Creating an agricultural world order: Regional plant protection problems and international phytopathology, 1878-1939

Agricultural History

Volumn 84, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 46-73

  Castonguay, Stéphane ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS RIVIÈRES   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; ENTOMOLOGY; GEOPOLITICS; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; MOTH; PARASITIC DISEASE; PATHOGEN; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTION;

AGRICULTURE; CROP; EASTERN EUROPE; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; EUROPE; FOOD CONTROL; FOOD INDUSTRY; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; NORTH AMERICA; PEST CONTROL; PLANT; PLANT DISEASE; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW;

AGRICULTURE; CROPS, AGRICULTURAL; EUROPE; EUROPE, EASTERN; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD INSPECTION; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; NORTH AMERICA; PEST CONTROL; PLANT DISEASES; PLANTS; PUBLIC HEALTH;

BERN [SWITZERLAND]; SWITZERLAND;

PHYLLOXERA;

EID: 76749131580     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3098/ah.2010.84.1.46     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. This article is based on a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Agricultural History Society, Cambridge, Mass., June 15, 2006. I thank Nathalie Jas and Javier Lezaun for their comments on earlier versions and Amanda Dreyer for her research assistance. A. G. L. Rogers, "The Phytopathological Convention of Rome and its Relation to Tropical Agriculture," Transactions of the Third International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, 2 vols. (London: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, 1916), 1:125.
2. Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999);
3. Paul Bairoch, Commerce Extérieur et Développement Économique de l'Europe au XIXe siècle (Paris: Mouton, 1976);
4. Michaël Tracy, L'État et l'Agriculture en Europe Occidentale: Crises et Réponses au cours d'un Siècle (Paris: Economica, 1986);
5. Kevin H. O'Rourke, "The European Grain Invasion, 1870-1913," Journal of Economic History 57 (Dec. 1997): 775-801;
6. A. J. Marrison, "The Tariff Commission, Agricultural Protection, and Food Taxes, 1903-13," Agricultural History Review 34:2 (1986): 171-87;
7. Andrew Fenton Cooper, British Agricultural Policy (Manchester: Manchester University, 1989);
8. Emmet Sullivan, "Revealing a Preference: Imperial Preference and the Australian Tariff, 1901-1914," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 29 (Jan. 2001): 35-64.
9. Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986);
10. Lucille Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens (New York: Academic Press, 1979);
11. Michael A. Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994);
12. John R. McNeill, "Europe's Place in the Global History of Biological Exchange," Landscape Research 28 (Feb. 2003): 33-39.
13. On the potato blight, see, E. C. Large, The Advance of the Fungi (London: Jonathan Cape, 1940), 13-43;
14. Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants that Transformed Mankind (London: Harper & Row, 1985);
15. Steven Turner, "After the Famine: Plant Pathology, Phytophthora infestons, and the Late Blight of Potatoes, 1845-1960,"
16. Historical Studies in the Biological and Physical Sciences 35 (Mar. 2005): 341-70.
17. Anne Rasmussen, "L'Internationale Scientifique 1890-1914" (PhD diss., École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 1995);
18. Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed.Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publication, 1990), 251-69;
19. J. Taieb and C. Tapia, "Conférences et Congrès Internationaux de 1815 à 1913," Relations Internationales 5 (May 1976): 11-35;
20. Helen Rozwadowski, "Internationalism, Environmental Necessity, and National Interest: Marine Science and Other Sciences," Minerva 42 (June 2004): 127-49.
21. This definition of phy-topathologists corresponds to the use of the word in Europe at the turn of the twentieth century. North American scientists had a more restricted use of the word that only applied to plant pathologists who studied plant diseases and not to applied entomologists who studied pests. See, Ralph H. Estey, Essays on the Early History of Plant Pathology and Mycology in Canada (Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994), 3-5.
22. For brief histories written by contemporaries, see, Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Organization, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1931);
23. F. Houillier, L'Organisation Internationale de l'Agriculture, les Institutions Agricoles Internationales et l'Action Internationale en Agriculture (Paris: Librairie technique et économique, 1935), 9-13;
24. Gilbert Noël, "Les Projets Agricoles Européens (1920-1930)," in Milieux Économiques et Intégration Européenne en Europe occidentale au XXe siècle, 2 vols. (Paris: Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France, 2002), 2:182-206.
25. On the IIA constitution, see, Louis Dop, "Le Présent et l'Avenir de l'Institut International d'Agriculture," Annales de la Science Agronomique Française et Étrangère 4th Series, 2 (Feb. 1912): 1-39;
26. Dop, "Rapport sur la Coopèration Internationale dans la Lutte contre les Maladies des Plantes," Premier Congrès International de Pathologie Comparée Tenu à la Faculté de Médecine de Paris du 17 au 23 Octobre 1912 (Paris: Secrétariat général et bureaux du congrès, 1912), 243-44.
27. Dop, "Le Présent et l'Avenir de l'Institut International d'Agriculture," 24-25;
28. G. Cuboni, "Mémorandum sur l'organisation du service des maladies des plantes présenté à la 2e Commission permanente" Institut International d'Agriculture. Comité Permanent. Procès-Verbaux (Rome: Institut International d'Agriculture, 1909).
29. Actes du Congrès Phylloxérique International (Lausane: Imprimerie Lucien Vincent, 1877);
30. Giuseppe Cuboni, "Base d'un Accord International pour la Lutte contre les Maladies des Plantes," Bulletin Mensuel du Breau de Renseignements Agricoles et des Maladies des Plantes 3 (Nov. 1912): 2423-27;
31. R. Pouget, Histoire de la Lutte contre le Phylloxera de la Vigne en France (Paris: INRA, 1990).
32. Dop, "Rapport sur la Coopération Internationale dans la Lutte contre les Maladies des Plantes," 235-50;
33. Giuseppe Cuboni, "Accord International pour la Lutte contre les Maladies des Plantes," Revue de l'Horticulture Belge et Étrangère 38 (Dec. 1912): 372;
34. Étienne Foëx, "Institut International d'Agriculture. Ille Commission. Renseignements Agricoles et Maladies des Plantes," Revue de Phytopathologie Appliquée 1 (July 5, 1913): 44 recalls the resolutions adopted by the International Professional Horticultural Union at their Congress at Gand, Apr. 28, 1913.
35. Cuboni, "Base d'un Accord International pour la Lutte contre les Maladies des Plantes," 2422-26;
36. Louis Mangin, "La Défense Mondiale contre les Ennemis des Végétaux," Journal d'Agriculture Pratique 78:1 (1914): 537-39, 567-69;
37. Anon., "International Institute of Agriculture," Journal of the Board of Agriculture 21 (Sept. 1914): 550-53.
38. "Note Relative à la Question Posée par l'Institut International d'Agriculture de Rome," Paul Marchai to the Directeur des Services Sanitaires et Scientifiques et de la Répression des Fraudes, July 9, 1912, vol. 2203, F10, Archives of the Ministry of Agriculture, Archives Nationales France, Paris, France (hereafter AMA).
39. Jakob Eriksson, "La Phytopathologie au Service de la Culture des Plantes," Compte Rendu des Travaux du VIe Congrès International d'Agriculture, Tenu à Paris du 1 au 8 juillet 1900, lors de l'Exposition Universelle de 1900, 2 vols. (Paris: Masson, 1900), 2:744;
40. I. Ritzema-Bos, "Protection des Animaux Utiles, Destruction des Animaux et Cryptogames Nuisibles. Mesures de Législation Internationale à Prendre pour Atteindre ces Buts," Congrès International d'Agriculture, Tenu à La Haye du 7 au 13 Septembre 1891. Compte-Rendu, 2 vols. (La Haye: Belinfante Frères, 1892), 2:225.
41. Louis Grandeau, "Compte rendu du 8e Congrès International d'Agriculture de Vienne 21-25 mai 1907," Annales de la Science Agronomique Française et Étrangère 3, 3rd series (Mar. 1908):346-71.
42. Institut International d'Agriculture, ed., Acte Final de la Conférence Internationale de Phytopathologie 24 Février-4 Mars 1914 (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1914);
43. A. G. L. Rogers, "The International Phytopathological Conference, 1914," Annals of Applied Biology 1 (1914-1915): 113;
44. Dop, "Rapport sur la Coopération Internationale dans la Lutte contre les Maladies des Plantes," 235-50;
45. "Lettre du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères aux Agents Diplomatiques de la République Française à l'Étranger," Feb. 7, 1913, vol. 2203, F10, AMA.
46. Philip Pauly, "The Beauty and Menace of the Japanese Cherry Trees: Conflicting Visions of American Ecological Independence," Isis 87 (Mar. 1996): 51-73;
47. Estey, Essays on the Early History of Plant Pathology;
48. L. O. Howard to P. Marchai, Mar. 26, 1914, File "Marchai," Box 245, General Correspondence 1908-1924, General Records E34, Records of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, RG 7, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, Md. (hereafter NARA II);
49. L. O. Howard, "Notes on the Progress of Economic Entomology," Journal of Economic Entomology 8 (Feb. 1915): 113-19.
50. See the explanation provided by David Lubin in a letter to the president of the International Institute, nd, reproduced in Institut International d'Agriculture, ed., Acte Final de la Conférence, 62.
51. Deputy Minister of Agriculture to the Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, Apr. 11, 1913, File 313, vol. 1132, RG 25, Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa;
52. C Gordon Hewitt, "A Review of Applied Entomology in the British Empire," Annals of the Entomological Society of America 9 (Mar. 1916): 1-34;
53. Stéphane Castonguay, Protection des Cultures, Construction de la Nature. L'Entomologie Économique au Canada, 1854-1959 (Sillery: Septentrion, 2004), 115-17.
54. Institut International d'Agriculture, ed., Acte Final de la Conférence, 192-218, 230-31.
55. Ibid., 192-200;
56. J. F.M. Clark, "'The Eyes of Our Potatoes are Weeping': The Rise of the Colorado Beetle as an Insect Pest," Archives of Natural History 34 (Apr. 2007): 109-28;
57. Stéphane Castonguay, "Naturalizing Federalism: Insect Outbreaks and the Centralization of Entomological Research in Canada, 1885-1914," Canadian Historical Review 75 (Mar. 2004): 1-34;
58. Dop, "Rapport sur la Coopération Internationale dans la Lutte Contre les Maladies des Plantes"; Pierre Berthault, "Premier Congrès de Pathologie Comparée. Projet d'Ententes Internationales contre les Maladies des Plantes," Journal d'Agriculture Pratique 76:2 (1912): 559-61.
59. Mangin, "La Défense Mondiale contre les Ennemis des Végétaux," 537-39, 567-69;
60. "Acte final de la Conférence internationale de Phytopathologie fait à Rome le 4 mars 1914," Bulletin mensuel de renseignement agricole et des maladies des plantes 5 (Apr. 1914): 621.
61. Institut International d'Agriculture, ed., Acte Final de la Conférence, 48.
62. Rogers, "The International Phytopathological Conference, 1914," 117;
63. Institut International d'Agriculture, ed., Acte Final de la Confèrence, 238.
64. Baron De Bildt, "Rapport sur la Partie Administrative de la Question de la Protection des Plantes Présenté au Comité Permanent de l'Institut International d'Agriculture le 12 juin 1920," Actes de la Cinquième Assemblée Générale. 3-11 Novembre 1920 (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1921): 266-67;
65. "La Première Conférence Internationale de la 'Defensa Agricola' à Montevideo, Uruguay," Bulletin Mensuel du Bureau de Renseignements Agricoles et de Maladies des Plantes 4 (Oct. 1913): 1726-27;
66. Gaston Lavergne, "La Défense Agricole en Amérique du Sud," La Revue de Phytopathologie Appliquée 1 (Aug.-Sept. 1913): 98-99;
67. Enrique José Rovira, "Les Services Phyto-pathologiques dans l'Uruguay en Relation avec la Convention Internationale de Rome," Actes de la Cinquième Assemblée Générale, Annexe A. On the reaction of the German delegates concerning the Berne convention, see, Institut International d'Agriculture, ed., Acte Final de la Conférence, 230-31.
68. Jakob Eriksson, "International Phytopathologic Collaboration," Phytopathology 5 (June 1915): 133-38;
69. George Massee, "Some Observations on the Study of Plant Pathology," Journal of Economic Biology 10:1 (1915): 29-48;
70. Anon., "International Phytopathological Conference, 1914," Journal of the Board of Agriculture 21 (Apr. 1914): 74.
71. "The International Phytopathological Convention of Rome and its relation to Tropical Agriculture. Discussion," Transactions of the Third International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, 2:109-17;
72. E. J. Butler, "The Dissemination of Parasitic Fungi and International Legislation," Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Botanical Series 9 (Feb. 1917): 1-73.
73. Butler, "The Dissemination of Parasitic Fungi and International Legislation," 37-38.
74. Ibid.;
75. Rogers, "The Phytopathological Convention of Rome and its Relation to Tropical Agriculture," 1:125.
76. On phytosanitary regulations in Canada and the United States, see, respectively Castonguay, "Naturalizing Federalism," 1-34;
77. Pauly, "The Beauty and Menace of the Japanese Cherry Trees," 51-73. On the brown-tail moth, see, Castonguay, Protection des cultures, construction de la nature, 30-31, 45-48;
78. on the white-pine blister rust, see, C. Lee Campbell et al., The Formative Years of Plant Pathology in the United States (St. Paul: APS Press, 1999), 276-79.
79. L. O. Howard, "Danger of Importing Insect Pests," US Department of Agriculture Yearbook (Washington, DC: GPO, 1897), 529-52;
80. Hae-Gyung Geong, "Exerting Control: Biology and Bureaucracy in the Development of American Entomology, 1870-1930" (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999), chpt. 5, 209-46;
81. G L. Marlatt, "Need of National Control of Imported Nursery Stock," Journal of Economic Entomology 4 (Feb. 1911): 107-24.
82. W. A. Orton, "Plant Quarantine Problems," Journal of Economic Entomology 7 (Feb. 1914);
83. Orton, "The Biological Basis of International Phytopathology," Phytopathology 3 (Dec. 1914): 325-33.
84. See, for example, L. R. Jones, "A Plea for Closer Interrelations in our Work," Science 38 (July 4, 1913): 1-6;
85. Eriksson, "International Phytopathologic Collaboration," 133-38;
86. Otto Appel, "International Phytopathology," Phytopathology 6 (Mar. 1916): 55-63;
87. C. L. Shear, "International Phytopathology," in Report of the International Conference of Phytopathology and Economic Entomology, ed. T.A. G Schoevers (Wagenigen: Vennman & Sons, 1923), 56.
88. Orton and R. Kent Beattie, "The Biological Basis of Foreign Plant Quarantines," Phytopathology 13 (July 1923): 295-306.
89. W. A. F. Wery, 'International Trade and the Task of the Phytopathologist," in Report of the International Conference, 218.
90. On Plant Quarantine Number 37, see, Peter Coates, American Perceptions of Immigrant and Invasive Species: Strangers on the Land (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 102.
91. Hans Theodore Güssow, "International Plant Disease Legislation as Viewed by a Scientific Officer of an Importing Country," in Report of the International Conference, 97.
92. Ibid., 104, 105, 99.
93. Ibid., 103;
94. Orton and Bettie, "The Biological Basis of Foreign Plant Quarantines," 306. Papers read before the American Phytopathological Society in Cleveland in a Symposium on International Aspects of Phytopathological Problems had discussed the exchange of phytopathologists before the Great War. C. L. Shear "Some observations on Phytopathological Problems in Europe and America," Phytopathology 3 (Apr. 1913): 77n1.
95. See, also, W. A. Orton, "International phytopathology and quarantine legislation," Phytopathology 3 (Aug. 1913): 143-51
96. and L. R. Jones, "A plea for Closer Interrelations in our Work," Science 38 (July 4, 1913): 1-6.
97. A. Brizi, "Questions Concernant la Phytopathologie," Actes de la Sixième Assemblée Générale. Institut International d'Agriculture. 8-16 mai 1922 (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1922), 679-91.
98. Dop, "Convocation de la Conférence Internationale pour la Protection des Plantes. 30 mai 1924," in Procès-verbal. 1924, ed. Institut International d'Agriculture, Comité Permanent (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1925), 345-46;
99. T. A. C. Schoevers, "Rapport de la Commission des Experts pour la Protection des Végétaux," Procès-verbal. 1926, ed. Institut International d'Agriculture. Comité Permanent (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1927), 868-69.
100. Rogers, "The International Phytopathological Conference, 1914," 114;
101. An. Kennard, "Lettre de Secrètaire d'État de Sa Majesté pour les Affaires Étrangères au Vice-président de l'Institut International d'Agriculture. 21 août 1924," in Procès-verbal. 1924, 348-49;
102. J. C. F. Fryer, "Legislation in England against Diseases and Pests of Plants," Proceedings of the Association of Economic Biologists 15 (May 1928): 322;
103. E. J. Butler, "International Plant Disease Legislation as it Affects the British Empire," in Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca, New York, August 16-23, 1926, 2 vols., ed. B. M. Duggar (Menasha, Wisc.: George Banta, 1929),2:1349.
104. "Documentation pour la réunion de la Commission consultative internationale visant la protection des plantes," Procès-verbal. 1925, ed. Institut International d'Agriculture. Comité Permanent (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1926), 840, 864-67.
105. Henry Wallace to the American Delegate at the International Institute of Agriculture, Sept. 13, 1924;
106. memo, from W. A. Taylor, July 30, 1925;
107. R. N. Dunlop to the Honorable Secretary of State, Aug. 19, 1925, File 10735, Box 635, Bureau's Chief Correspondence 1908-1939, RG 54, NARA II.
108. F. Houillier, L'Organisation Internationale de l'Agriculture; "Rapport du Secrétaire Général sur les Services et l'Administration de l'Institut," XIVème Assemblée Générale. 23 Mai 1938 (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1938), 105;
109. International Institute of Agriculture, Some Aspects of the Work of the International Institute of Agriculture (1905-1940) (Rome: Villa Umberto, 1942), 19.
110. However, Chock states that twelve countries had ratified the convention of 1929. A. K. Chock, "The International Plant Protection Convention," in Plant Health: The Scientific Basis for Administrative Control of Plant Diseases and Pests, ed. D. L. Ebbels and J. E. King (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1979), 1-11.
111. Actes de la Conférence Internationale pour la Protection des Plantes (Rome, 10-16 Avril 1929) (Rome: Imprimerie de l'Institut International d'Agriculture, 1929), 71-72, 81-85.
112. Ibid., 130-32, 121.
113. Thus, a French delegate said: "le certificat est la conclusion même de la convention," (the certification is the ultimate conclusion of the convention) Jules Michel Saulnier, "Procès-Verbaux des Séances: Discussion sur le Certificat," Actes de la Conférence Internationale, 133;
114. Houillier, L'Organisation Internationale de l'Agriculture, 72.
115. Louis Dop, "La Convention Internationale du 16 Avril 1929 pour la Protection des Végétaux," Comptes Rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France, vol. 15 (Paris: Académie d'agriculture de France, 1929), 588-92.
116. C. L. Shear, "Some Observations on Phytopathological Problems in Europe and America," Phytopathology 3 (Apr. 1913): 77-87;
117. Orton and Beattie, "The Biological Basis of Foreign Plant Quarantines"; Émile Blanchard, "La Lutte Obligatoire contre les Ennemis de la Culture," Problèmes Agricoles Traités par les Ingénieurs Agronomes (Paris: Association amicale des anciens élèves de l'INA, 1929), 220.