0.0117     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. "Future Tanzanian President Rejects Election Fraud Claims," Agence France Presse, 20 November 1995.
2. Although the term "transition toward democracy" is awkward, it better characterizes recent political changes in Tanzania than "transition to democracy," as the country still is not one.
3. Amon Chaligha et al., "Uncritical Citizens or Patient Trustees? Tanzanians' Views of Political and Economic Reform," Afrobarometer Working Paper 18, March 2002; available at www.afrobarometer.org/papers/AfropaperNo18. pdf.
4. Gerardo Munck and Carol Skalnik Leff, "Modes of Transition and Democratization: South America and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics 29 (April 1997): 343-62
5. Samuel P. Huntington,The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
6. Excluding those whose responses were coded as "not applicable."
7. The CUF consistently receives approximately 40 percent of the popular vote in Zanzibar and controls about 40 percent of the seats in the Zanzibar House of Representatives. The party's base of support is the islands' non-African population.
8. Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, "Tanzania: Election Archive"; available at www.eisa.org.za/WEP/tanelectarchive.htm.
9. One can argue that since single-member districts are the systems most likely to create two parties, the electoral system will not benefit the CCM in the long run, as it will hasten the creation of a national opposition. While this is certainly a possibility, so far it has magnified CCM's victories, not caused the opposition to coalesce.
10. "Opposition Party Threatens to Pull Out of Election Over Defective Ballot Papers," Radio Tanzania, via BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 16 October 1995.
11. "Tanzanian Poll Body Defends Ballot Paper Design," Guardian (Dar es Salaam), 15 October 2005.
12. If a candidate runs unopposed, he or she is deemed to have won 51 percent of the vote for purposes of subsidy allocation; see Government of Tanzania, Act No.11 (1996) to Amend Political Parties Act No. 5 (1992), secs. 16, 17, and 18.
13. Benson Bana, "A Framework Paper for Studying Political Parties on Issues Related to Party Conduct and Management," Research and Education for Democracy in Tanzania Working Paper, 2007. Recently, the High Court judged the practice to be illegal, although it is not yet clear whether it will be allowed in the 2010 election.
14. Government of Tanzania, Non-Governmental Organizations Act, 2002, part I, sec. 2.
15. Global Integrity, "2006 Country Report: Tanzania"; available at www.globalintegrity.org/reports/2006/pdfs/tanzania.pdf.
16. Non-Governmental Organizations Act, 2002, part IV, section 35.
17. Government of Tanzania, Broadcasting Services Act, 1993.
18. Government of Tanzania, Newspapers Act, 1976, sec. 27 (2).
19. Newspapers Act, 1976, sec. 40 (2) and 43.
20. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "Tanzania: 2004 Country Report on Human Rights Practices," 28 February 2005; available at www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41630.htm;we were unable to find more recent data.
21. Government of Tanzania, Regional Administration Act, 1997, part II, sec. 5 (2).
22. CCM Constitution, secs. 5 and 6.
23. "Opposition Party and Police Spar in By-Election Campaign," Citizen (Dar es Salaam), 8 October 2008.