Managing highly insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus: Weight loss approaches and medical management

Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 122, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 163-171

  Brown, Aparna ^a   Desai, Megha ^a   Taneja, Deepa ^a   Tannock, Lisa R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

Author keywords

Insulin resistance; Insulin sensitizers; U 500 insulin; Weight loss

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; AMFEPRAMONE; HUMAN INSULIN; INSULIN; LONAMIN; METFORMIN; PHENTERMINE; PIOGLITAZONE; PRAMLINTIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SIBUTRAMINE; SITAGLIPTIN; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADDICTION; ANAL COMPLAINT; ANAL LEAKAGE; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CALORIE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; EDEMA; EXERCISE; FECES; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEART FAILURE; HEART PALPITATION; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH BIOPSY; SUSTAINED RELEASE PREPARATION; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION; XEROSTOMIA;

AMYLOID; BARIATRIC SURGERY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET, REDUCING; DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITORS; EXERCISE; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METFORMIN; OBESITY; PEPTIDES; THIAZOLIDINEDIONES; TREATMENT FAILURE; VENOMS; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 76249084621     PISSN: 00325481     EISSN: 19419260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2010.01.2110     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, McDowell MA, Flegal KM. Obesity among adults in the United States - no statistically significant chance since 2003-2004. NCHS Data Brief 2007;(1): 1-8.
2. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403.
3. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(18):1343-1350.
4. Anderson JW, Konz EC. Obesity and disease management: effects of weight loss on comorbid conditions. Obes Res. 2001;(9 suppl 4):326S-334S.
5. Blackburn G. Effect of degree of weight loss on health benefits. Obes Res. 1995;(3 suppl 2):211S-216S.
6. Hellénius ML, de Faire U, Berglund B, Hamsten A, Krakau I. Diet and exercise are equally effective in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. Results of a randomized controlled study in men with slightly to moderately raised cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 1993;103(1):81-91.
7. Poston WS 2nd, Foreyt JP. Successful management of the obese patient. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(12):3615-3622.
8. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859-873.
9. McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(14):1466-1475.
10. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(6):1298-1306.
11. McLaughlin T, Carter S, Lamendola C, et al. Effects of moderate variations in macronutrient composition on weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in obese, insulin-resistant adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):813-821.
12. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults - The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res. 1998;(6 suppl 2):51S-209S.
13. Anderson JW, Vichitbandra S, Qian W, Kryscio RJ. Long-term weight maintenance after an intensive weight-loss program. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(6):620-627.
14. Quinn Rothacker D. Five-year self-management of weight using meal replacements: comparison with matched controls in rural Wisconsin. Nutrition. 2000;16(5):344-348.
15. Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CA, van der Knaap HC, Heo M, Frier HI. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(5):537-549.
16. Metz JA, Stem JS, Kris-Etherton P, et al. A randomized trial of improved weight loss with a prepared meal plan in overweight and obese patients: impact on cardiovascular risk reduction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(14):2150- 2158.
17. Mets JA, Kris-Etherton PM, Morris CD, et al. Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(2):373-385.
18. Williamson DA, Rejeski J, Lang W, Van Dorsten B, Fabricatore AN, Toledo K; Look AHEAD Research Group. Impact of a weight management program on health-related quality of life in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(2):163-171.
19. Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Rodriguez C, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist. Am J Public Health. 1997;87(5):747-754.
20. Heimendinger J, Van Duyn MA, Chapelsky D, Foerster S, Stables G. The national 5 A Day for Better Health Program: a large-scale nutrition intervention. J Public Health Manag Pract. 1996;2(2):27-35.
21. Bloem CJ, Chang AM. Short-term exercise improves beta-cell function and insulin resistance in older people with impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(2):387-392.
22. Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(3):373-380.
23. Look AHEAD Research Group, Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL, et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1374-1383.
24. Wadden TA, West DS, Neiberg RH, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. One-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with success. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(4):713-722.
25. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1 suppl):222S-225S.
26. Wyatt HR, Peters JC, Reed GW, Barry M, Hill JO. A Colorado statewide survey of walking and its relation to excessive weight. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):724-730.
27. Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW, et al. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Am J Med. 2000;109(4):282-287.
28. Anderson JW, Grant L, Gotthelf L, Stifler LT. Weight loss and long-term follow-up of severely obese individuals treated with an intense behavioral program. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(3):488-493.
29. Lecheminant JD, Kirk EP, Hall MA, et al. Impact of different levels of weight loss on blood pressure in overweight and obese women. Dis Manag. 2007;10(2):83-90.
30. LeCheminant JD, Jacobsen DJ, Hall MA, Donnelly JE. A comparison of meal replacements and medication in weight maintenance after weight loss. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(5):347-353.
31. Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, et al. A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(10):1786-1791.
32. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293(1):43-53.
33. Guy-Grand B, Apfelbaum M, Crepaldi G, Gries A, Lefebvre P, Turner P. International trial of long-term dexfenfluramine in obesity. Lancet. 1989;2(8672):1142-1145.
34. Kaplan LM. Phamacological therapies for obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005;34(1):91-104.
35. Anderson JW, Schwartz SM, Hauptman J, et al. Low-dose orlistat effects on body weight of mildly to moderately overweight individuals: a 16 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(10):1717-1723.
36. Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et al. Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann intern Med. 2005;142(7):532-546.
37. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292(14):1724-1737.
38. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853.
39. Bailey CJ. Metformin - an update. Gen Pharmacol. 993;24(6):1299-1309.
40. Bailey CJ. Biguanides and NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(6):755-772.
41. DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(9):541-549.
42. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854-865.
43. Hermann LS, Scherstén B, Bitzén PO, Kjellstr̈m T, Lindgärde F, Melander A. Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulfonylurea. alone and in various combinations. A double-blind controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(10):1100-1109.
44. Bailey CJ. Treating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes with metformin and thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7(6):675-691.
45. Strowig SM, Raskin P. Combination therapy using metformin or thiazolidinediones and insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7(6):633-641.
46. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al; American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193-203.
47. Clar C, Royle P, Waugh N. Adding pioglitazone to insulin containing regimens in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6112.
48. Meier C, Kraenzlin ME, Bodmer M, Jick SS, Jick H, Meier CR. Use of thiazolidinediones and fracture risk. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(8):820-825.
49. Johnson KH, O'Brien TD, Betsholtz C, Westermark P. Islet amyloid, islet-amyloid polypeptide, and diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(8):513-518.
50. Hartter E, Svoboda T, Lell B, et al. Reduced islet-amyloid polypeptide in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1990;335(8693):854.
51. Hartter E, Svoboda T, Ludvik B, et al. Basal and stimulated plasma levels of pancreatic amylin indicate its co-secretion with insulin in humans. Diabetologia. 1991;34(1):52-54.
52. Ludvik B, Thomaseth K, Nolan JJ, Clodi M, Prager R, Pacini G. Inverse relation between amylin and glucagon secretion in healthy and diabetic human subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(4):316-322.
53. Kong MF, King P, Macdonald IA, et al. Infusion of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, delays gastric emptying in men with IDDM. Diabetologia. 1997;40(1):82-88.
54. Chapman I, Parker B, Doran S, et al. Effect of pramlintide on satiety and food intake in obese subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetolagia. 2005;48(5):838-848.
55. Whitehouse F, Kruger DF, Fineman M, et al. A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(4):724-730.
56. Ratner RE, Dickey R, Fineman M, et al. Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycaemic and weight control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2004;21(11):1204-1212.
57. Ratner RE, Want LL, Fineman MS, et al. Adjunctive therapy with the amylin analogue pramlintide leads to a combined improvement in glycemic and weight control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2002;4(1):51-61.
58. Hollander PA, Levy P, Fineman MS, et al. Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes care. 2003;26(3):784-790.
59. Amori RE, Lao J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298(2):194-206.
60. Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, Mihm MJ, Widel MH, Brodows RG. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(8):559-569.
61. Nauck MA, Duran S, Kim D, et al. A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study. Diabetologia. 2007;50(2):259-267.
62. Davis SN, Johns D, Maggs D, Xu H, Northrup JH, Brodows RG. Exploring the substitution of exenatide for insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin in combination with oral antidiabetes agents. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(11):2767-2772.
63. Lane WS, Cochran EK, Jackson JA, et al. High-dose insulin therapy: is it time for U-500 insulin? Endocr Pract. 2009;15(1):71-79.
64. Cochran E, Musso C, Gorden P. The use of U-500 in patients with extreme insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1240-1244.
65. Jørgensen KH, Hansen AK, Buschard K. Five fold increase of insulin concentration delays the absorption of subcutaneously injected human insulin suspensions in pigs. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;50(3):161-167.
66. Garg R, Johnston V, McNally PG, Davies MJ, Lawrence IG. U-500 insulin: why, when and how to use in clinical practice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23(4):265-268.
67. Mäkimattila S, Nikkilä K, Yki-Järvinen H. Causes of weight gain during insulin therapy with and without metformin in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1999;42(4):406-412.
68. Ballani P, Tran MT, Navar MD, Davidson MB. Clinical experience with U-500 regular insulin in obese, markedly insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11 ):2504-2505.