Effects of ambient sunlight and photoprotection on vitamin D status

Dermatologic Therapy

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 48-60

  Diehl, Joseph W ^a   Chiu, Melvin W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Photoprotection; Sun exposure; Sun protection; Sunscreen; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL; PRAVASTATIN; SUNSCREEN; VITAMIN D;

BEHAVIOR CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEASONAL VARIATION; SKIN COLOR; SKIN PIGMENTATION; SUN EXPOSURE; SUNLIGHT PROTECTION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ADOLESCENT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHILD; CHOLECALCIFEROL; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; NUTRITION POLICY; RADIATION PROTECTION; SKIN PIGMENTATION; SUNLIGHT; SUNSCREENING AGENTS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 76149109752     PISSN: 13960296     EISSN: 15298019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01290.x     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007 : 357 : 266 281.
2. Holick, MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 : 79 : 362 371.
3. Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer 2002 : 94 : 1867 1875.
4. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006 : 24 (311 1770 1773.
5. Wilkinson RJ, Llewelyn M, Toossi Z, et al. Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study. Lancet 2000 : 355 : 618 621.
6. Aloia JF, Li-Ng M. Re: epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 2007 : 135 : 1095 1096 author reply 1097-1098.
7. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004. Arch Intern Med 2009 : 169 : 626 632.
8. Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 : 88 : 1519 1527.
9. Reichrath J. The challenge resulting from positive and negative effects of sunlight: how much solar UV exposure is appropriate to balance between risks of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer? Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006 : 92 : 9 16.
10. Holick MF. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 : 61 : 638S 645S.
11. Webb AR, De Costa BR, Holick MF. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegredation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989 : 68 : 882 887.
12. Webb AR. Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006 : 92 : 17 25.
13. Hollis BW. Assessment of vitamin D status and definition of normal circulating range of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008 : 15 : 489 494.
14. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannuci E, Willeet WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 : 84 : 18 28.
15. Malabanan A, Veronikis IE, Holick MF. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet 1998 : 351 : 805 806.
16. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 : 69 : 842 856.
17. Parrish JA, Jaenicke KF, Anderson RR. Erythema and melanogenesis action spectra of normal human skin. Photochem Photobiol 1982 : 36 : 187 191.
18. Fioletov VE, McArthur LJ, Mathews TW, Marrett L. On the relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted ultraviolet radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B 2009 : 95 : 9 16.
19. Gilchrest BA. Sun exposure and vitamin D sufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 88 : 570S 577S.
20. McLaughlin M, Raggatt PR, Fairney A, Brown DJ, Lester E, Wills MR. Seasonal variation in serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in healthy people. Lancet 1974 : 1 : 536 538.
21. Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Ultraviolet radiation exposurepattern in winter compared with summer based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Br J Dermatol 2006 : 154 : 133 138.
22. Godar DE, Wengraitis SP, Shreffler J, Sliney DH. UV doses of Americans. Photochem Photobiol 2001 : 73 : 621 629.
23. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988 : 67 : 373 378.
24. Lu Z, Chen TC, Holick MF. Influence of season and time of day on the synthesis of vitamin D3. In : Holick MF, Kligman A, eds. Proceedings of the Biologic Effects of Light Symposium. Berlin : Walter De Gruyter & Co, 1992 : 48 52.
25. World Health Organization. Global solar UV index. A practical guide. Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization, 2002.
26. Norsang G, Ma L, Dahlback A, et al. The vitamin D status among Tibetans. Photochem Photobiol 2009 : 85 : 1028 1031.
27. O'Riordan JL. Rickets in the 17th century. J Bone Miner Res 2006 : 21 : 1506 1510.
28. MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF. Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin. Science 1982 : 216 : 1001 1004.
29. Engelsen O, Brustad M, Aksnes L, Lund E. Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness. Photochem Photobiol 2005 : 81 : 1287 1290.
30. Manicourt DH, Devogelaer JP. Urban tropospheric ozone increases the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Belgian postmenopausal women with outdoor activities during summer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 : 93 : 3893 3899.
31. Agarwal KS, Mughal MZ, Upadhyay P, Berry JL, Mawer EB, Puliyel JM. The impact of atmospheric pollution on vitamin D status of infants and toddlers in Delhi, India. Arch Dis Child 2002 : 87 : 111 113.
32. Dunnigan MG, Paton JP, Haase S, McNicol GW, Gardner MD, Smith CM. Late rickets and osteomalacia in the Pakistani community in Glasgow. Scott Med J 1962 : 7 : 159 167.
33. Bachrach S, Fisher J, Parks JS. An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population. Pediatrics 1979 : 64 : 871 877. (Pubitemid 10249759)
34. Rudolf M, Arulanantham K, Greenstein RM. Unsuspected nutritional rickets. Pediatrics 1980 : 66 : 72 76.
35. Hodgkin P, Kay GH, Hine PM, Lumb GA, Stanbury SW. Vitamin D deficiency in Asians at home and in Britain. Lancet 1973 : 2 : 167 171.
36. Walker SL, Hawk JLM, Young AR. Acute and chronic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. In : Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine, 6th ed. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill, 2003 : 1275 1282.
37. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesize vitamin D3. Lancet 1982 : 1 : 74 76.
38. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH. Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man: skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 1981 : 211 : 590 593.
39. Lo CW, Paris PW, Holick MF. Indian and Pakistani immigrants have the same capacity as Caucasians to produce vitamin D in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Am J Clin Nutr 1986 : 44 : 683 685.
40. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of the skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest 1985 : 76 : 1536 1538.
41. Weisman Y, Schen RJ, Eisenberg Z, Edelstein S, Harell A. Inadequate status and impaired metabolism of vitamin D in the elderly. Isr J Med Sci 1981 : 17 : 19 21.
42. Lester E, Skinner RK, Wills MR. Season variation in serum-25- hydroxyvitamin-D in the elderly in Britain. Lancet 1977 : 7 : 979 980.
43. Dattani JT, Exton-Smith AN, Stephen JM. Vitamin D status of the elderly in relation to age and exposure to sunlight. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984 : 38 : 131 137.
44. Shuster S, Black MM, McVitie E. The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density. Br J Dermatol 1975 : 93 : 639 643.
45. Need AG, Morris HA, Howrowitz M, Nordin C. Effects of skin thickness, age, body fat, and sunlight on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 1993 : 58 : 882 885.
46. Webb AR, Pilbeam C, Hanafin N, Holick MF. An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston. Am J Clin Nutr 1990 : 51 : 1075 1081.
47. Paterson CR, Moody JP, Pennington CR. Skin content of 7-dehydrocholesterol in patients with malabsorption. Nutrition 1997 : 13 : 771 773.
48. Dobs AS, Levine MA, Margolis S. Effects of pravastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on vitamin D synthesis in man. Metabolism 1991 : 40 : 524 528.
49. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Mosekilde L. Simvastatin does not affect vitamin D status, but low vitamin D levels are associated with dyslipidemia: results from a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Endocrinol 2010 : 2010. Epub 2009 Jul 21.
50. Montagnani M, Lore F, Di Cairano G, et al. Effects of pravastatin treatment on vitamin D metabolites. Clin Ther 1994 : 16 : 824 829.
51. Perez-Castrillon JL, Vega G, Abad L, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2007 : 99 : 903 905.
52. Aloia JF, Li-Ng M, Pollack S. Statins and vitamin D. Am J Cardiol 2007 : 100 : 1329.
53. Klein GL, Chen TC, Holick MF, et al. Synthesis of vitamin D in skin after burns. Lancet 2004 : 363 : 291 292.
54. Klein GL, Herndon DN, Goodman WG, et al. Histomorphometric and biochemical characterization of bone following acute severe burns in children. Bone 1995 : 17 : 455 460.
55. Klein GL, Langman CB, Herndon DN. Vitamin D depletion following burn injury in children: a possible factor in post-burn osteopenia. J Trauma 2002 : 52 : 346 350.
56. Preece MA, Tomlinson S, Ribot CA, et al. Studies of vitamin D deficiency in man. Q J Med 1975 : 44 : 575 589.
57. Dlugos DJ, Perrota PL, Horn WG. Effects of the submarine environment on renal-stone risk factors and vitamin D metabolism. Undersea Hyperb Med 1995 : 22 : 145 152.
58. Cusack C, Danby C, Fallon JC, et al. Photoprotective behaviour and sunscreen use: impact on vitamin D levels in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2008 : 24 : 260 267.
59. Kamen DL, Cooper GS, Bouali H, Shaftman SR, Hollis BW, Gilkeson GS. Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2006 : 5 : 114 117.
60. Walder BK, Robertson MR, Jeremy D. Skin cancer and immunosuppression. Lancet 1971 : 2 : 1282 1283.
61. Querings K, Reichrath J. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-deficiency in renal transplant recipients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 : 91 : 526 529.
62. Segal E, Baruch Y, Kramsky R, Raz B, Ish-Shalom S. Vitamin D deficiency in liver transplant patients in Israel. Transplant Proc 2001 : 33 : 2955 2966.
63. Massenkeil G, Fiene C, Rosen O, Michael R, Reisinger W, Arnold R. Loss of bone mass and vitamin D deficiency after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: standard prophylactic measures fail to prevent osteoporosis. Leukemia 2001 : 15 : 1701 1705.
64. Querings K, Reichrath J. A plea for the analysis of vitamin-D levels in patients under photoprotection, including patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS). Cancer Causes Control 2004 : 15 : 219.
65. Sollitto RB, Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ. Normal vitamin D levels can be maintained despite rigorous photoprotection: six years' experience with xeroderma pigmentosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997 : 37 : 942 947.
66. Glass D, Lens M, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Bataille V. Pigmentation and vitamin D metabolism in Caucasians: low vitamin D serum levels in fair skin types in the UK. PloS One 2009 : 4 : e6477.
67. Malvy DJ, Guinot C, Preziosi P, et al. Relationship between vitamin D status and skin phototype in general adult population. Photochem Photbiol 2000 : 71 : 466 469.
68. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 : 69 : 842 856.
69. Binkley N, Novotny R, Krueger D, et al. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 : 92 : 2130 2135.
70. Aloia JF. African Americans, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteoporosis: a paradox. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 : 88 : 535S 550S.
71. Morison WL. Photoprotection by clothing. Dermatol Ther 2003 : 16 : 16 22.
72. Sayre RM, Huges SNG. Sun protective apparel: advancements in sun protection. Skin Cancer J 1993 : 8 : 41 47.
73. Gambichler T, Hatch KL, Avermaete A, Altmeyer P, Hoffman K. Influence of wetness on the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of textiles: in vitro and in vivo measurements. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2002 : 18 : 29 35.
74. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Lu Z, Holick MF. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992 : 75 : 1099 1103.
75. Salih FM. Effect of clothing varieties on solar photosynthesis of previtamin D3: an in vitro study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004 : 20 : 53 58.
76. Parisi AV, Wilson CA. Pre-vitamin D3 effective ultraviolet transmission through clothing during simulated wear. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2005 : 21 : 303 310.
77. Sedrani SH, Elidrissy AW, El Arabi KM. Sunlight and vitamin D status in normal Saudi subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1983 : 38 : 129 132.
78. Fonseca V, Tongia R, el-Hasmi M, Abu-Aisha H. Exposure to sunlight and vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabian women. Postgrad Med J 1984 : 60 : 589 591.
79. MacNeal RJ, Dinulos JG. Update on sun protection and tanning in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007 : 19 : 425 429.
80. Thompson SC, Jolley D, Marks R. Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N Engl J Med 1993 : 329 : 1147 1151.
81. Naylor MF, Boyd A, Smith DW, Cameron GS, Hubbard D, Neldner KH. High sun protection factor sunscreens in the suppression of actinic neoplasia. Arch Dermatol 1995 : 131 : 170 175.
82. Boyd AS, Naylor M, Cameron GS, Pearse AD, Gaskell SA, Neldner KH. The effects of chronic sunscreen use on the histologic changes of dermatoheliosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995 : 33 : 941 946.
83. Darlington S, Williams G, Neale R, Frost C, Green A. A randomized controlled trial to assess sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in the prevention of solar keratoses. Arch Dermatol 2003 : 139 : 451 455.
84. Matsuoka LY, Ide L, Wortsman J, MacLaughlin JA, Holick MF. Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987 : 64 : 1165 1168.
85. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hanifan N, Holick MF. Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary study. Arch Dermatol 1988 : 124 : 1802 1804.
86. Norval M, Wulf HC. Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D to insufficient levels? Br J Dermatol 2009 : 161 : 732 736.
87. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 : 22 : 772 725.
88. Holick MF, Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J. Regular use of sunscreen on vitamin D levels. Arch Dermatol 1995 : 131 : 1337 1339.
89. Sayre RM, Dowdy JC. Darkness at noon: sunscreens and vitamin D3. Photochem Photobiol 2007 : 83 : 459 463.
90. Marks R, Foley PA, Jolley D, Knight KR, Harrison J, Thompson SC. The effect of regular sunscreen use on vitamin D levels in an Australian population. Arch Dermatol 1995 : 131 : 415 421.
91. Chesney RW, Rosen JF, Hamstra AJ, Smith C, Mahaffey K, DeLuca HF. Absence of seasonal variation in serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D despite a rise in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in summer. J Clin Endoncrinol Metab 1981 : 53 : 139 142.
92. Tjellesen L, Nielsen B, Christiansen C. Seasonal fluctuations in serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 : 284 : 196 197.
93. Juttman JR, Visser TJ, Buurman C, de Kam E, Birkenhager JC. Seasonal fluctuations in serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981 : 282 : 1249 1252.
94. Kligman EW, Watkins A, Johnson K, Kronland R. The impact of lifestyle factors on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in older adults: a preliminary study. Fam Pract Res J 1989 : 9 : 11 19.
95. Kimlin M, Harrison S, Nowak M, Moore M, Brodie A, Lang C. Does a high UV environment ensure adequate vitamin D status? J Photochem Photobiol B 2007 : 89 : 139 147.
96. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Reduced sun exposure does not explain the inverse association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with percent body fat in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 : 92 : 3155 3157.
97. Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Sandby-Moller J, Wulf HC. Sunscreen use related to UV exposure, age, sex, and occupation based on personal dosimeter readings and sun-exposure behavior diaries. Arch Dermatol 2005 : 141 : 967 973. (Pubitemid 46165520)
98. Bech-Thomsen N, Wulf HC. Sunbathers' application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1992-1993 : 9 : 242 244.
99. Stender IM, Lock-Anderson J, Wulf HC. Sun-protection behavior and self-assessed burning tendency among sunbathers. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1996 : 12 : 162 165.
100. Farrerons J, Barnadas M, Rodriguez J, et al. Clinically prescribed sunscreen (sun protection factor 15) does not decrease serum vitamin D concentration sufficiently either to induce changes in parathyroid function or in metabolic markers. Br J Dermatol 1998 : 139 : 422 427.
101. Farrerons J, Barnadas M, Lopez-Navidad A, et al. Sunscreen and risk of osteoporosis in the elderly: a two-year follow-up. Dermatology 2001 : 202 : 27 30.