The primary headaches as a reflection of genetic darwinian adaptive behavioral responses: Views and perspectives

Headache

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 273-289

  Montagna, Pasquale ^a   Pierangeli, Giulia ^a   Cortelli, Pietro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cluster headache; Defense reaction; Fight or flight reaction; Migraine; Sickness behavior; Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

Indexed keywords

CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADAPTATION; ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BEHAVIOR; BLOOD LEVEL; BRAIN; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN STEM; CLUSTER HEADACHE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; EVOLUTION; FOREBRAIN; GENOMICS; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; ILLNESS BEHAVIOR; INFLAMMATION; MAMMAL; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MIGRAINE; MIGRAINE WITH AURA; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROIMMUNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER; PRIMARY HEADACHE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; STRESS; TENSION HEADACHE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CYTOKINES; EVOLUTION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HEADACHE DISORDERS, PRIMARY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; ILLNESS BEHAVIOR; NERVE NET; VISCERAL AFFERENTS;

EID: 75849125362     PISSN: 00178748     EISSN: 15264610     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01584.x     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Tepper SJ, Rapoport A, Sheftell F. The pathophysiology of migraine. Neurologist. 2001 7: 279 286.
2. Welch KMA. Contemporary concepts of migraine pathogenesis. Neurology. 2003 61: S2 S8.
3. Edvinsson L, Uddman R. Neurobiology in primary headaches. Brain Res Rev. 2005 48: 438 456.
4. Goadsby PJ. Recent advances in understanding migraine mechanisms, molecules and therapeutics. Trends Mol Med. 2006 13: 39 44.
5. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders. Cephalalgia. 2004 24: 1 160.
6. Terwindt GM, Ophoff RA, Haan J, Sandkuijl LA, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Migraine, ataxia and epilepsy: A challenging spectrum of genetically determined calcium channelopathies. Dutch Migraine Genetics Research Group. Eur J Hum Genet. 1998 6: 297 307.
7. Montagna P. Headache controversies. Migraine: A genetic disease? Neurol Sci. 2008 29: S47 S51.
8. Nyholt DR, LaForge KS, Kallela M, et al. A high-density association screen of 155 ion transport genes for involvement with common migraine. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 17: 3318 3331.
9. Montagna P. Migraine genetics. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 8: 1321 1330.
10. Darwin C. The Autobiography. 1887. London: The Folio Society 2008 312.
11. Darwin C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Second edn. 1877. Chapt. XXI. London: The Folio Society 2008: 651.
12. Welch KMA. Migraine: A biobehavioural disorder. Cephalalgia. 1986 6: 103 110.
13. Blau JN. Migraine: Theories of pathogenesis. Lancet. 1992 339: 1202 1209.
14. Schoenen J. Neurophysiological features of the migrainous brain. Neurol Sci. 2006 27 (Suppl. 2 S77 S81.
15. Montagna P. The primary headaches: Genetics, epigenetics and a behavioural genetic model. J Headache Pain. 2008 9: 57 69.
16. Montagna P, Cortelli P. Migraine and the autonomic nervous system. Chapter 42. In: Low PA, ed. Clinical Autonomic Disorders: Evaluation and Management. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins 2008: 612 624.
17. Giffin NJ, Ruggiero L, Lipton RB, et al. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: An electronic diary study. Neurology. 2003 60: 935 940.
18. Kelman L. The premonitory symptoms (prodrome): A tertiary care study of 893 migraineurs. Headache. 2004 44: 865 872. (Pubitemid 39362310)
19. Blau JN. Resolution of migraine attacks: Sleep and the recovery phase. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982 45: 223 226.
20. Tulen JH, Stronks DL, Bussmann JB, Pepplinkhuizen L, Passchier J. Towards an objective quantitative assessment of daily functioning in migraine: A feasibility study. Pain. 2000 86: 139 149.
21. Kelman L. The postdrome of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 2006 26: 214 220.
22. Quintela E, Castillo J, Muñoz P, Pascual J. Premonitory and resolution symptoms in migraine: A prospective study in 100 unselected patients. Cephalalgia. 2006 26: 1051 1060.
23. Blau JN. Classical migraine: Symptoms between visual aura and headache onset. Lancet. 1992 340: 355 356.
24. Blau JN. Fears aroused in patients by migraine. BMJ. 1984 288: 1126.
25. Blau JN. Migraine prodromes separated from the aura: Complete migraine. BMJ. 1980 281: 658 660.
26. Kropp P, Gerber WD. Prediction of migraine attacks using a slow cortical potential, the contingent negative variation. Neurosci Lett. 1998 257: 73 76.
27. Siniatchkin M, Averkina N, Andrasik F, Stephani U, Gerber WD. Neurophysiological reactivity before a migraine attack. Neurosci Lett. 2006 400: 121 124.
28. Ekbom K. A clinical comparison of cluster headache and migraine. Acta Neurol Scand. 1970 46 (Suppl. 41 1 48.
29. Kudrow L. Cluster Headache. Mechanisms and Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1980: 35 36.
30. Blau JN. Behaviour during a cluster headache. Lancet. 1993 342: 723 725.
31. Torelli P, Manzoni GC. Behavior during cluster headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2005 9: 113 119.
32. International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of Chronic Pain. In: Merskey H, Bogduk N, eds. Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms, II edn. Seattle, WA: IASP Press 1994: 209 214.
33. Max MB. Clarifying the definition of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2002 96: 406 407.
34. Jensen TS, Sindrup SH, Bach FW. Test the classification of pain: Reply to Mitchell Max. Pain. 2002 96: 407 408.
35. Merskey H. Clarifying definition of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2002 96: 408 409.
36. Bennett GJ. Neuropathic pain: A crisis of definition? Anesth Analg. 2003 97: 619 620.
37. Cavenagh J, Good P, Ravenscroft P. Neuropathic pain: Are we out of the woods yet? Intern Med J. 2006 36: 251 255.
38. Backonja MM. Defining neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg. 2003 97: 785 790.
39. Benarroch EE. Pain-autonomic interactions. Neurol Sci. 2006 27: S130 S133.
40. Craig AD. Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003 13: 500 505.
41. Saper CB. Pain as a visceral sensation. Chapt. 17. In: Mayer EA, Saper CB, eds. Progress in Brain Research, vol. 122. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2000: 237 243.
42. Craig AD. A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends Neurosci. 2003 26: 303 307.
43. Craig AD. Pain mechanisms: Labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003 26: 1 30.
44. Leknes S, Tracey I. A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 9: 314 320.
45. Parry DM, MacMillan FM, Koutsikou S, McMullan SM, Lumb BM. Separation of A-versus C-nociceptive inputs into spinal-brainstem circuits. Neuroscience. 2008 152: 1076 1085.
46. Keay KA, Bandler R. Parallel circuits mediating distinct emotional coping reactions to different types of stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001 25: 669 678.
47. Keay KA, Bandler R. Distinct central representations of inescapable and escapable pain: Observations and speculations. Exp Physiol. 2002 87: 275 279.
48. Lumb BM. Inescapable and escapable pain is represented in distinct hypothalamic-midbrain circuits: Specific roles for Ad-and C-nociceptors. Exp Physiol. 2002 87: 281 286.
49. Lumb BM. Hypothalamic and midbrain circuitry that distinguishes between escapable and inescapable pain. News Physiol Sci. 2004 19: 22 26.
50. Keay KA, Clement CI, Depauli A, Bandler R. Different representations of inescapable noxious stimuli in the periaqueductal gray and upper cervical spinal cord of freely moving rats. Neurosci Lett. 2001 313: 17 20.
51. Darwin C. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. 1872. London: The Folio Society 2008: 62.
52. Keay KA, Bandler R. Deep and superficial noxious stimulation increases Fos-like immunoreactivity in different regions of the midbrain periaqueductal grey of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1993 154: 23 26.
53. Keay KA, Bandler R. Vascular head pain selectively activates ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in the cat. Neurosci Lett. 1998 245: 58 60.
54. Cannon WB, Britton SW. Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. XV. Pseudoaffective medulli-adrenal secretion. Am J Physiol. 1925 72: 283 294.
55. Bard P. A diencephalon mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol. 1928 84: 490 515.
56. Bracha HS, Ralston TC, Matsukawa JM, Williams AE, Bracha AS. Does "Fight or Flight" Need Updating? Psychosomatics. 2004 45: 448 449.
57. Carrive P. Brainstem stuctures in affective defense: The periaqueductal gray and defensive behavior: Functional representation and neuronal organization. Behav Brain Res. 1993 58: 27 47.
58. McCabe PM, Duan YF, Winters RW, Green EJ, Huang Y, Schneiderman N. Comparison of peripheral blood flow patterns associated with the defense reaction and the vigilance reaction in rabbits. Physiol Behav. 1994 56: 1101 1106.
59. Jansen AS, Nguyen XV, Karpitskiy V, Mettenleiter TC, Loewy AD. Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: Basis of the fight-or-flight response. Science. 1995 270: 644 646.
60. Martinez RCR, Carvalho-Netto EF, Amaral VCS, Nunes-de-Souza RL, Canteras NS. Investigation of the hypothalamic defensive system in the mouse. Behav Brain Res. 2008 192: 185 190.
61. Jordan D. Autonomic changes in affective behaviour. In: Loewy AD, Spyez KM eds. Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions. New York: Oxford University Press 1990: 349 366.
62. Kayaba Y, Nakamura A, Kausya Y, Ohuchi T, Yanagisawa M, Komuro I, Fukuda Y, Kuwaki T. Attenuated defense response and low basal blood pressure in orexin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 285: R581 R593.
63. Hess WR. Diencephalon: Autonomic and Extrapyramidal Functions. New York: Grune and Stratton 1954.
64. Bejjani BP, Houeto JL, Hariz M, et al. Aggressive behaviour induced by intraoperative stimulation in the triangle of Sano. Neurology. 2002 59: 1425 1427.
65. Sano K, Mayanagi Y. Posteromedial hypothalamotomy in the treatment of violent aggressive behaviour. Acta Neurochir. 1988 44: 145 151.
66. Sewards TV, Sewards MA. Representations of motivational drives in mesial cortex, medial thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Brain Res Bull. 2003 61: 25 49.
67. Morgan MM, Whitney PK, Gold MS. Immobility and flight associated with antinociception produced by activation of the ventral and lateral dorsal regions of the rat periaqueductal gray. Brain Res. 1998 804: 159 166.
68. Lang PJ, Davis M, Ohman A. Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. J Affect Disord. 2000 61: 137 159.
69. Mobbs D, Petrovic P, Marchant JL, et al. When fear is near: Threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science. 2007 317: 1079 1083.
70. Zhang SP, Bandler R, Carrive P. Flight and immobility evoked by excitatory amino acid microinjection within distinct parts of the subtentorial midbrain periaqueductal gray of the cat. Brain Res. 1990 520: 73 82.
71. Depaulis A, Keay KA, Bandler R. Quiescence and hyporeactivity evoked by activation of cell bodies in the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. Exp Brain Res. 1994 99: 75 83.
72. Monassi CR, Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi C, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter and the control of tonic immobility. Brain Res Bull. 1999 50: 201 208.
73. Bandler R, Keay KA, Floyd N, Price J. Central circuits mediating patterned autonomic activity during active vs. passive emotional coping. Brain Res Bull. 2000 53: 95 104.
74. Schenberg LC, Pòvoa RMF, Costa ALP, Caldellas AV, Tufik S, Bittencourt AS. Functional specializations within the tectum defense systems of the rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005 29: 1279 1298.
75. Keay K, Bandler R. Emotional and behavioral significance of the pain signal and the role of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). The Senses: A Comp Reference. 2008 5: 627 634.
76. Hart BL. Biological basis of the behaviour of sick animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1988 12: 123 137.
77. Tizard I. Sickness behavior, its mechanisms and significance. Anim Health Res Rev. 2008 9: 87 99.
78. Kobierski LA, Srivastava S, Borsook D. Systemic lypopolysaccharide and interleukin-1? activate the interleukin-6:STAT intracellular signaling pathway in neurons of mouse trigeminal ganglion. Neurosci Lett. 2000 281: 61 64.
79. Allan SM, Rothwell NJ. Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 2: 734 744.
80. Watkins LR, Maier SF. The pain of being sick: Implications of immune-to-brain communication for understanding pain. Annu Rev Psychol. 2000 51: 29 57.
81. Besedovsky H, Sorkin E, Felix D, Haas H. Hypothalamic changes during the immune response. Eur J Immunol. 1977 7: 323 325.
82. Breder CD, Dinarello CA, Saper CB. Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of the human hypothalamus. Science. 1988 240: 321 324.
83. Gaykema RPA, Balachandran MK, Godbout JP, Johnson RW, Goehler LE. Enhanced neuronal activation in central autonomic network nuclei in aged mice following acute peripheral immune challenge. Auton Neurosci. 2007 131: 137 142.
84. Zalcman SS, Siegel A. The neurobiology of aggression and rage: Role of cytokines. Brain Behav Immun. 2006 20: 507 514.
85. Gaykema RPA, Park SM, McKibbin CR, Goehler LE. Lipopolysaccharide suppresses activation of the tuberomammillary histaminergic system concomitant with behaviour: A novel target of immuno-sensory pathways. Neuroscience. 2008 152: 273 287.
86. Lee YT, Wang WF, Cheng CW, Wu SL, Pawlak CR, Ho YJ. Effects of escapable and inescapable stressors on behavior and interleukin-2 in the brain. Neuroreport. 2008 19: 1243 1247.
87. Teeling JL, Felton LM, Deacon RMJ, Cunningham C, Rawlins JNP, Perry VH. Sub-pyrogenic systemic inflammation impacts on brain and behaviour independently of cytokines. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 21: 836 850.
88. Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: A neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 500: 399 411.
89. Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 21: 153 160.
90. Goehler LE, Gaykema RPA, Hansen MK, Anderson K, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Vagal immune-to-brain communication: A visceral chemosensory pathway. Auton Neurosci. 2000 85: 49 59.
91. Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL. Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system. Auton Neurosci. 2000 85: 1 17.
92. Romeo HE, Tio DL, Rahman SU, Chiappelli F, Taylor AN. The glossopharyngeal nerve as a novel pathway in immune-to-brain communication: Relevance to neuroimmune surveillance of the oral cavity. J Neuroimmunol. 2001 115: 91 100.
93. Dantzer R. Innate immunity at the forefront of psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun. 2004 18: 1 6.
94. Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 9: 46 57.
95. Weil ZM, Bowers SL, Pyter LM, Nelson RJ. Social interactions alter proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and behavior following endotoxin administration. Brain Behav Immun. 2006 20: 72 79.
96. Santoro TJ, Tomita M, Larson SJ. The potential impact of sickness-motivated behaviour on the expression of neuropsychiatric disturbances in systemic lupus erythematosus. Med Hypotheses. 2007 69: 502 507.
97. Mauskop A. Vagus nerve stimulation relieves chronic refractory migraine and cluster headaches. Cephalalgia. 2005 25: 82 86.
98. Siniatchkin M, Riabus M, Hasenbring M. Coping styles of headache sufferers. Cephalalgia. 1999 19: 165 173.
99. Russell MB, Iselius L, Olesen J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are inherited disorders. Cephalalgia. 1996 16: 305 309. (Pubitemid 26271250)
100. Russell MB. Epidemiology and genetics of cluster headache. Lancet Neurol. 2004 3: 279 283.
101. Munno I, Marinaro M, Bassi A, Cassiano MA, Causarano V, Centonze V. Immunological aspects in migraine: Increase of IL-10 plasma levels during attack. Headache. 2001 41: 764 767.
102. Gergont A, Kaciński M. Blood interleukin-6 level in children with idiopathic headaches. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2005 39 (4 Suppl. 1 S1 S8.
103. Gergont A, Kaciński M, Kwinta P. Proinflammatory cytokines in children with idiopathic headache. Przegl Lek. 2005 62: 1269 1275.
104. Kaciński M, Gergont A, Kubik A, Steczkowska-Klucznik M. Proinflammatory cytokines in children with migraine with or without aura. Przegl Lek. 2005 62: 1276 1280.
105. Martelletti P, Stirparo G, Morrone S, Rinaldi C, Giacovazzo M. Inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), soluble ICAM-1 and interleukin-4 by nitric oxide expression in migraine patients. J Mol Med. 1997 75: 448 453.
106. Shimomura T, Araga S, Esumi E, Takahashi K. Decreased serum interleukin-2 level in patients with chronic headache. Headache. 1991 31: 310 313.
107. Mueller L, Gupta AK, Stein TP. Deficiency of tumor necrosis factor alpha in a subclass of menstrual migraineurs. Headache. 2001 41: 129 137.
108. Bo SH, Davidsen EM, Gulbrandsen P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in migraine, tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache. Cephalalgia. 2008 29: 365 372.
109. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Vaianella L, et al. Chemokine levels in the jugular venous blood of migraine without aura patients during attacks. Headache. 2004 44: 961 968.
110. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Baldi A, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and lymphocyte integrin expression in the internal jugular blood of migraine patients without aura assessed ictally. Headache. 2006 46: 200 207.
111. Empl M, Sostak P, Riedel M, et al. Decreased sTNF-RI in migraine patients? Cephalalgia. 2003 23: 55 58.
112. Martelletti P, Granata M, Giacovazzo M. Serum interleukin-1 beta is increased in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1993 13: 343 345.
113. Empl M, Förderreuther S, Schwarz M, Müller N, Straube A. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors increase during the active periods in cluster headache. Headache. 2003 43: 63 68.
114. Moskowitz MA. Basic mechanisms in vascular headache. Neurol Clin. 1990 8: 801 815.
115. Moskowitz MA. Neurogenic inflammation in the pathophysiology and treatment of migraine. Neurology. 1993 43 (Suppl. 3 S16 S20.
116. Sanchez del Rio M, Olesen J, Diener HC. Hemodynamics and neuroimaging of migraines. Chapt. 37. In: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan NM, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA, eds. The Headaches, III Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2006: 351 361.
117. Woods RP, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC. Brief report: Bilateral spreading cerebral hypoperfusion during spontaneous migraine headache. N Engl J Med. 1994 331: 1689 1692.
118. Sanchez del Rio M, Bakker D, Wu O, et al. Perfusion weighted imaging during migraine: Spontaneous visual aura and headache. Cephalalgia. 1999 19: 701 707.
119. Cutrer FM, Sorensen AG, Weisskoff RM, et al. Perfusion-weighted imaging defects during spontaneous migrainous aura. Ann Neurol. 1998 43: 25 31.
120. Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in the human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001 98: 4687 4692.
121. Friberg L, Olsen TS, Roland PE, Lassen NA. Focal ischaemia caused by instability of cerebrovascular tone during attacks of hemiplegic migraine. A regional cerebral blood flow study. Brain. 1987 110: 917 934.
122. Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V, et al. Brainstem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med. 1995 1: 658 660.
123. Andersson JL, Muhr C, Lilja A, Valind S, Lundberg PO, Långström B. Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during migraine with and without aura. Cephalalgia. 1997 17: 570 579.
124. Diener HC, May A. New aspects of migraine pathophysiology: Lessons learned from positron emission tomography. Curr Opin Neurol. 1996 9: 199 201.
125. Bahra A, Matharu MS, Buchel C, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Brainstem activation specific to migraine headache. Lancet. 2001 357: 1016 1017.
126. Afridi SK, Matharu MS, Lee L, et al. A PET study exploring the laterality of brainstem activation in migraine using glyceryl trinitrate. Brain. 2005 128: 932 939.
127. Matharu MS, Bartsch T, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Weiner R, Goadsby PJ. Central neuromodulation in chronic migraine patients with suboccipital stimulators: A PET study. Brain. 2004 127: 220 230.
128. May A, Bahra A, Büchel C, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache attacks. Lancet. 1998 352: 275 278.
129. May A, Bahra A, Büchel C, Turner R, Goadsby PJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in spontaneous attacks of SUNCT: Short-lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. Ann Neurol. 1999 46: 791 794.
130. Sprenger T, Valet M, Platzer S, Pfaffenrath V, Steude U, Tolle TR. SUNCT: Bilateral hypothalamic activation during headache attacks and resolving of symptoms after trigeminal decompression. Pain. 2005 113: 422 426.
131. Matharu MS, Cohen AS, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Posterior hypothalamic activation in paroxysmal hemicrania. Ann Neurol. 2006 59: 535 545.
132. Matharu MS, Cohen AS, McGonigle DJ, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation in hemicrania continua. Headache. 2004 44: 747 761.
133. Leone M, Franzini A, Bussone G. Stereotactic stimulation of posterior hypothalamic gray matter in a patient with intractable cluster headache. N Engl J Med. 2001 345: 1428 1429.
134. Leone M, Proietti Cecchini A, Franzini A, et al. Lessons from 8 years' experience of hypothalamic stimulation in cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2008 28: 789 797.
135. Lodi R, Pierangeli G, Tonon C, et al. Study of hypothalamic metabolism in cluster headache by proton MR spectroscopy. Neurology. 2006 66: 1264 1266.
136. Denuelle M, Fabre N, Payoux P, Chollet F, Geraud G. Hypothalamic activation in spontaneous migraine attacks. Headache. 2007 47: 1418 1426.
137. Ulrich V, Olesen J, Gervil M, Russell MB. Possible risk factors and precipitants for migraine with aura in discordant twin pairs: A population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2000 20: 821 825.
138. Nakai M, Maeda M. Cerebrovasodilatation of metabolic and non-metabolic origin elicited by chemical stimulation of the lateral periaqueductal gray matter in anaesthetized rats. Neuroscience. 1994 58: 785 791. (Pubitemid 24071834)
139. Robinson GE, Fernald RD, Clayton DF. Genes and social behavior. Science. 2008 322: 896 900.
140. Holden C. Parsing the genetics of behavior. Science. 2008 322: 892 895.