Origins of microfossil bonebeds: Insights from the upper cretaceous judith river formation of north-central Montana

Paleobiology

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 80-112

  Rogers, Raymond R ^a   Brady, Mara E ^a,b  

^a MACALESTER COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCUMULATION RATE; CRETACEOUS; DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT TYPE; HYDRODYNAMICS; MICROFOSSIL; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PREDATOR; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; TAPHONOMY; TAXONOMY;

JUDITH RIVER; MONTANA; UNITED STATES;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 76649119782     PISSN: 00948373     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.80     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Abbott, S. T. 1998. Transgressive systems tracts and onlap shellbeds from mid-Pleistocene sequences, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68: 253-268. (Pubitemid 28330044)
2. Allulee, J. L., and S. M. Holland. 2005. The sequence stratigraphic and environmental context of primitive vertebrates: Harding sandstone, Upper Ordovician, Colorado, USA. Palaios 20: 518-533.
3. Andrews, P. 1990. Owls, caves and fossils. Natural History Museum Publications, London.
4. Andrews, P., and E. M. Nesbit-Evans. 1983. Small mammal bone accumulations produced by mammalian carnivores. Paleobiology 9: 289-307. (Pubitemid 15272664)
5. Archibald, J. D. 1982. A study of mammalia across the cretaceous-tertiary boundary in garfield county, Montana. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 122: 1-286.
6. Argast, S., J. O. Farlow, and R. M. Gabet. 1987. Transport-induced abrasion of fossil reptilian teeth-implications for the existence of Tertiary dinosaurs in the Hell Creek Formation, Montana. Geology 15: 927-930.
7. Asian, A., and A. K. Behrensmeyer. 1996. Taphonomy and time resolution of bone assemblages in a contemporary fluvial system: the East Fork River, Wyoming. Palaios 11: 411-421. (Pubitemid 27222865)
8. Asian, A., and M. D. Blum. 1999. Contrasting styles of Holocene avulsion, Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, USA. Pp. 193-209 in N. D. Smith and J. Rogers, eds. Fluvial sedimentology. VI. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
9. Badgley, C. 1986. Taphonomy of mammalian fossil remains from Siwalik rocks of Pakistan. Paleobiology 12: 119-142. (Pubitemid 17263175)
10. Badgley, C., W. Downs, and L. J. Flynn. 1998. Taphonomy of small-mammal assemblages from the middle Miocene Chinji Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan. Pp. 145-166 in Y. Tomida, L. J. Flynn, and L. L. Jacobs, eds. Advances in vertebrate paleontology and geochronology. National Science Museum Monographs, Tokyo.
11. Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1975. The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 146: 473-578.
12. -. 1978. Taphonomic and ecologic information from, bone weathering. Paleobiology 4: 150-162.
13. -. 1982. Time resolution in fluvial vertebrate assemblages. Paleobiology 8: 211-227.
14. -. 1987. Miocene fluvial facies and vertebrate taphonomy in northern Pakistan. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 39: 169-176.
15. -. 1988. Vertebrate preservation in fluvial channels. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 63: 183-189.
16. Behrensmeyer, A. K., and R. E. Chapman. 1993. Models and simulations of time-averaging in terrestrial vertebrate accumulations. In S. M. Kidwell and A. K. Behrensmeyer, eds. Taphonomic approaches to time resolution in fossil, assemblages. Short Courses in Paleontology 6:125-149. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tenn.
17. Blob, R. W. 1997. Relative hydrodynamic dispersal potentials of soft-shelled turtle elements: implications for interpreting skeletal sorting in assemblages of non-mammalian terrestrial vertebrates. Palaios 12: 151-164. (Pubitemid 27409339)
18. Blob, R. W., and C. Badgley. 2007. Numerical methods for bonebed analysis. Pp. 333-396 in Rogers et al. 2007.
19. Blob, R. W., and A. R. Fiorillo. 1996. The significance of vertebrate microfossil size and shape distributions for faunal abundance reconstructions: a Late Cretaceous example. Paleobiology 22: 422-435. (Pubitemid 27162358)
20. Blob, R. W., M. T. Carrano, R. R. Rogers, C. A. Forster, and N. R. Espinoza. 1997. New taxonomie and taphonomic data from the herpetofauna of the Judith River Formation (Campanian), Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(Suppl to No. 3): 32-33.
21. -. 2001. A new fossil frog from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 190-194.
22. Bown, T. M., and M. J. Kraus. 1981. Vertebrate fossil-bearing paleosol units (Willwood Formation, Lower Eocene, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.): implications for taphonomy, biostratigraphy, and assemblage analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 34: 31-56.
23. Brett, C. E. 1995. Sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and taphonomy in shallow marine environments. Palaios 10: 597-616.
24. Brinkman, D. B. 1990. Paleoecology of the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Dinosaur Provincial. Park, Alberta, Canada: evidence from vertebrate microfossil localities. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 78: 37-54.
25. Brinkman, D. B., A. P. Russell, D. A. Eberth, and J. Peng. 2004. Vertebrate palaeocommunlties of the lower Judith River Group (Campanian) of southeastern Alberta, Canada, as interpreted from microfossil assemblages. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 213: 295-313.
26. Brinkman, D. B., D. A. Eberth, and P. J. Currie. 2007. From bonebeds to paleobiology: applications of bonebed data. Pp. 221-263 in Rogers et al. 2007.
27. Bryant, L. J. 1989. Non-dinosaurian lower vertebrates across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Montana. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 1.34.
28. Buscalioni, A. D., M. A. Fregenal, A. Bravo, F. J. Poyato-Ariza, B. Sanchiz, A. M. Báez, O. Cambra Moo, C. Martín Ciosas, S. E. Evans, and J. Marugán Lobón. 2008. The vertebrate assemblage of Buenache de la Sierra (Upper Barremian of Serrania de Cuenca, Spain) with insights into its taphonomy and palaeoecology. Cretaceous Research 29: 687-710.
29. Canavan, R., R. Rogers, A. Koenig, M. Brady, C. Harwood. 2008. A geochemical approach to deciphering the origins of microfossil bonebeds in the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation, Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(Suppl. to No. 3):60A.
30. Carrano, M. T., and J. Velez-Juarbe. 2006. Paleoecology of the Quarry 9 vertebrate assemblage from Como Bluff, Wyoming (Morrison Formation, Late Cretaceous). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237: 147-159.
31. Carrano, M. T., R. W. Blob, J. J. Flynn, R. R. Rogers, and C. A. Forster. 1997. The mammalian fauna of the Judith River Formation type area (Campanian, central Montana) revisited. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(Suppl. to No. 3):36.
32. Case, G. R. 1978. A new selachian fauna from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Montana. Palaeontographiea Abteilung A 160: 176-205.
33. Citterio, A., and H. Piégay. 2009. Overbank sedimentation rates in former channel lakes: characterization and control factors. Sedimentology 56: 461-482.
34. Clemens, W. A., and M. B. Goodwin. 1985. Vertebrate paleontology of the Judith River Formation, Montana. National Geographic Society Research Reports 21: 71-78.
35. Conkin, J. E., B. M. Conkin, and. M. R. Dasari. 1999. Sequential disconformities in the Devonian succession of southern Indiana and northwestern Kentucky. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 83: 1367.
36. Currie, P. J., and E. B. Koppelhus. 2005. Dinosaur Provincial Park: a spectacular ancient ecosystem revealed. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
37. Demar, D. G., Jr., and B. H., Berithaupt 2006. The nonmammalian vertebrate microfossil assemblages of the Mesaverde Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian) of the Wind River and Bighorn Basins, Wyoming. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural. History and Science 35: 33-53.
38. e série 14: 229-249.
39. Denys, C., K. Kowalski, and Y. Dauphin. 1992. Mechanical and chemical. alterations of skeletal, tissues in a recent Saharian accumulation of faeces from. Vulpes rueppeili (Carnivora, Mammalia). Acta Zoologica Cracov 35: 265-283.
40. Dodson, P. 1971. Sedimentology and taphonomy of Oldman Formation (Campanian), Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta (Canada). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 10: 21-74.
41. -. 1973. The significance of small bones in paleoecological interpretations. Rocky Mountain Geology 12: 15-19.
42. -. 1987. Microfaunal studies of dinosaur paleoecology, Judith River Formation of southern Alberta. In P. J. Currie and E. Koster, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosytems, short papers. Royal Tyrrell Museum Occasional Paper 3: 70-75. Drumheller, Alberta.
43. Dodson, P., and D. Wexlar. 1979. Taphonomic investigation of owl pellets. Paleobiology 5: 275-284.
44. Dwyer, C., R. Rogers, H. Fricke, K. Wirth, and J. Thole. 2004. A comparative study of REE signatures and authigenic cements in dinosaur teeth and gar scales from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine and Judith River Formations of Montana. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 37(5): 81.
45. Dyke, G. J., and D. V. Malakhov. 2004. Abundance and taphonomy of dinosaur teeth and other vertebrate remains from the botobynskaya formation, north-east aral sea region, republic of Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research 25: 669-674.
46. Eberth, D. A. 1990. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of vertebrate microfossil sites in the uppermost Judith River formation (Campanian), Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 78: 1-36. (Pubitemid 20416597)
47. -. 2005. The geology. Pp. 54-87 in Currie and Koppelhus 2005.
48. Eberth, D. A., and A. P. Hamblin. 1993. Tectonic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic significance of a regional discontinuity in the upper Judith River Group (Belly River wedge) of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and northern Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 174-200.
49. Eberth, D. A., M. Shannon, and B. G. Noland. 2007. A bonebeds database: classification, biases and patterns of occurrence. Pp. 103-219 in Rogers et al. 2007.
50. Eckblad, J. W., N. L. Peterson, K. Ostlie, and A. Tempte. 1977. The morphometry, benthos, and sedimentation rates of a floodplain lake in Pool 9 of the upper Mississippi River. American Midland Naturalist 97: 433-443.
51. Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1-180.
52. Estes, R. Middle Paleocene lower vertebrates from the Tongue River Formation, southeastern Montana. Journal of Paleontology 50: 500-520.
53. Estes, R., and P. Berberian. 1970. Paleoecology of a Late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora 343: 1-35.
54. Estes, R., Z. V. Spinar, and E. Nevo. 1978. Early Cretaceous pipid tadpoles from Israel (Amphibia: Anura). Herpetologica 34: 374-393
55. Fiorillo, A. R. 1988. Taphonomy of Hazard Homestead Quarry (Ogallala Group), Hitchcock County, Nebraska. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology 26: 57-97.
56. -. 1989. The vertebrate fauna from the Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Wheatland and Golden Valley Counties, Montana. The Mosasaur 4: 127-142.
57. Fiorillo, A. R., K. Padian, and C. Musikasinthorn. 2000. Taphonomy and depositional setting of the Placerias quarry (Chinle Formation: Late Triassic, Arizona). Palaios 15: 373-386.
58. Fisher, D. C. 1981a. Crocodilian scatology, microvertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth. Paleobiology 7: 262-275.
59. -. 1981b. Mode of preservation of the Shotgun Local. Fauna (Paleocene, Wyoming) and its implications for the taphonomy of a microvertebrate concentration. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 25(12): 247-257.
60. Folk, R. L. 1980. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill, Austin.
61. 39Ar age. Cretaceous Research 29: 373-385.
62. Fricke, H. C. 2007. Stable isotope geochemistry of bonebed fossils: reconstructing paleoenvironments, paleoecology, and paleobiology. Pp. 437-490 in Rogers et al. 2007.
63. Fricke, H. C., R. R. Rogers, R. Backlund, C. N. Dwyer, S. Echt. 2008. Preservation of stable isotope signals in dinosaur remains, and environmental gradients of the Late Cretaceous of Montana and Alberta. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266: 13-27.
64. Frison, G. C., and L. C. Todd. 1986. The Colby Mammoth Site: taphonomy and archaeology of a Clovis kill in northern Wyoming. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
65. Froese, A. D., and G. M. Burghardt. 1975. A dense natural population of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra s. serpentina). Herpetologica 31: 204-208.
66. Gibbons, J. W., C. T. Winne, D. E. Scott, J. D. Willison, X. Glaudas, K. M. Andrews, B. D. Todd, L. A. Fedewa, L. Wilkison, R. N. Tsaliagos, S. J. Harper, J. L. Greene, T. D. Tuberville, B. S. Metis, M. E. Dorcas, J. P. Nestor, C. A. Young, T. Akre, R. N. Reed, K. A. Buhlmann, J. Norman, D. A. Croshaw, C. Hagen, and B. B. Rothermel. 2006. Remarkable amphibian biomass and abundance in an isolated wetland: implications for wetland conservation. Conservation Biology 20: 1457-1465.
67. Gill, J. R., and W. A. Cobban. 1973. Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 776.
68. Gillespie, J. L., C. S. Nelson, and S. D. Nodder. 1998. Post-glacial sea-level control and sequence stratigraphy of carbonateterrigenous sediments, Wanganui Shelf, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology 122: 245-266.
69. Goodwin, M. B., and A. L. Deino. 1989. The first radiometric ages from the Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous), Hill County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26: 1384-1391.
70. Google. 2007. Google Earth, http://eurth.google.com.
71. Hanson, C. B. 1980. Fluvial taphonomic processes: models and experiments. Pp. 156-181 in A. K. Behrensmeyer and A. P. Hill, eds. Fossils in the making. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
72. Harwood, C. L., R. R. Rogers, A. E. Koenig, H. C. Fricke, and J. T. Thole. 2005. A comparative study of authigenic mineralization and rare earth element geochemistry of vertebrate microfossil assemblages in the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 37:301.
73. Haynes, G. 1988. Mass deaths and serial predation: comparative taphonomic studies of modern large mammal death sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 219-235.
74. Henrici, A. C., and A. R. Fiorillo. 1993. Catastrophic death assemblage of Chelomophrynus bayi (Anura, Rhinophrynidae) from the Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Formation of central Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 67: 1016-1026.
75. Hoffman, R. 1988. The contribution of raptorial birds to patterning in small mammal assemblages. Paleobiology 14: 81-90. (Pubitemid 18299253)
76. Holland, W. J., and C. J. Burk. 1982. Relative ages of western Massachusetts oxbow lakes. Northeastern Geology 4: 23-32.
77. Hunt, A. P. 1991. Integrated vertebrate, invertebrate and plant taphonomy of the Fossil Forest Area (Fruitland and Kirtland Formations - Late Cretaceous), San Juan County, New Mexico, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 88: 85-107.
78. Irmis, R., N. Pyenson, and J. Lipps. 2007. Formation of marine bonebeds: insights from the Middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill bonebed of California. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 94A.
79. Jamniczky, H. A., D. B. Brinkman, and A. P. Russell. 2003. Vertebrate microsite sampling: how much is enough? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 725-734.
80. Jerolmack, D. J., and C. Paola. 2007. Complexity in a cellular model of river avulsion. Geomorphology 91: 259-270.
81. Kauffman, E. G. 1977. Geological and biological overview: Western Interior Cretaceous basin. Mountain Geologist 14: 75-99.
82. Khajuria, C. K., and G. V. R. Prasad. 1998. Taphonomy of a Late Cretaceous mammal-bearing microvertebrate assemblage from the Deccan inter-trappean beds of Naskal, peninsular India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 137: 153-172.
83. Kidwell, S. M. 1993. Influence of subsidence on the anatomy of marine siliciclastic sequences and on the distribution of shell, and bone beds. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150: 165-167.
84. Kidwell, S. M., and K. Flessa. 1996. The quality of the fossil, record: populations, species, and communities. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24: 433-464. (Pubitemid 27001485)
85. Kidwell, S. M., and S. M. Holland. 1991. Field description of coarse bioclastic fabrics. Palaios 6: 426-434.
86. Kidwell, S. M., F. T. Fürsich, and T. Aigner. 1986. Conceptual framework for the analysis and classification of fossil concentrations. Palaios 1: 228-238. (Pubitemid 17263554)
87. Koenig, A. E., R. R. Rogers, and C. N. Trueman. 2009. Visualizing fossilization using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry maps of trace elements in Late Cretaceous bones. Geology 37: 511-514.
88. Kondo Y., S. T. Abbott, A. Kitamura, P. J. J. Kamp, T. R. Naish, T. Kamataki, and G. S. Saul. 1998. The relationship between shellbed type and sequence architecture: examples from Japan and New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology 122: 109-128. (Pubitemid 29435056)
89. Korth, W. A. 1979. Taphonomy of microvertebrate fossil assemblages. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 48: 235-285.
90. Koster, E. 1987. Vertebrate taphonomy applied to the analysis of ancient fluvial systems. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 39: 159-168.
91. Kusmer, K. D. 1990. Taphonomy of owl pellet deposition. Journal of Paleontology 64: 629-637.
92. Laudet, F., and N. Selva. 2005. Ravens as small mammal bone accumulators: first taphonomic study on mammal remains as raven pellets. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 226: 272-286.
93. Leidy, J. 1856. Notices of the remains of extinct reptiles and fishes discovered by Dr. F.V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 72-73.
94. -. 1860. Extinct vertebrata from the Judith River and Great Lignite Formations of Nebraska. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 11: 139-154
95. Lofgren, D. L., C. L. Hotton, and A. C. Runkel. 1990. Reworking of Cretaceous dinosaurs into Paleocene channel deposits, upper Hell. Creek Formation, Montana. Geology 18: 874-877.
96. Maas, M. C. 1985. Taphonomy of a late Eocene microvertebrate locality, Wind River Basin, Wyoming (USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 52: 123-142.
97. Macquaker, J. H. S. 1994. Paleoenvironmental significance of bone-beds in organic-rich mudstone successions-an example from, the Upper Triassic of South-West Britain. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 112: 285-308.
98. Mayhew, D. F. 1977. Avian predators as accumulators of fossil mammal material. Boreas 6: 25-31.
99. McGrew, P. O. 1963. Environmental significance of sharks in the Shotgun Fauna, Paleocene of Wyoming. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology 2: 39-41.
100. MeKenna, M. C. 1960. Fossil mammalia from, the early Eocene Wasatchian Four Mile fauna. Eocene of northwestern Colorado. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 37: 1-130.
101. -, 1962, Collecting small fossils by washing and screening, Curator 5: 221-235.
102. Mellett, J. 1974. Scatological origins of microvertebrate fossil accumulations. Science 185: 349-350.
103. Montellano, M. 1991. Mammalian fauna of the Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) north central Montana. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 136.
104. Neuman, A. G., and D. B. Brinkman. 2005. Fishes of the fluvial beds. Pp. 167-185 in Currie and Koppelhus 2005.
105. Peng, J., A. P. Russell, and D. B. Brinkman. 2001. Vertebrate microsite assemblages (exclusive of mammals) from the Foremost and Oldman formations of the Judith River Group (Campanian) of southeastern Alberta: an illustrated guide. Provincial Museum of Alberta Natural History Occasional Paper 25: 1-54.
106. Prieto-Marquez, A. 2005. New information on the cranium of Brachylophosaurus canadensis (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae); with a revision of its phylogenetic position. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 144-156.
107. Pyenson, N. D., R. B. Irmis, J. H. Lipps, L. G. Barnes, E. D. Mitchell, Jr., and S. A. McLeod. 2009. Origin of a widespread marine bonebed deposited during the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum.. Geology 37519-37522
108. Ralrick, P. 2006. Big trouble at Little Fish Lake: taphonomy of a diverse vertebrate mass mortality assemblage in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26:113A.
109. Resanen, M. E., J. S. Salo, and H. Jungner. 1991. Holocene floodplain lake sediments in the Amazon: 14C dating and palaeocological use. Quaternary Science Reviews 10: 363-372.
110. Rogers, R. R. 1993. Systematic patterns of time averaging in the terrestrial vertebrate record: a Cretaceous case study, In S. M. Kidwell and A. K. Behrensmeyer, eds. Taphonomic approaches to time resolution in fossil assemblages. Short Courses in Paleontology 6:228-249. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tenn.
111. -. 1995. Sequence stratigraphy and vertebrate taphonomy of the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine and Judith River Formations, Montana. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago, Chicago.
112. -. 1998. Sequence analysis of the upper Cretaceous Two Medicine and Judith River formations, Montana: nonmarine response to the Claggett and Bearpaw marine cycles. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68: 615-631.
113. Rogers, R. R., and S. M. Kidwell. 2000. Associations of vertebrate skeletal concentrations and discontinuity surfaces in terrestrial and shallow marine records: a test in the Cretaceous of Montana. Journal of Geology 108: 131-154.
114. 99Ar data, and a review of possible drivers. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 28(6):62.
115. Rogers, R. R., D. W. Krause, and K. Curry Rogers. 2003. Cannibalism in the Madagascar dinosaur Majungatholus atopus. Nature 422: 515-518.
116. Rogers, R. R., H. C. Fricke, A. E. Koenig, C. N. Dwyer, C. L. Harwood, and J. Williams. 2005. A comparative study of diagenesis in fossil bones and teeth; a case study from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine and Judith River Formations. Journal, of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers 25: 106.
117. Rogers, R. R., D. A. Eberth, and A. R. Fiorillo. 2007. Bonebeds: genesis, analysis, and paleobiological significance. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
118. Ryan, M., A. P. Russell, and D. A. Eberth. 2001. The taphonomy of a Centrosaurus (Omithischia: Certopsidae) bone bed from Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian), Alberta, Canada, with comments on cranial ontogeny. Palaios 16: 482-506.
119. Sahni, A. 1972. The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana. American Museum, of Natural History Museum Bulletin 147: 321-412.
120. Sankey, J. T. 2001. Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas. Journal, of Paleontology 75: 208-215.
121. Sankey, J. T., and S. Baszio. 2008. Vertebrate microfossil their role in paleoecology and paleobiogeography. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
122. Schiebout, J. A., P. D. White, and G. S. Boardman. 2008. Taphonomic issues relating to concentrations of pedogenic nodules and vertebrates in the Paleocene and Miocene Gulf Coastal Plain: Examples from Texas and Louisiana, USA. Pp. 17-30 in Sankey and Baszio 2008.
123. Schmitt, D. N., and K. E. Juell. 1994. Toward the identification of coyote scatalogical faunal accumulations in archaeological contexts. Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 249-262.
124. Shipman, P. 1981. Applications of scanning electron-microscopy to taphonomic problems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 376: 357-385.
125. Slingerland, R., and N. D. Smith. 2004. River avulsions and their deposits. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 32: 257-285.
126. Srivastava, R., and K. Kumar. 1996. Taphonomy and palaeoenvironment of the middle Eocene rodent localities of northwestern Himalaya, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 122: 185-211. (Pubitemid 126652113)
127. Sykes, J. H. 1977. British Rhaetian bone-beds. Mercian Geologist 5: 39-48.
128. Terry, R. C. 2004. Owl pellet taphonomy: a preliminary study of the post-regurgitation history of pellets in a temperate forest. Palaios 19: 497-506.
129. Thomas, R. G., D. G. Smith, J. M. Wood, J. Visser, E. A. Calverly Range, and E. Koster. 1987. Inclined heterolithic stratification: terminology, description, interpretation, and significance. Sedimentary Geology 53: 123-179.
130. Trapani, J. 1998. Hydrodynamic sorting of avian skeletal, remains. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 477-487. (Pubitemid 28393010)
131. Trueman, C. 2007. Trace element geochemistry of bonebeds. Pp. 397-435 m Rogers et al. 2007.
132. Tulu, Y., and R. Rogers. 2004. Late Cretaceous chondrichthyans from the Woodhawk Bonebed, Judith River Formation (Campanian), Fergus County, Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(Suppl. to No. 3):123.
133. Turner, A. H., C. E. Brett, P. I. McLaughlin, D. J. Over, and G. W. Starrs. 2001. Middle-Upper Devonian (Givetian-Famennian) bone/conodont beds from central Kentucky; reworking and event condensation in the distal Acadian foreland basin. Geological Society of America, North-Central Section, Abstracts with Programs 33(4):8.
134. Tweet, J. S., K. Chin, D. R. Bramen, and N. L. Murphy. 2008. Probable gut contents within a specimen of Brachylophosaurus canadensis (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana. Palaios 23: 624-635.
135. van der Valk, A. G. 2006. The biology of freshwater wetlands. Oxford. University Press, New York.
136. Vasileiadou, K., J. J. Hooker, and M. E. Collinson. 2009. Paleocommunity reconstruction and accumulation of micromammalian remains (late Eocene, southern England). Palaios 24: 553-567.
137. Voorhies, M. R. 1969. Taphonomy and population dynamics of an early Pliocene vertebrate fauna, Knox County, Nebraska. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology Special Paper 1: 1-69.
138. Wetzel, R. G. 2001. Limnology: lake and river ecosystems, 3d ed. Academic Press, San Diego.
139. Wilson, L. E. 2008. Comparative taphonomy and paleoecological reconstruction of two microvertebrate accumulations from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), eastern Montana. Palaios 23: 289-297.
140. Wolff, R. G. 1973. Hydrodynamic sorting and ecology of a Pleistocene mammalian assemblage from. California (U.S.A.). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 13: 91-101.
141. Wood, J. M., R. G. Thomas, and J. Visser. 1988. Fluvial processes and vertebrate taphonomy: the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation, south central Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 66: 127-143.