Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound: Past, Present, and Future

Ultrasound Clinics

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 339-367

  Bertolotto, Michele ^a   Catalano, Orlando ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Contrast media; Liver; Microbubbles; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ALBUNEX; CONTRAST MEDIUM; ECHOVIST; PERFLEXANE; PERFLUBUTANE; PERFLUOROPENTANE; PERFLUTREN; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; SHU 508; SONOVUE;

ABDOMINAL AORTA; AORTA DISEASE; ARTERY DISEASE; ARTHROPATHY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BREAST DISEASE; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; GRAY SCALE ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE DISPLAY; IMAGE PROCESSING; IMAGE QUALITY; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY CYST; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY INFECTION; KIDNEY INJURY; KIDNEY ISCHEMIA; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; KIDNEY TUMOR; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER NODULE; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MICROBUBBLE; MICROCIRCULATION; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS CANCER; PANCREAS CYST; PANCREAS DISEASE; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE DISEASE; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PSEUDOTUMOR; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; SMALL INTESTINE DISEASE; SOLID TUMOR; SPLEEN DISEASE; STANDARDIZATION; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; VEIN DISEASE;

EID: 75849153736     PISSN: 1556858X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cult.2009.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Catalano O., Migaleddu V., Quaia E., et al. Terminology for contrast-enhanced sonography: a practical glossary. J Ultrasound Med 26 6 (2007) 717-730
2. Goldberg B.B., Liu J.B., Burns P.N., et al. Galactose-based intravenous sonographic contrast agent: experimental studies. J Ultrasound Med 12 8 (1993) 463-470
3. Derchi L.E., Rizzatto G., and Solbiati L. [Contrast media in echography]. Radiol Med 84 3 (1992) 208-215 [in Italian]
4. Ressner M., Brodin L.A., Jansson T., et al. Effects of ultrasound contrast agents on Doppler tissue velocity estimation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 2 (2006) 154-164
5. Albrecht T., Hoffmann C.W., Schettler S., et al. B-mode enhancement at phase-inversion US with air-based microbubble contrast agent: initial experience in humans. Radiology 216 1 (2000) 273-278
6. Harvey C.J., Blomley M.J., Eckersley R.J., et al. Developments in ultrasound contrast media. Eur Radiol 11 4 (2001) 675-689
7. Lencioni R., Cioni D., and Bartolozzi C. Tissue harmonic and contrast-specific imaging: back to gray scale in ultrasound. Eur Radiol 12 1 (2002) 151-165
8. Morel D.R., Schwieger I., Hohn L., et al. Human pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation of SonoVue, a new contrast agent for ultrasound imaging. Invest Radiol 35 1 (2000) 80-85
9. Schneider M., Arditi M., Barrau M.B., et al. BR1: a new ultrasonographic contrast agent based on sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubbles. Invest Radiol 30 8 (1995) 451-457
10. Bauer A., Solbiati L., and Weissman N. Ultrasound imaging with SonoVue: low mechanical index real-time imaging. Acad Radiol 9 Suppl 2 (2002) S282-S284
11. Martin R.P., and Lerakis S. Contrast for vascular imaging. Cardiol Clin 22 2 (2004) 313-320 vii
12. Burns P.N., and Wilson S.R. Microbubble contrast for radiological imaging: 1. Principles. Ultrasound Q 22 1 (2006) 5-13
13. Burns P.N., Wilson S.R., and Simpson D.H. Pulse inversion imaging of liver blood flow: improved method for characterizing focal masses with microbubble contrast. Invest Radiol 35 1 (2000) 58-71
14. Quaia E. Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents: an update. Eur Radiol 17 8 (2007) 1995-2008
15. Wilson S.R., Greenbaum L.D., and Goldberg B.B. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: what is the evidence and what are the obstacles?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193 1 (2009) 55-60
16. Burns P.N., and Wilson S.R. Focal liver masses: enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced images-concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images. Radiology 242 1 (2007) 162-174
17. Sonne C., Xie F., Lof J., et al. Differences in definity and optison microbubble destruction rates at a similar mechanical index with different real-time perfusion systems. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 11 (2003) 1178-1185
18. Mattrey R.F., Leopold G.R., vanSonnenberg E., et al. Perfluorochemicals as liver- and spleen-seeking ultrasound contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med 2 4 (1983) 173-176
19. Bryant T.H., Blomley M.J., Albrecht T., et al. Improved characterization of liver lesions with liver-phase uptake of liver-specific microbubbles: prospective multicenter study. Radiology 232 3 (2004) 799-809
20. Luo W., Numata K., Morimoto M., et al. Focal liver tumors: characterization with 3D perflubutane microbubble contrast agent-enhanced US versus 3D contrast-enhanced multidetector CT. Radiology 251 1 (2009) 287-295
21. Catalano O., Nunziata A., Lobianco R., et al. Real-time harmonic contrast material-specific US of focal liver lesions. Radiographics 25 2 (2005) 333-349
22. Piscaglia F., and Bolondi L. The safety of Sonovue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations. Ultrasound Med Biol 32 9 (2006) 1369-1375
23. Liu G.J., Xu H.X., Xie X.Y., et al. Does the echogenicity of focal liver lesions on baseline gray-scale ultrasound interfere with the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound?. Eur Radiol 19 5 (2009) 1214-1222
24. Bartolotta T.V., Midiri M., Galia M., et al. Characterization of benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver with SonoVue and pulse inversion US. Abdom Imaging 32 1 (2007) 84-91
25. Wilson S.R., and Burns P.N. An algorithm for the diagnosis of focal liver masses using microbubble contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 5 (2006) 1401-1412
26. Albrecht T., Blomley M., Bolondi L., et al. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. January 2004. Ultraschall Med 25 4 (2004) 249-256
27. Claudon M., Cosgrove D., Albrecht T., et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) - update 2008. Ultraschall Med 29 1 (2008) 28-44
28. Quaia E., Calliada F., Bertolotto M., et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology 232 2 (2004) 420-430
29. Bartolotta T.V., Midiri M., Quaia E., et al. Liver haemangiomas undetermined at grey-scale ultrasound: contrast-enhancement patterns with SonoVue and pulse-inversion US. Eur Radiol 15 4 (2005) 685-693
30. Wang L.Y., Wang J.H., Lin Z.Y., et al. Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: findings on color Doppler ultrasound. Abdom Imaging 22 2 (1997) 178-181
31. Ricci P., Cantisani V., D'Onofrio M., et al. Behavior of hepatocellular adenoma on real-time low-mechanical index contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with a second-generation contrast agent. J Ultrasound Med 27 12 (2008) 1719-1726
32. Xu H.X., Lu M.D., Liu G.J., et al. Imaging of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma with low-mechanical index contrast-enhanced sonography and SonoVue: initial experience. J Ultrasound Med 25 1 (2006) 23-33
33. Bolondi L., Gaiani S., Celli N., et al. Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42 1 (2005) 27-34
34. Tarantino L., Francica G., Sordelli I., et al. Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging 31 5 (2006) 537-544
35. Catalano O., Sandomenico F., Raso M.M., et al. Low mechanical index contrast-enhanced sonographic findings of pyogenic hepatic abscesses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 2 (2004) 447-450
36. Lin M.X., Xu H.X., Lu M.D., et al. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for complex cystic focal liver lesions: blinded reader study. Eur Radiol 19 2 (2009) 358-369
37. Lemke A.J., Chopra S.S., Hengst S.A., et al. [Characterization of hepatic tumors with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and digital grey-scale analysis]. Rofo 176 11 (2004) 1607-1616 [in German]
38. Romanini L., Passamonti M., Aiani L., et al. Economic assessment of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for evaluation of focal liver lesions: a multicentre Italian experience. Eur Radiol 17 Suppl 6 (2007) F99-106
39. Tranquart F., Le Gouge A., Correas G.M., et al. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the blinded assessment of focal liver lesions in comparison with MDCT and CEMRI: results from a multicentre clinical trial. EJC Supplements 6 11 (2008) 9-15
40. Strobel D., Seitz K., Blank W., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of focal liver lesions-diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice (DEGUM multicenter trial). Ultraschall Med 29 5 (2008) 499-505
41. D'Onofrio M., Rozzanigo U., Masinielli B.M., et al. Hypoechoic focal liver lesions: characterization with contrast enhanced ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound 33 4 (2005) 164-172
42. Faccioli N., D'Onofrio M., Comai A., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the characterization of benign focal liver lesions: activity-based cost analysis. Radiol Med 112 6 (2007) 810-820
43. Nicolau C., Vilana R., and Bru C. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the management of the cirrhotic patient and for detection of HCC. Eur Radiol 14 Suppl 8 (2004) P63-P71
44. D'Onofrio M., Rozzanigo U., Caffarri S., et al. Contrast-enhanced US of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Med 107 4 (2004) 293-303
45. Ueda K., Terada T., Nakanuma Y., et al. Vascular supply in adenomatous hyperplasia of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma: a morphometric study. Hum Pathol 23 6 (1992) 619-626
46. Efremidis S.C., and Hytiroglou P. The multistep process of hepatocarcinogenesis in cirrhosis with imaging correlation. Eur Radiol 12 4 (2002) 753-764
47. Quaia E., O'Onofrio M., Palumbo A., et al. Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography versus baseline ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in metastatic disease of the liver: diagnostic performance and confidence. Eur Radiol 16 7 (2006) 1599-1609
48. Konopke R., Kersting S., Saeger H.D., et al. [Detection of liver lesions by contrast-enhanced ultrasound - comparison to intraoperative findings]. Ultraschall Med 26 2 (2005) 107-113 [in German]
49. Oldenburg A., Hohmann J., Foert E., et al. Detection of hepatic metastases with low MI real time contrast enhanced sonography and SonoVue. Ultraschall Med 26 4 (2005) 277-284
50. Meuwly J.Y., Schnyder P., Gudinchet F., et al. Pulse-inversion harmonic imaging improves lesion conspicuity during US-guided biopsy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14 3 (2003) 335-341
51. Minami Y., Kudo M., Kawasaki T., et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: usefulness of contrast harmonic sonography for lesions poorly defined with B-mode sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 1 (2004) 153-156
52. Youk J.H., Lee J.M., and Kim C.S. Therapeutic response evaluation of malignant hepatic masses treated by interventional procedures with contrast-enhanced agent detection imaging. J Ultrasound Med 22 9 (2003) 911-920
53. Dill-Macky M.J., Asch M., Burns P., et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: predicting success using contrast-enhanced sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 Suppl 5 (2006) S287-S295
54. Kono Y., Lucidarme O., Choi S.H., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound as a predictor of treatment efficacy within 2 weeks after transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 18 1 Pt 1 (2007) 57-65
55. Krix M. Quantification of enhancement in contrast ultrasound: a tool for monitoring of therapies in liver metastases. Eur Radiol 15 Suppl 5 (2005) E104-E108
56. Bertolotto M., Pozzato G., Croce L.S., et al. Blood flow changes in hepatocellular carcinoma after the administration of thalidomide assessed by reperfusion kinetics during microbubble infusion: preliminary results. Invest Radiol 41 1 (2006) 15-21
57. De Giorgi U., Aliberti C., Benea G., et al. Effect of angiosonography to monitor response during imatinib treatment in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11 17 (2005) 6171-6176
58. Lassau N., Lamuraglia M., Chami L., et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib: monitoring response with contrast-enhanced sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187 5 (2006) 1267-1273
59. Lassau N., Chami L., Benatsou B., et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCE-US) with quantification of tumor perfusion: a new diagnostic tool to evaluate the early effects of antiangiogenic treatment. Eur Radiol 17 Suppl 6 (2007) F89-F98
60. Girard M.S., Mattrey R.F., Baker K.G., et al. Comparison of standard and second harmonic B-mode sonography in the detection of segmental renal infarction with sonographic contrast in a rabbit model. J Ultrasound Med 19 3 (2000) 185-192 [quiz 93]
61. Quaia E., Siracusano S., Palumbo A., et al. Detection of focal renal perfusion defects in rabbits after sulphur hexafluoride-filled microbubble injection at low transmission power ultrasound insonation. Eur Radiol 16 1 (2006) 166-172
62. Taylor G.A., Barnewolt C.E., Claudon M., et al. Depiction of renal perfusion defects with contrast-enhanced harmonic sonography in a porcine model. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173 3 (1999) 757-760
63. Bertolotto M., Martegani A., Aiani L., et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detecting renal infarcts proven by contrast enhanced CT. A feasibility study. Eur Radiol 18 2 (2008) 376-383
64. Park B.K., Kim S.H., Moon M.H., et al. Imaging features of gray-scale and contrast-enhanced color Doppler US for the differentiation of transient renal arterial ischemia and arterial infarction. Korean J Radiol 6 3 (2005) 179-184
65. Kim J.H., Eun H.W., Lee H.K., et al. Renal perfusion abnormality. Coded harmonic angio US with contrast agent. Acta Radiol 44 2 (2003) 166-171
66. Nilsson A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys. Eur Radiol 14 Suppl 8 (2004) P104-P109
67. Park B.K., Kim B., Kim S.H., et al. Assessment of cystic renal masses based on Bosniak classification: comparison of CT and contrast-enhanced US. Eur J Radiol 61 2 (2007) 310-314
68. Ascenti G., Gaeta M., Magno C., et al. Contrast-enhanced second-harmonic sonography in the detection of pseudocapsule in renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 6 (2004) 1525-1530
69. Setola S.V., Catalano O., Sandomenico F., et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography of the kidney. Abdom Imaging 32 1 (2007) 21-28
70. Robbin M.L., Lockhart M.E., and Barr R.G. Renal imaging with ultrasound contrast: current status. Radiol Clin North Am 41 5 (2003) 963-978
71. Tamai H., Takiguchi Y., Oka M., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of solid renal tumors. J Ultrasound Med 24 12 (2005) 1635-1640
72. Clevert D.A., Minaifar N., Weckbach S., et al. Multislice computed tomography versus contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluation of complex cystic renal masses using the Bosniak classification system. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 39 1-4 (2008) 171-178
73. Quaia E., Bertolotto M., Cioffi V., et al. Comparison of contrast-enhanced sonography with unenhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 4 (2008) 1239-1249
74. Ascenti G., Mazziotti S., Zimbaro G., et al. Complex cystic renal masses: characterization with contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 243 1 (2007) 158-165
75. Poletti P.A., Platon A., Becker C.D., et al. Blunt abdominal trauma: does the use of a second-generation sonographic contrast agent help to detect solid organ injuries?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 5 (2004) 1293-1301
76. Valentino M., Serra C., Zironi G., et al. Blunt abdominal trauma: emergency contrast-enhanced sonography for detection of solid organ injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 5 (2006) 1361-1367
77. Mitterberger M., Pinggera G.M., Colleselli D., et al. Acute pyelonephritis: comparison of diagnosis with computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. BJU Int 101 3 (2008) 341-344
78. Meloni M.F., Bertolotto M., Alberzoni C., et al. Follow-up after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: contrast-enhanced sonography versus contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 4 (2008) 1233-1238
79. Fischer T., Dieckhofer J., Muhler M., et al. The use of contrast-enhanced US in renal transplant: first results and potential clinical benefit. Eur Radiol 15 Suppl 5 (2005) E109-E116
80. Benozzi L., Cappelli G., Granito M., et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography in early kidney graft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 41 4 (2009) 1214-1215
81. Lim A.K., Patel N., Eckersley R.J., et al. Evidence for spleen-specific uptake of a microbubble contrast agent: a quantitative study in healthy volunteers. Radiology 231 3 (2004) 785-788
82. Catalano O., Sandomenico F., Matarazzo I., et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography of the spleen. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184 4 (2005) 1150-1156
83. Gorg C., and Bert T. Second-generation sonographic contrast agent for differential diagnosis of perisplenic lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 3 (2006) 621-626
84. Kim S.H., Lee J.M., Lee J.Y., et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography of intrapancreatic accessory spleen in 6 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188 2 (2007) 422-428
85. Ferraioli G., Di Sarno A., Coppola C., et al. Contrast-enhanced low-mechanical-index ultrasonography in hepatic splenosis. J Ultrasound Med 25 1 (2006) 133-136
86. Gorg C. The forgotten organ: contrast enhanced sonography of the spleen. Eur J Radiol 64 2 (2007) 189-201
87. Bertolotto M., Quaia E., Zappetti R., et al. Differential diagnosis between splenic nodules and peritoneal metastases with contrast-enhanced ultrasound based on signal-intensity characteristics during the late phase. Radiol Med 114 1 (2009) 42-51
88. Catalano O., Cusati B., Nunziata A., et al. Real-time, contrast-specific sonography imaging of acute splenic disorders: a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol 11 1 (2004) 15-21
89. Bigler S.A., Deering R.E., and Brawer M.K. Comparison of microscopic vascularity in benign and malignant prostate tissue. Hum Pathol 24 2 (1993) 220-226
90. Weidner N., Carroll P.R., Flax J., et al. Tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in invasive prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 143 2 (1993) 401-409
91. Lissbrant I.F., Stattin P., Damber J.E., et al. Vascular density is a predictor of cancer-specific survival in prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 33 1 (1997) 38-45
92. Wink M., Frauscher F., Cosgrove D., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and prostate cancer; a multicentre European research coordination project. Eur Urol 54 5 (2008) 982-992
93. Seitz M., Gratzke C., Schlenker B., et al. Contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound (CE-TRUS) with cadence-contrast pulse sequence (CPS) technology for the identification of prostate cancer. Urol Oncol (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
94. Eckersley R.J., Sedelaar J.P., Blomley M.J., et al. Quantitative microbubble enhanced transrectal ultrasound as a tool for monitoring hormonal treatment of prostate carcinoma. Prostate 51 4 (2002) 256-267
95. Bertolotto M., Trincia E., Zappetti R., et al. Effect of Tadalafil on prostate hemodynamics: preliminary evaluation with contrast enhanced US. Radiol Med 114 7 (2009) 1106-1114
96. Ascenti G., Zimbaro G., Mazziotti S., et al. Harmonic US imaging of vesicoureteric reflux in children: usefulness of a second generation US contrast agent. Pediatr Radiol 34 6 (2004) 481-487
97. Valentini A.L., De Gaetano A.M., Minordi L.M., et al. Contrast-enhanced voiding US for grading of reflux in adult patients prior to antireflux ureteral implantation. Radiology 233 1 (2004) 35-39
98. Derchi L.E., Serafini G., Gandolfo N., et al. Ultrasound in gynecology. Eur Radiol 11 11 (2001) 2137-2155
99. Bertolotto M., Bucci S., Quaia E., et al. Complete penile corporeal septation: evaluation with contrast enhanced US. Abdom Imaging 33 5 (2008) 621-625
100. Bertolotto M., Serafini G., Dogliotti L., et al. Primary and secondary malignancies of the penis: ultrasound features. Abdom Imaging 30 1 (2005) 108-112
101. Bertolotto M., Bucci S., and Zappetti R. Contrast-enhanced US of the penis. In: Bertolotto M. (Ed). Color Doppler US of the Penis. Heidelberg (2008), Springer-Verlag, (Berlin) Chapter 21. p. 183-92
102. Caruso G, Salvaggio G, Campisi A, et al. Comparison of contrast enhanced ultrasound and gray scale ultrasound in bladder tumor staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol, in press.
103. Koito K., Namieno T., Nagakawa T., et al. Inflammatory pancreatic masses: differentiation from ductal carcinomas with contrast-enhanced sonography using carbon dioxide microbubbles. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169 5 (1997) 1263-1267
104. D'Onofrio M., Zamboni G., Faccioli N., et al. Ultrasonography of the pancreas. 4. Contrast-enhanced imaging. Abdom Imaging 32 2 (2007) 171-181
105. D'Onofrio M., Zamboni G., Tognolini A., et al. Mass-forming pancreatitis: value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. World J Gastroenterol 12 26 (2006) 4181-4184
106. Serra C., Menozzi G., Labate A.M., et al. Ultrasound assessment of vascularization of the thickened terminal ileum wall in Crohn's disease patients using a low-mechanical index real-time scanning technique with a second generation ultrasound contrast agent. Eur J Radiol 62 1 (2007) 114-121
107. Quaia E., Migaleddu V., Baratella E., et al. The diagnostic value of small bowel wall vascularity after sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble injection in patients with Crohn's disease. Correlation with the therapeutic effectiveness of specific anti-inflammatory treatment. Eur J Radiol 69 3 (2009) 438-444
108. Guidi L., De Franco A., De Vitis I., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with SonoVue after infliximab therapy in Crohn's disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 10 1 (2006) 23-26
109. Clevert D.A., Weckbach S., Kopp R., et al. Imaging of aortic lesions with color coded duplex sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus multislice computed tomography (MS-CT) angiography. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 40 4 (2008) 267-279
110. Bhatia M., Platon A., Khabiri E., et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography versus MR angiography in aortocaval fistula: case report. Abdom Imaging (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
111. Iezzi R., Cotroneo A.R., Basilico R., et al. Endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: value of CEUS. Abdom Imaging (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
112. Carrafiello G., Recaldini C., Lagana D., et al. Endoleak detection and classification after endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: value of CEUS over CTA. Abdom Imaging 33 3 (2008) 357-362
113. Kono Y., Pinnell S.P., Sirlin C.B., et al. Carotid arteries: contrast-enhanced US angiography-preliminary clinical experience. Radiology 230 2 (2004) 561-568
114. Huang P.T., Huang F.G., Zou C.P., et al. Contrast-enhanced sonographic characteristics of neovascularization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Ultrasound 36 6 (2008) 346-351
115. Xiong L., Deng Y.B., Zhu Y., et al. Correlation of carotid plaque neovascularization detected by using contrast-enhanced US with clinical symptoms. Radiology 251 2 (2009) 583-589
116. Vicenzini E., Giannoni M.F., Benedetti-Valentini F., et al. Imaging of carotid plaque angiogenesis. Cerebrovasc Dis 27 Suppl 2 (2009) 48-54
117. Spagnoli L.G., Bonanno E., Sangiorgi G., et al. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med 48 11 (2007) 1800-1815
118. Giannoni M.F., Vicenzini E., Citone M., et al. Contrast carotid ultrasound for the detection of unstable plaques with neoangiogenesis: a pilot study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 37 6 (2009) 722-727
119. Seidel G., and Meairs S. Ultrasound contrast agents in ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 27 Suppl 2 (2009) 25-39
120. De Zordo T., Mlekusch S.P., Feuchtner G.M., et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Radiol 64 2 (2007) 222-230
121. Klauser A., Demharter J., De Marchi A., et al. Contrast enhanced gray-scale sonography in assessment of joint vascularity in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the IACUS study group. Eur Radiol 15 12 (2005) 2404-2410
122. Rubaltelli L., Khadivi Y., Tregnaghi A., et al. Evaluation of lymph node perfusion using continuous mode harmonic ultrasonography with a second-generation contrast agent. J Ultrasound Med 23 6 (2004) 829-836
123. Goldberg B.B., Merton D.A., Liu J.B., et al. Sentinel lymph nodes in a swine model with melanoma: contrast-enhanced lymphatic US. Radiology 230 3 (2004) 727-734
124. Goldberg B.B., Merton D.A., Liu J.B., et al. Contrast-enhanced sonographic imaging of lymphatic channels and sentinel lymph nodes. J Ultrasound Med 24 7 (2005) 953-965
125. Omoto K., Matsunaga H., Take N., et al. Sentinel node detection method using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with sonazoid in breast cancer: preliminary clinical study. Ultrasound Med Biol 35 8 (2009) 1249-1256
126. Wang Y., Wang W., Li J., et al. Gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of sentinel lymph nodes in a metastatic breast cancer model. Acad Radiol 16 8 (2009) 957-962
127. Moon W.K., Im J.G., Noh D.Y., et al. Nonpalpable breast lesions: evaluation with power Doppler US and a microbubble contrast agent-initial experience. Radiology 217 1 (2000) 240-246
128. Schroeder R.J., Bostanjoglo M., Rademaker J., et al. Role of power Doppler techniques and ultrasound contrast enhancement in the differential diagnosis of focal breast lesions. Eur Radiol 13 1 (2003) 68-79
129. Liu H., Jiang Y.X., Liu J.B., et al. Contrast-enhanced breast ultrasonography: imaging features with histopathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med 28 7 (2009) 911-920
130. Du J., Li F.H., Fang H., et al. Correlation of real-time gray scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression for assessment of angiogenesis in breast lesions. J Ultrasound Med 27 6 (2008) 821-831
131. Bohmer M.R., Klibanov A.L., Tiemann K., et al. Ultrasound triggered image-guided drug delivery. Eur J Radiol 70 2 (2009) 242-253
132. Wallez Y., and Huber P. Endothelial adherens and tight junctions in vascular homeostasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778 3 (2008) 794-809
133. Alonso A., Della Martina A., Stroick M., et al. Molecular imaging of human thrombus with novel abciximab immunobubbles and ultrasound. Stroke 38 5 (2007) 1508-1514
134. Hernot S., and Klibanov A.L. Microbubbles in ultrasound-triggered drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60 10 (2008) 1153-1166
135. Meairs S., and Culp W. Microbubbles for thrombolysis of acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 27 Suppl 2 (2009) 55-65