Social power increases implicit prejudice

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 299-307

  Guinote, Ana ^a   Willis, Guillermo B ^b   Martellotta, Cristiana ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Explicit attitudes; Implicit attitudes; Power; Prejudice; Racism

Indexed keywords

EID: 75749141206     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.012     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Banaji M.R., and Greenwald A.G. Implicit stereotyping and prejudice. In: Zanna M., and Olosn J. (Eds). The psychology of prejudice: The ontario symposium 7 (1994), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 55-76
2. Barden J., Maddux W.W., Petty R.E., and Brewer M.B. Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004) 5-22
3. Bargh J.A., Chaiken S., Govender R., and Pratto F. The generality of the automatic activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 893-912
4. Barreto M., and Ellemers N. The burden of benevolent sexism: How it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities. European Journal of Social Psychology 35 5 (2005) 633-642
5. Chen S., Lee-Chai A.Y., and Bargh J.A. Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001) 173-187
6. Dasgupta N., and Greenwald A.G. On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 800-814
7. Devine P.G. Stereotypes and prejudice. The automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 5-18
8. Díez-Nicolás J. Las dos caras de la inmigración [Two faces on immigration] (2005), Documentos del Observatorio, Madrid
9. Dijksterhuis A., and Van Knippenberg A. Behavioral indecision: Effects of self-focus on automatic behavior. Social Cognition 18 1 (2000) 55-74
10. Dovidio J.F., and Gaertner S.L. On the nature of contemporary prejudice. The causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism. In: Eberhardt J.L., and Fiske S.T. (Eds). Confronting racism: The problem and the response (1998), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 3-32
11. Fazio R.H. Variability in the likelihood of automatic attitude activation: Data re-analysis and commentary on Bargh, Chaiken, Govender and Pratto (1992). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 753-758 (1993) 764-765
12. Fazio R.H., Jackson J.R., Dunton B.C., and Williams C.J. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 1013-1027
13. Ferguson M.J. On becoming ready to pursue a goal you don't know you have: Effects of nonconscious goals on evaluative readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 6 (2008) 1268-1294
14. Fiske S.T. Controlling other people. American Psychologist 48 (1993) 621-628
15. Fiske S.T., and Dépret E. Control, Interdependence and power: Understanding social cognition in its social context. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European review of social psychology Vol. 7 (1996), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex 31-61
16. Gaertner S.L., and Dovidio J.F. The aversive form of racism. In: Dovidio J.F., and Gaertner S.L. (Eds). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (1986), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 61-89
17. Galinsky A.D., Gruenfeld D.H., and Magee J.C. From power to action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 453-466
18. Galinsky A.D., Magee J.C., Inesi M.E., and Gruenfeld D.H. Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 1068-1074
19. Gawronski B., and Bodenhausen G.V. Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin 132 5 (2006) 692-731
20. Gawronski B., Deutsch R., LeBel E.P., and Peters K.R. Response interference as a mechanism underlying implicit measures: Some traps and gaps in the assessment of mental associations with experimental paradigms. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 24 4 (2008) 218-225
21. Glick P., and Fiske S.T. An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist 56 2 (2001) 109-118
22. Goodwin S.A., Gubin A., Fiske S.T., and Yzerbyt V. Power can bias impression formation: Stereotyping subordinates by default and by design. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 3 (2000) 227-256
23. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D., and Schwartz J. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1464-1480
24. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., and Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the implicit association test I: An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 197-216
25. Gruenfeld D.H., Inesi M.E., Magee J.C., and Galinsky A.D. Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (2008) 111-127
26. Guinote A. Behavior variability and the situated focus theory of power. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European Review of Social Psychology Vol. 18 (2007), Wiley, New York 256-295
27. Guinote A. Power affects basic cognition: Increased attentional inhibition and flexibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 685-697
28. Guinote A. Power and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (2007) 1076-1087
29. Guinote A. Power and the suppression of unwanted thoughts: Does control over others decrease control over the self?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 433-440
30. Guinote A. Power and affordances: When the situation has more power over powerful than over powerless individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (2008) 237-252
31. Guinote A., Judd C.M., and Brauer M. Effects of power on perceived and objective group variability: Evidence that more powerful groups are more variable. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 708-721
32. Hermans D., De Houwer J., and Eelen P. The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition and Emotion 8 (1994) 515-533
33. Keltner D., Gruenfeld D.H., and Anderson C. Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review 110 (2003) 265-284
34. Kipnis D. The powerholders (1976), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
35. Lowery B.S., Hardin C.D., and Sinclair S. Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 5 (2001) 842-855
36. Martínez M.C., and Vera J.J. La estructura del prejuicio: Realidad y simbolismo [The structure of prejudice. Reality and symbolism]. Boletín de Psicología 42 (1994) 21-38
37. McConahay J.B. Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In: Dovidio J.F., and Gaertner S.L. (Eds). Prejudice, discrimination and racism (1986), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 91-125
38. McConnell A.R., Rydell R.J., Strain L.M., and Mackie D.M. Forming implicit and explicit attitudes towards individuals: Social group association cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 5 (2008) 792-807
39. Meeus J., Duriez B., Vanbeselaere N., Phalet K., and Kuppens P. Examining dispositional and situational effects on outgroup attitudes. European Journal of Personality 23 4 (2009) 307-328
40. Monteith M.J., and Mark A.Y. Changing one's prejudice ways: Awareness, affect, and self-regulation. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European Review of Social Psychology Vol. 16 (2005), Wiley, New York 113-154
41. Moskowitz G.B., Gollwitzer P.M., Wasel W., and Schaal B. Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 167-184
42. Navas M.S. Nuevos instrumentos de medida para el nuevo racismo [New measures for the assessment of new forms of prejudice]. Revista de Psicología Social 13 2 (1998) 233-239
43. Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., and Banaji M.R. The implicit association test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In: Bargh J.A. (Ed). Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (2007), Psychology Press 265-292
44. Overbeck J.R., and Park B. When power does not corrupt: Superior individuation processes among powerful perceivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 549-565
45. Overbeck J.R., and Park B. Powerful perceivers, powerless objects: Flexibility of powerholders' social attention. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 99 (2006) 227-243
46. Payne B.K., Cheng C.M., Govorun O., and Stewart B. An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2005) 277-293
47. Pratto F., and Shih M. Social dominance orientation and group context in implicit group prejudice. Psychological Science 11 6 (2000) 515-518
48. Ratcliff R. Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) 510-532
49. Richeson J.A., and Ambady N. Effects of situational power on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39 2 (2003) 177-183
50. Rodríguez Bailón R., Moya M., and Yzerbyt V. Why do superiors attend to negative stereotypic information about their subordinates? effects of power legitimacy on social perception. European Journal of Social Psychology 30 5 (2000) 651-671
51. Rodríguez-Bailón R., Ruiz J., and Moya M. The impact of music on automatically activated attitudes: Flamenco and gypsy people. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 12 3 (2009) 381-396
52. Rydell R.J., and McConnell A.R. Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 6 (2006) 995-1008
53. Sears D.O. Symbolic racism. In: Katz P.A., and Taylor D.A. (Eds). Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (1988), Plenum Press, New York 53-84
54. Sidanius J., and Pratto F. Social dominance (1999), Cambridge University Press, Nueva York
55. Sigall H., and Page R. Current stereotypes: A little fading, a little faking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 19 (1971) 247-255
56. Smith E.R., and DeCoster J. Dual process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review 4 (2000) 108-131
57. Strack F., and Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 3 (2004) 220-247
58. Vescio T.K., Gervais S.J., Snyder M., and Hoover A. Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 572-658
59. Vescio T.K., Snyder M., and Butz D.A. Power in stereotypically masculine domains: A social influence strategy × stereotype match model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 1062-1078
60. Weick M., and Guinote A. When subjective experience matter: Power increase reliance on ease of retrieval. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 (2008) 956-970
61. Winter D.G. The power motive (1973), The Free Press, New York
62. Wittenbrink B., Judd C.M., and Park B. Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 5 (2001) 815-827