메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 53-64

Specificity of radionuclide brain blood flow testing in brain death: Case report and review

Author keywords

Brain death; Organotechnetium compounds; Radiopharmaceuticals; Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); Technetium Tc 99m exametazime

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; GLUCOSE; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; TECHNETIUM COMPLEX; VASOPRESSIN;

EID: 76149141274     PISSN: 08850666     EISSN: 15251489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0885066609355388     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (34)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 33645238440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe brain injury to neurological determination of death: Canadian forum recommendations
    • for the Pediatric Reference Group; Neonatal Reference Group
    • Shemie SD, Doig C., Dickens B., et al, for the Pediatric Reference Group; Neonatal Reference Group. Severe brain injury to neurological determination of death: Canadian forum recommendations. CMAJ. 2006 ; 174 (6). S1 - S12.
    • (2006) CMAJ , vol.174 , Issue.6
    • Shemie, S.D.1    Doig, C.2    Dickens, B.3
  • 2
    • 0029058935 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameters for determining brain death in adults (summary statement)
    • Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameters for determining brain death in adults (summary statement). Neurology. 1995 ; 45 (5). 1012-1014.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 1012-1014
  • 3
    • 45149129019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of ancillary tests in evaluating brain death
    • Heran MKS, Heran HS, Shemie SD A review of ancillary tests in evaluating brain death. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008 ; 35 (4). 409-419.
    • (2008) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 409-419
    • Heran, M.K.S.1    Heran, H.S.2    Shemie, S.D.3
  • 5
    • 0023084752 scopus 로고
    • Determination of brain death with 123I-IMP and 99mTc-HM-PAO
    • Schober O., Galaske R., Heyer R. Determination of brain death with 123I-IMP and 99mTc-HM-PAO. Neurosurg Rev. 1987 ; 10 (1). 19-22.
    • (1987) Neurosurg Rev , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-22
    • Schober, O.1    Galaske, R.2    Heyer, R.3
  • 6
    • 0023822458 scopus 로고
    • 123I-amphetamine cerebral scintigraphy: A new, non invasive method in determination of brain death in children
    • DOI 10.1007/BF00252387
    • Galaske RG, Schober O., Heyer R. 99mTc-HM-PAO and 123I-amphetamine cerebral scintigraphy: a new, non invasive method in determination of brain death in children. Eur J Nucl Med. 1988 ; 14 (9-10). 446-452. (Pubitemid 18240609)
    • (1988) European Journal of Nuclear Medicine , vol.14 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 446-452
    • Galaske, R.G.1    Schober, O.2    Heyer, R.3
  • 7
    • 0024454186 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HM-PAO in brain death and severe central nervous system injury
    • Laurin NR, Driedger AA, Hurwitz GA, et al. Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HM-PAO in brain death and severe central nervous system injury. J Nucl Med. 1989 ; 30 (10). 1627-1635.
    • (1989) J Nucl Med , vol.30 , Issue.10 , pp. 1627-1635
    • Laurin, N.R.1    Driedger, A.A.2    Hurwitz, G.A.3
  • 8
    • 0024445458 scopus 로고
    • Clinical use of technetium-99m HM-PAO for determination of brain death
    • Reid RH, Gulenchyn KY, Ballinger JR Clinical use of technetium-99m HM-PAO for determination of brain death. J Nucl Med. 1989 ; 30 (10). 1621-1626.
    • (1989) J Nucl Med , vol.30 , Issue.10 , pp. 1621-1626
    • Reid, R.H.1    Gulenchyn, K.Y.2    Ballinger, J.R.3
  • 9
    • 0025127209 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HMPAO following cerebral trauma: Initial experience
    • Reid RH, Gulenchyn KY, Ballinger JR, Ventureyra ECG. Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m HMPAO following cerebral trauma: initial experience. Clin Nucl Med. 1990 ; 15 (6). 383-388.
    • (1990) Clin Nucl Med , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 383-388
    • Reid, R.H.1    Gulenchyn, K.Y.2    Ballinger, J.R.3    Ventureyra, E.C.G.4
  • 10
    • 0026550421 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of brain death: Superiority of perfusion studies with 99Tcm-HMPAO over conventional radionuclide cerebral angiography
    • de la Riva A., Gonzalez FM, Llamas-Elvira JM, et al. Diagnosis of brain death: superiority of perfusion studies with 99Tcm-HMPAO over conventional radionuclide cerebral angiography. Br J Radiol. 1992 ; 65 (772). 289-294.
    • (1992) Br J Radiol , vol.65 , Issue.772 , pp. 289-294
    • De La Riva, A.1    Gonzalez, F.M.2    Llamas-Elvira, J.M.3
  • 11
    • 0026693377 scopus 로고
    • Determination of cerebral perfusion by means of planar brain scintigraphy and 99mTc-HMPAO in brain death, persistent vegetative state and severe coma
    • Schlake HP, Bottger IG, Grotemeyer KH, Husstedt IW, Brandau W., Schober O. Determination of cerebral perfusion by means of planar brain scintigraphy and 99mTc-HMPAO in brain death, persistent vegetative state and severe coma. Intensive Care Med. 1992 ; 18 (2). 76-81.
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 76-81
    • Schlake, H.P.1    Bottger, I.G.2    Grotemeyer, K.H.3    Husstedt, I.W.4    Brandau, W.5    Schober, O.6
  • 12
    • 0027176281 scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of brain death with Tc-99m HMPAO
    • Wilson K., Gordon L., Selby JB Sr. The diagnosis of brain death with Tc-99m HMPAO. Clin Nucl Med. 1993 ; 18 (5). 428-434.
    • (1993) Clin Nucl Med , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 428-434
    • Wilson, K.1    Gordon, L.2    Selby, J.B.3
  • 13
    • 0028182443 scopus 로고
    • 99mTc-HMPAO and mobile gamma-camera in the diagnosis of brain death
    • Muttini P., Dagnino N. 99mTc-HMPAO and mobile gamma-camera in the diagnosis of brain death. J Nucl Biol Med. 1994 ; 38 (1). 14-17.
    • (1994) J Nucl Biol Med , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-17
    • Muttini, P.1    Dagnino, N.2
  • 14
    • 0028183357 scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of Tc99m HM-PAO scan in supporting clinical brain death in children: Uncoupling flow and function
    • Singh NC, Reid RH, Loft JA, Frewen TC, Parker BL, Dhillon JS Usefulness of Tc99m HM-PAO scan in supporting clinical brain death in children: uncoupling flow and function. Clin Intensive Care. 1994 ; 5 (2). 71-74.
    • (1994) Clin Intensive Care , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 71-74
    • Singh, N.C.1    Reid, R.H.2    Loft, J.A.3    Frewen, T.C.4    Parker, B.L.5    Dhillon, J.S.6
  • 15
    • 0028000882 scopus 로고
    • Direct comparison of Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m HMPAO for evaluating brain death
    • Spieth ME, Ansari AN, Kawada TK, Kimura RL, Siegel ME Direct comparison of Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m HMPAO for evaluating brain death. Clin Nucl Med. 1994 ; 19 (10). 867-872.
    • (1994) Clin Nucl Med , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 867-872
    • Spieth, M.E.1    Ansari, A.N.2    Kawada, T.K.3    Kimura, R.L.4    Siegel, M.E.5
  • 16
    • 0029560513 scopus 로고
    • Brain death: The evaluation of semiquantitative parameters and other signs in HMPAO scintigraphy
    • Mrhac L., Zakko S., Parikh Y. Brain death: the evaluation of semiquantitative parameters and other signs in HMPAO scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun. 1995 ; 16 (12). 1016-1020.
    • (1995) Nucl Med Commun , vol.16 , Issue.12 , pp. 1016-1020
    • Mrhac, L.1    Zakko, S.2    Parikh, Y.3
  • 17
    • 0033985422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tc-99m Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain death and its implications for harvesting of organs used for transplantation
    • Kurtek RW, Lai KKY, Tauxe WN, Eidelman BH, Fung JJ Tc-99m Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain death and its implications for harvesting of organs used for transplantation. Clin Nucl Med. 2000 ; 25 (1). 7-10.
    • (2000) Clin Nucl Med , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-10
    • Kurtek, R.W.1    Lai, K.K.Y.2    Tauxe, W.N.3    Eidelman, B.H.4    Fung, J.J.5
  • 18
    • 0343081418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early diagnosis of brain death in patients treated with central nervous system depressant drugs
    • Lopez-Navidad A., Caballeero F., Domingo P., et al. Early diagnosis of brain death in patients treated with central nervous system depressant drugs. Transplantation. 2000 ; 70 (1). 131-135.
    • (2000) Transplantation , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 131-135
    • Lopez-Navidad, A.1    Caballeero, F.2    Domingo, P.3
  • 19
    • 0037396932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of patients referred for confirmation of brain death by 99mTc-exametazime scintigraphy
    • Harding JW, Chatterton BE Outcomes of patients referred for confirmation of brain death by 99mTc-exametazime scintigraphy. Intensive Care Med. 2003 ; 29 (4). 539-543.
    • (2003) Intensive Care Med , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 539-543
    • Harding, J.W.1    Chatterton, B.E.2
  • 20
    • 37549042359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ĝĝhot noseĝ™ĝ™ sign on brain death nuclear scintigraphy: Where does the flow really go
    • Appelt EA, Song WS, Phillips WT, Metter DF, Salman UA, Blumhardt R. The ĝĝhot noseĝ™ĝ™ sign on brain death nuclear scintigraphy: where does the flow really go ? Clin Nucl Med. 2008 ; 33 (1). 55-57.
    • (2008) Clin Nucl Med , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-57
    • Appelt, E.A.1    Song, W.S.2    Phillips, W.T.3    Metter, D.F.4    Salman, U.A.5    Blumhardt, R.6
  • 21
    • 0026410578 scopus 로고
    • Brain death: Determination with brain stem evoked potentials and radionuclide isotope studies
    • Erbengi A., Erbengi G., Cataltepe O., Topcu M., Erbas B., Aras T. Brain death: determination with brain stem evoked potentials and radionuclide isotope studies. Acta Neurochir. 1991 ; 112 (3-4). 118-125.
    • (1991) Acta Neurochir , vol.112 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 118-125
    • Erbengi, A.1    Erbengi, G.2    Cataltepe, O.3    Topcu, M.4    Erbas, B.5    Aras, T.6
  • 22
    • 0027474071 scopus 로고
    • Tc-99m HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy: A reliable, noninvasive method for determination of brain death
    • Wieler H., Marohl K., Kaiser KP, Klawki P., Frossler H. Tc-99m HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy: a reliable, noninvasive method for determination of brain death. Clin Nucl Med. 1993 ; 18 (2). 104-109.
    • (1993) Clin Nucl Med , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 104-109
    • Wieler, H.1    Marohl, K.2    Kaiser, K.P.3    Klawki, P.4    Frossler, H.5
  • 23
    • 0028989229 scopus 로고
    • 99mTc HM-PAO brain perfusion SPECT in brain death
    • Bonetti MG, Ciritella P., Vallc G., Perrone E. 99mTc HM-PAO brain perfusion SPECT in brain death. Neuroradiol. 1995 ; 37 (5). 365-369.
    • (1995) Neuroradiol , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 365-369
    • Bonetti, M.G.1    Ciritella, P.2    Vallc, G.3    Perrone, E.4
  • 24
    • 0031431162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plain CT findings of brain death confirmed by hollow skull sign in brain perfusion SPECT
    • Yoshikai T., Tahara T., Kuroiwa T., et al. Plain CT findings of brain death confirmed by hollow skull sign in brain perfusion SPECT. Radiat Med. 1997 ; 15 (6). 419-424.
    • (1997) Radiat Med , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 419-424
    • Yoshikai, T.1    Tahara, T.2    Kuroiwa, T.3
  • 25
    • 0031593901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the diagnosis of brain death
    • Facco E., Zucchetta P., Munari M., et al. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the diagnosis of brain death. Intensive Care Med. 1998 ; 24 (9). 911-917.
    • (1998) Intensive Care Med , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 911-917
    • Facco, E.1    Zucchetta, P.2    Munari, M.3
  • 26
    • 0036777053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tc-99 HMPAO cerebral SPECT imaging to confirm brain death in patients with complex spinal automatism
    • Kahveci SF, Bekar A., Tamgac F., Korfali G., Alper E. Tc-99 HMPAO cerebral SPECT imaging to confirm brain death in patients with complex spinal automatism. Turkish J Trauma Emergency Surg. 2002 ; 8 (4). 198-201.
    • (2002) Turkish J Trauma Emergency Surg , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 198-201
    • Kahveci, S.F.1    Bekar, A.2    Tamgac, F.3    Korfali, G.4    Alper, E.5
  • 27
    • 4444233367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmation of brain death using brain radionuclide perfusion imaging technique
    • Al-Shammri S., Al- Feeli M. Confirmation of brain death using brain radionuclide perfusion imaging technique. Med Princ Pract. 2004 ; 13 (5). 267-272.
    • (2004) Med Princ Pract , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 267-272
    • Al-Shammri, S.1    Feeli, M.2
  • 29
    • 24944584860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of brain death: Comparison between SPECT and contrast angiography
    • Munari M., Zucchetta P., Carallo C., et al. Confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of brain death: comparison between SPECT and contrast angiography. Crit Care Med. 2005 ; 33 (9). 2068-2073.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , Issue.9 , pp. 2068-2073
    • Munari, M.1    Zucchetta, P.2    Carallo, C.3
  • 30
    • 34247566067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of brain death- own experience
    • Kraft O., Samlik J., Chmelova J. The diagnosis of brain death- own experience. Nucl Med Reviews. 2006 ; 9 (2). 132-137.
    • (2006) Nucl Med Reviews , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 132-137
    • Kraft, O.1    Samlik, J.2    Chmelova, J.3
  • 31
    • 0026452514 scopus 로고
    • Technetium-99m-HMPAO cerebral perfusion scintigraphy: Considerations for timely brain death declaration
    • Larar G., Nagel JS Technetium-99m-HMPAO cerebral perfusion scintigraphy: considerations for timely brain death declaration. J Nucl Med. 1992 ; 33 (12). 2209-2213.
    • (1992) J Nucl Med , vol.33 , Issue.12 , pp. 2209-2213
    • Larar, G.1    Nagel, J.S.2
  • 32
    • 0027049315 scopus 로고
    • Tc-99m HMPAO brain survival study reveals flow to the cerebrum but none to the cerebellum
    • Schauwecker DS Tc-99m HMPAO brain survival study reveals flow to the cerebrum but none to the cerebellum. Clin Nucl Med. 1992 ; 17 (12). 984-985.
    • (1992) Clin Nucl Med , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 984-985
    • Schauwecker, D.S.1
  • 33
    • 0025885241 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of brain death with technetium 99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime
    • Costa DC, Motteux IMJ, McCready AC Diagnosis of brain death with technetium 99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. Eur J Nucl Med. 1991 ; 18 (7). 503-506.
    • (1991) Eur J Nucl Med , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 503-506
    • Costa, D.C.1    Motteux, I.M.J.2    McCready, A.C.3
  • 34
    • 0025888284 scopus 로고
    • 99mTc-HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain death
    • Yatim A., Mercatello A., Coronel B., et al. 99mTc-HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain death. Transplant Proc. 1991 ; 23 (5). 2491.
    • (1991) Transplant Proc , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 2491
    • Yatim, A.1    Mercatello, A.2    Coronel, B.3
  • 35
    • 0027372464 scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, electrical activity in pediatric brain death
    • Medlock MD, Hanigan WC, Cruse RP Dissociation of cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, electrical activity in pediatric brain death. Case report. Neurosurg. 1993 ; 79 (5). 752-755.
    • (1993) Case Report. Neurosurg , vol.79 , Issue.5 , pp. 752-755
    • Medlock, M.D.1    Hanigan, W.C.2    Cruse, R.P.3
  • 36
    • 0028411777 scopus 로고
    • Confirmation of brain death using 99m Tc HMPAO
    • Adelstein W. Confirmation of brain death using 99m Tc HMPAO. J Neurosci Nurs. 1994 ; 26 (2). 118-120.
    • (1994) J Neurosci Nurs. , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-120
    • Adelstein, W.1
  • 37
    • 0027984285 scopus 로고
    • Timely diagnosis of brain death in an emergency trauma center
    • Idea RJ, Lewis DH Timely diagnosis of brain death in an emergency trauma center. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 ; 163 (4). 927-928.
    • (1994) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.163 , Issue.4 , pp. 927-928
    • Idea, R.J.1    Lewis, D.H.2
  • 38
    • 0028785389 scopus 로고
    • Importance of the lateral view in the evaluation of suspected brain death
    • Spieth M., Abella E., Sutter C., Vasinrapee P., Wall L., Ortiz M. Importance of the lateral view in the evaluation of suspected brain death. Clin Nucl Med. 1995 ; 20 (11). 965-968.
    • (1995) Clin Nucl Med , vol.20 , Issue.11 , pp. 965-968
    • Spieth, M.1    Abella, E.2    Sutter, C.3    Vasinrapee, P.4    Wall, L.5    Ortiz, M.6
  • 39
    • 0029854598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Findings on Tc-99m HMPAO brain imaging in brain death
    • Lu G., Wj S., Uy R. Findings on Tc-99m HMPAO brain imaging in brain death. Clin Nucl Med. 1996 ; 21 (11). 891-893.
    • (1996) Clin Nucl Med , vol.21 , Issue.11 , pp. 891-893
    • Lu, G.1    Wj, S.2    Uy, R.3
  • 40
    • 0022929940 scopus 로고
    • 99mTchexamethylpropyleneamine oxime scans to confirm brain death
    • Roine RO, Launes J., Lindroth L., Nikkinen P. 99mTchexamethylpropyleneamine oxime scans to confirm brain death. Lancet. 1986 ; 328 (8517). 1223-1224.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.328 , Issue.8517 , pp. 1223-1224
    • Roine, R.O.1    Launes, J.2    Lindroth, L.3    Nikkinen, P.4
  • 42
    • 0024713101 scopus 로고
    • Scintigraphic evaluation of brain death with 99mTc-d,l-Hexamethyl- propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)
    • Takehara Y., Takahashi M., Isoda H., et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of brain death with 99mTc-d,l-Hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). Radioisotopes. 1989 ; 38 (8). 335-338.
    • (1989) Radioisotopes , vol.38 , Issue.8 , pp. 335-338
    • Takehara, Y.1    Takahashi, M.2    Isoda, H.3
  • 44
    • 33749657424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case meeting clinical brain death criteria with residual cerebral perfusion
    • Ala TA, Kuhn MJ, Johnson AJ A case meeting clinical brain death criteria with residual cerebral perfusion. Am J Neuroradiol. 2006 ; 27 (9). 1804-1806.
    • (2006) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.27 , Issue.9 , pp. 1804-1806
    • Ala, T.A.1    Kuhn, M.J.2    Johnson, A.J.3
  • 45
    • 0026011455 scopus 로고
    • Establishing brain death: The potential role of nuclear medicine in the search for a reliable confirmatory test
    • George MS Establishing brain death: the potential role of nuclear medicine in the search for a reliable confirmatory test. Eur J Nucl Med. 1991 ; 18 (2). 75-77.
    • (1991) Eur J Nucl Med , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 75-77
    • George, M.S.1
  • 46
    • 0029079010 scopus 로고
    • Determining brain death in adults
    • Wijdicks EFM. Determining brain death in adults. Neurology. 1995 ; 45 (5). 1003-1011.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 1003-1011
    • Wijdicks, E.F.M.1
  • 47
    • 0032718545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain death revisitied: Utility confirmed for nuclear medicine
    • Weckesser M., Schober O. Brain death revisitied: utility confirmed for nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999 ; 26 (11). 1387-1391.
    • (1999) Eur J Nucl Med. , vol.26 , Issue.11 , pp. 1387-1391
    • Weckesser, M.1    Schober, O.2
  • 48
    • 0035707581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Belgian Society for Nuclear Medicine: Guideline for brain radionuclide imaging
    • Borght TV, Laloux P., Maes A., Salmon E., Goethals I., Goldman S. Belgian Society for Nuclear Medicine: guideline for brain radionuclide imaging. Acta Neurol Belg. 2001 ; 101 (4). 196-209.
    • (2001) Acta Neurol Belg , vol.101 , Issue.4 , pp. 196-209
    • Borght, T.V.1    Laloux, P.2    Maes, A.3    Salmon, E.4    Goethals, I.5    Goldman, S.6
  • 50
    • 0242525559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scintigraphy as a confirmatory test of brain death
    • Conrad GR, Sinha P. Scintigraphy as a confirmatory test of brain death. Semin Nucl Med. 2003 ; 33 (4). 312-323.
    • (2003) Semin Nucl Med , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 312-323
    • Conrad, G.R.1    Sinha, P.2
  • 51
    • 33645228868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief review: The role of ancillary tests in the neurological determination of death
    • Young GB, Shemie SD, Doig CJ, Teitelbaum J. Brief review: the role of ancillary tests in the neurological determination of death. Can J Anesth. 2006 ; 53 (6). 533-539.
    • (2006) Can J Anesth. , vol.53 , Issue.6 , pp. 533-539
    • Young, G.B.1    Shemie, S.D.2    Doig, C.J.3    Teitelbaum, J.4
  • 53
    • 44249096552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radionuclide studies in the determination of brain death: Criteria, concepts, controversies
    • Zuckier LS, Kolano J. Radionuclide studies in the determination of brain death: criteria, concepts, controversies. Semin Nucl Med. 2008 ; 38 (4). 262-273.
    • (2008) Semin Nucl Med , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 262-273
    • Zuckier, L.S.1    Kolano, J.2
  • 54
    • 1842289825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radionuclide angiography as a confirmatory test for brain death: A review of 229 studies in 219 patients
    • Flowers WM Jr, Patel BR Radionuclide angiography as a confirmatory test for brain death: a review of 229 studies in 219 patients. Southern Med J. 1997 ; 90 (11). 1091-1096.
    • (1997) Southern Med J , vol.90 , Issue.11 , pp. 1091-1096
    • Flowers Jr, W.M.1    Patel, B.R.2
  • 56
    • 0030887702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 99mTc-HMPAO as a tracer of cerebral blood flow in newborn infants
    • Borch K., Greisen G. 99mTc-HMPAO as a tracer of cerebral blood flow in newborn infants. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. 1997 ; 17 (4). 448-454. (Pubitemid 27188541)
    • (1997) Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 448-454
    • Borch, K.1    Greisen, G.2
  • 57
    • 0023772638 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow requirement for brain viability in newborn infants is lower than in adults
    • Altman DI, Powers WJ, Perlman JM, Herscovitch P., Volpe SL, Volpe JJ Cerebral blood flow requirement for brain viability in newborn infants is lower than in adults. Ann Neurol. 1988 ; 24 (2). 218-226.
    • (1988) Ann Neurol , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 218-226
    • Altman, D.I.1    Powers, W.J.2    Perlman, J.M.3    Herscovitch, P.4    Volpe, S.L.5    Volpe, J.J.6
  • 58
    • 0022455375 scopus 로고
    • Determination of cerebral death in the pediatric intensive care unit
    • Drake B., Ashwal S., Schneider S. Determination of cerebral death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 1986 ; 78 (1). 107-112.
    • (1986) Pediatrics , vol.78 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-112
    • Drake, B.1    Ashwal, S.2    Schneider, S.3
  • 59
    • 0029087899 scopus 로고
    • Variability in brain death determination practices in children
    • Mejia RE, Pollack MM Variability in brain death determination practices in children. JAMA. 1995 ; 274 (7). 550-553.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , Issue.7 , pp. 550-553
    • Mejia, R.E.1    Pollack, M.M.2
  • 60
    • 44449141521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in pediatric brain death determination and documentation in Southern California
    • Mathur M., Petersen L., Stadtler M., et al. Variability in pediatric brain death determination and documentation in Southern California. Pediatrics. 2008 ; 121 (5). 988-993.
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.121 , Issue.5 , pp. 988-993
    • Mathur, M.1    Petersen, L.2    Stadtler, M.3
  • 61
    • 36949021790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurological determination of death: What does it really mean
    • Joffe AR The neurological determination of death: what does it really mean ? Issues Law Med. 2007 ; 23 (2). 119-140.
    • (2007) Issues Law Med , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-140
    • Joffe, A.R.1
  • 62
    • 76149093095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental disconnect: ĝ€physiological decapitationĝ€ ™ as a heuristic for understanding brain death
    • Msgr Marcelo Sanchez Sorondo HE, ed. Vatican City: Pontifica Academia Scientiarum
    • Shewmon DA Mental disconnect: ĝ€physiological decapitationĝ€™ as a heuristic for understanding brain death. In: Msgr Marcelo Sanchez Sorondo HE, ed. Working Group on the Signs of Death 11-12 September 2006. Vatican City: Pontifica Academia Scientiarum ; 2007: 292-333.
    • (2007) Working Group on the Signs of Death 11-12 September 2006 , pp. 292-333
    • Shewmon, D.A.1
  • 63
    • 57849108174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking the ethics of vital organ donations
    • Miller FG, Truog RD Rethinking the ethics of vital organ donations. Hastings Cent Rep. 2008 ; 38 (6). 38-46.
    • (2008) Hastings Cent Rep , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 38-46
    • Miller, F.G.1    Truog, R.D.2
  • 64
    • 0031702524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic ĝ€ĝ€brain deathĝ€™ĝ €™: Meta-analysis and conceptual consequences
    • Shewmon DA Chronic ĝ€ĝ€brain deathĝ€ ™ĝ€™: meta-analysis and conceptual consequences. Neurology. 1998 ; 51 (6). 1538-1545.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 1538-1545
    • Shewmon, D.A.1
  • 65
    • 0003649564 scopus 로고
    • Presidentĝ€™s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine Biomedical Behavioral Research Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
    • Presidentĝ€™s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office ; 1981.
    • (1981) Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death
  • 66
    • 67849113437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presidentĝ€™s Council of Bioethics Washington, DC: Presidentĝ€™s Council of Bioethics;
    • Presidentĝ€™s Council of Bioethics. Controversies in the Determination of Death. Washington, DC: Presidentĝ€™s Council of Bioethics ; 2008.
    • (2008) Controversies in the Determination of Death
  • 67
    • 65549091494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain death: Can it be resuscitated?
    • Shewmon DA Brain death: can it be resuscitated? Hastings Cent Rep. 2009 ; 39 (2). 18-24.
    • (2009) Hastings Cent Rep. , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 18-24
    • Shewmon, D.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.