Antipsychotic-Induced Hyponatraemia: A Systematic Review of the Published Evidence

Drug Safety

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 101-114

  Meulendijks, Didier ^a,c   Mannesse, Cyndie K ^b   Jansen, Paul A F ^c   Van Marum, Rob J ^c   Egberts, Toine C G ^a,c  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b Department of Geriatric Medicine ^*  (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; INAPPROPRIATE VASOPRESSIN SECRETION; INCIDENCE; POLYDIPSIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; HYPONATREMIA; INAPPROPRIATE ADH SYNDROME; MENTAL DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; THIRST;

EID: 75649134283     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: 11791942     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11319070-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. de Leon J. Polydipsia: a study in a long-term psychiatric unit. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003 Feb; 253 (1): 37-39
2. Wetterling T. Hyponatremia: an underrated complication in psychiatric patients [in German]. Nervenarzt 1987 Oct; 58 (10): 625-631
3. Riggs AT, Dysken MW, Kim SW, et al. A review of disorders of water homeostasis in psychiatric patients. Psychosomatics 1991 Spring; 32 (2): 133-148
4. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2000 May 25; 342 (21): 1581-1589
5. Palmer BF, Gates JR, Lader M. Causes and management of hyponatremia. Ann Pharmacother 2003 Nov; 37 (11): 1694-1702
6. Kumar S, Rubin S, Mather PJ, et al. Hyponatremia and vasopressin antagonism in congestive heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2007 Nov; 30 (11): 546-551
7. Madhusoodanan S, Bogunovic OJ, Moise D, et al. Hyponatraemia associated with psychotropic medications: a review of the literature and spontaneous reports. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 2002; 21 (1-2): 17-29
8. Wicki J, Rutschmann OT, Burri H, et al. Rhabdomyolysis after correction of hyponatremia due to psychogenic polydipsia possibly complicated by clozapine. Ann Phar-macother 1998 Sep; 32 (9): 892-895
9. Zaidi AN. Rhabdomyolysis after correction of hyponatremia in psychogenic polydipsia possibly complicated by ziprasidone. Ann Pharmacother 2005 Oct; 39 (10): 1726-1731
10. Movig KL, Leufkens HG, Lenderink AW, et al. Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002 Apr; 53 (4): 363-369
11. Ajlouni K, Kern MW, Tures JF, et al. Thiothixene-induced hyponatremia. Arch Intern Med 1974 Dec; 134 (6): 1103-1105
12. Peck V, Shenkman L. Haloperidol-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979 Oct; 26 (4): 442-444
13. Kimelman N, Albert SG. Phenothiazine-induced hyponatremia in the elderly. Gerontology 1984; 30 (2): 132-136
14. Rider JM, Mauger TF, Jameson JP, et al. Water handling in patients receiving haloperidol decanoate. Ann Phar-macother 1995 Jul-Aug; 29 (7-8): 663-666
15. Bachu K, Godkar D, Gasparyan A, et al. Aripiprazole-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Am J Ther 2006 Jul-Aug; 13 (4): 370-372
16. Whitten JR, Ruehter VL. Risperidone and hyponatremia: a case report. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997 Sep; 9 (3): 181-183
17. Edwards IR, Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000 Oct 7; 356 (9237): 1255-1259
18. Kelly WN, Arellano FM, Barnes J, et al. Guidelines for submitting adverse event reports for publication. Drug Saf 2007; 30 (5): 367-373 (Pubitemid 46740334)
19. Bartter FC, Schwartz WB. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 1967 May; 42 (5): 790-806
20. Ellison DH, Berl T. Clinical practice: the syndrome of in-appropriate antidiuresis. N Engl J Med 2007 May 17; 356 (20): 2064-2072
21. Rijcken CA, Monster TB, Brouwers JR, et al. Chlorpromazine equivalents versus defined daily doses: how to compare antipsychotic drug doses? J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 2003 Dec; 23 (6): 657-659
22. Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981 Aug; 30 (2): 239-245
23. Brown K, Levy H, Brenner C, et al. Overdose of risperidone. Ann Emerg Med 1993 Dec; 22 (12): 1908-1910
24. Epelde Gonzalo F. Malignant neuroleptic syndrome and hyponatremia associated with risperidone poisoning [letter]. An Med Interna 2002 Jan; 19 (1): 50
25. Bonuzzi L, Cesario V, Concari G, et al. Polydipsia and acute water intoxication in chronic schizophrenic patients: report of 4 cases. Minerva Psichiatr 1998; 39 (1): 53-56
26. Cordopatri F, Fraticelli C, Tafani O. Episodic hyponatremia in psychiatric patients treated with neuroleptic agents. Rass Studi Psichiatr 1990; 79 (1): 33-38
27. Zaffiri O, Centi R, Bisiani M, et al. A favorably resolved case of acute mixed poisoning with luminal (30 g) and neuroleptics (15 g). Minerva Anestesiol 1970; 36 (11): 720-724
28. Zaluska M, Janota B, Papierska L, et al. Three cases of hyponatraemia among patients with mental disorders. Postepy Psychiatrii i Neurologii 2007; 16 Suppl. 1: 27-32
29. Koide H. Three cases of hyponatremia during administration of pimozide [in Japanese]. No To Hattatsu 1991 Sep; 23 (5): 502-505
30. Yamaguchi K, Takamoto K, Yagi K, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Clin Neurol 1995; 35 (2): 180-183
31. Kar N, Sharma PS, Tolar P, et al. Polydipsia and risperidone. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002 Apr; 36 (2): 268-270
32. de Leon J, Verghese C, Stanilla JK, et al. Treatment of polydipsia and hyponatremia in psychiatric patients: can clozapine be a new option? Neuropsychopharmacology 1995 Apr; 12 (2): 133-138
33. Henderson DC, Goff DC. Clozapine for polydipsia and hyponatremia in chronic schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 1994 Dec 1; 36 (11): 768-770
34. Lyster C, Miller AL, Seidel D, et al. Polydipsia and clozapine. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994 Jun; 45 (6): 610-611
35. Fuller MA, Jurjus G, Kwon K, et al. Clozapine reduces water-drinking behavior in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996 Aug; 16 (4): 329-332
36. Canuso CM, Goldman MB. Clozapine restores water balance in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia-hypona-tremia syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999 Winter; 11 (1): 86-90
37. Canuso CM, Goldman MB. Does minimizing neuroleptic dosage influence hyponatremia? Psychiatry Res 1996 Jul 31; 63 (2-3): 227-229
38. Jos CJ, Evenson RC, Mallya AR. Self-induced water intoxication: a comparison of 34 cases with matched controls. J Clin Psychiatry 1986 Jul; 47 (7): 368-370
39. Spigset O, Hedenmalm K. Hyponatremia during treatment with clomipramine, perphenazine, or clozapine: study of therapeutic drug monitoring samples. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 1996 Oct; 16 (5): 412-414
40. Korzets A, Ori Y, Floro S, et al. Case report: severe hyponatremia after water intoxication: a potential cause of rhabdomyolysis. Am J Med Sci 1996 Aug; 312 (2): 92-94
41. Purcell P, Valmana A. Toxic epidermal necrolysis following chlorpromazine ingestion complicated by SIADH. Postgrad Med J 1996 Mar; 72 (845): 186
42. Littrell KH, Johnson CG, Littrell SH, et al. Effects of olanzapine on polydipsia and intermittent hyponatremia. J Clin Psychiatry 1997 Dec; 58 (12): 549
43. Sillifant K, Muir JL, Crabb M, et al. Monitoring of patients on high dose antipsychotic medication. Psychiatr Bull 1997; 21 (10): 612-614
44. Zenone T, Payen C, Durand DV. Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion induced by risperidone. Eur J Intern Med 1997; 8 (2): 131-132
45. Elizalde-Sciavolino C, Racco A, Proscia-Lieto T, et al. Severe hyponatremia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure: a case report. Mt Sinai J Med 1998 Sep; 65 (4): 284-288
46. Madhusoodanan S, Brenner R, Buff D. Mazapertine and hyponatremia. Biol Psychiatry 1998 Mar 15; 43 (6): 466-467
47. Verghese C, Abraham G, Nair C, et al. Absence of changes in antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin II, and atrial na-triuretic peptide with clozapine treatment of polydipsia-hyponatremia: 2 case reports. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 Aug; 59 (8): 415-419
48. Ahlawat SK. Severe hyponatremia in a chronic schizophrenic patient. J Assoc Physicians India 1999 Jul; 47 (7): 724-726
49. Ermens AAM, ter Mors AJW, Vlasveld LT. Over een vrouw die niet dorst te stoppen y. Tijdschr Psychiatr 1999; 41 (2): 115-119
50. Fanello S, Hubert N, Laine-Cessac JB, et al. Drug-induced hyponatremia: three cases in elderly patients. Sem Hop 1999; 75 (1-2): 40-44
51. Munzer T, Grundler BM, Miller M. Recurrent hyponatremia, neurologic symptomatology and longstanding intake of levomepromazine [in German]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1999 Feb 4; 88 (6): 237-241
52. Collins A, Anderson J. SIADH induced by two atypical antipsychotics. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15 (3): 282-283
53. Fernandez Dorado MT, Alcala-Zamora J, Zabaleta Camino JP, et al. Rhabdomyolysis secondary to hypona-tremia in psychogenic polydipsia [letter]. Med Clin (Barc) 2001 Oct 27; 117 (13): 519
54. Kruse D, Pantelis C, Rudd R, et al. Treatment of psychogenic polydipsia: comparison of risperidone and olanzapine, and the effects of an adjunctive angiotensin-II receptor blocking drug (irbesartan). Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001; 35 (1): 65-68
55. Matsumura M, Yamaguchi M, Sato T. Severe hyponatremia in a patient treated with levomepromazine and carbamazepine [letter]. Intern Med 2001 May; 40 (5): 459
56. Ting JYS. Rhabdomyolysis and polydipsic hyponatraemia [letter]. Emerg Med J 2001; 18 (6): 520
57. Tolan P, O'Loughlin D, Botha J. Can seizures and rhabdomyolysis be a potentially serious complication of hyponatremia due to polydipsia [letter]? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001; 35 (3): 386
58. Murty RG, Mistry SG, Chacko RC. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with ziprasidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22 (6): 624-626
59. Montgomery JH, Tekell JL. Adjunctive quetiapine treatment of the polydipsia, intermittent hyponatremia, and psychosis syndrome: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 Mar; 64 (3): 339-341
60. Schiphorst JPT, Fouwels AJ. Clozapine against thirst: a case study. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2003; 45 (10): 641-645
61. Zink M, Sartorius A, Lederbogen F. Remission of polydipsia as antipsychotic effect of clozapine. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19 (5): 320-321
62. Hsu YJ, Chiu JS, Lu KC, et al. Biochemical and etiological characteristics of acute hyponatremia in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2005 Nov; 29 (4): 369-374
63. Sarma S, Ward W, O'Brien J, et al. Severe hyponatraemia associated with desmopressin nasal spray to treat cloza-pine-induced nocturnal enuresis [letter]. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005 Oct; 39 (10): 949
64. Taskapan C, Sahin I, Taskapan H, et al. Possible malignant neuroleptic syndrome that associated with hypothyroid-ism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005 Jun; 29 (5): 745-748
65. Vandebosch S, Sermijn E, Lacor P. A 48-year-old man with hyponatremia and a large abdominal mass. Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005; 61 (3): 192-193
66. Akkaya C, Sarandol A, Sivrioglu EY, et al. A patient using ziprasidone with polydipsia, seizure, hyponatremia and rhabdomyolysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006 Dec 30; 30 (8): 1535-1538
67. van den Heuvel OA, Bet PM, van Dam EW, et al. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) during treatment with the antipsychotic agents haloperidol and quetiapine. Ned Tijdschr Gen-eeskd 2006 Sep 2; 150 (35): 1944-1948
68. Margetic B, Aukst-Margetic B, Zarkovic-Palijan T. Successful treatment of polydipsia, water intoxication, and delusional jealousy in an alcohol dependent patient with clozapine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006 Sep 30; 30 (7): 1347-1349
69. Tenyi T, Voros V. Successful switch to olanzapine after rhabdomyolysis caused by water intoxication and cloza-pine use: a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 39 (4): 157-158
70. Atalay A, Turhan N, Aki OE. A challenging case of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in an elderly patient secondary to quetiapine. South Med J 2007 Aug; 100 (8): 832-833
71. Behere RV, Venkatasubramanian G, Naveen MN, et al. Aripiprazole-induced hyponatremia: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68 (4): 640-641
72. Strachan P, Prisco D, Multz AS. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis associated with polydipsia-induced hyponatremia: a case report and review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29 (2): 172-174
73. Vucicevic Z, Degoricija V, Alfirevic Z, et al. Fatal hyponatremia and other metabolic disturbances associated with psychotropic drug polypharmacy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 45 (5): 289-293
74. Shaw A, Matthews EE. Postoperative neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Anaesthesia 1995 Mar; 50 (3): 246-247
75. Rizzieri DA. Rhabdomyolysis after correction of hyponatremia due to psychogenic polydipsia. Mayo Clin Proc 1995 May; 70 (5): 473-476
76. Looi JCL, Cubis JC, Saboisky J. Hyponatremia, convulsions and neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a male with schizoaffective disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1995; 29 (4): 683-687
77. Leclercq P, Canivet JL, Damas P, et al. A case of severe hyponatremia under pimozide (Orap) administration. Rev Med Liege 1995; 50 (4): 151-152
78. Landry P. Effect of risperidone on polydipsia and hyponatremia in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 1995 Nov; 40 (9): 566-567
79. Gupta S, Baker P. Clozapine treatment of polydipsia. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1994 Jun; 6 (2): 135-137
80. Assal F, Chauchot F. Hyponatremia of therapeutic origin: apropos of a case. Encephale 1994; 20 (5): 527-529
81. Ellinas PA, Rosner F, Jaume JC. Symptomatic hyponatremia associated with psychosis, medications, and smoking. J Natl Med Assoc 1993 Feb; 85 (2): 135-141
82. Suzuki M, Takeuchi O, Mori I, et al. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1992 May 15; 31 (10): 1057-1061
83. Ogilvie AD, Croy MF. Clozapine and hyponatraemia. Lancet 1992 Sep 12; 340 (8820): 672
84. Garcia Escrig M, Bermejo Pareja F, Soto Tellez O, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with the inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome [in Spanish]. Arch Neurobiol (Madr) 1992; 55 (2): 75-78
85. Nishikawa T, Tsuda A, Tanaka M, et al. Evidence for a direct adverse reaction of neuroleptics in self-induced water intoxication of psychiatric patients. Kurume Med J 1991; 38 (4): 307-310
86. Glusac E, Patel H, Josef NC, et al. Polydipsia and hyponatremia induced by multiple neuroleptics but not molindone. Can J Psychiatry 1990 Apr; 35 (3): 268-269
87. Finlayson AJ, Vieweg WV, Wilkey WD, et al. Hyponatremic seizure following ECT. Can J Psychiatry 1989 Jun; 34 (5): 463-464
88. Mareth TR. Hyponatremia and schizophrenia: a case presentation. Mil Med 1988; 153 (1): 40-41
89. Emsley RA, Taljaard JJ. Self-induced water intoxication: a case report. S Afr Med J 1988 Jul 16; 74 (2): 80-81
90. Tormey WP, Cronin T, Devlin JD. Hyponatraemia masquerading as malignant neuroleptic syndrome [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1987 Mar; 150: 412
91. Kennedy MJ, Shelley RK, Daly PA. Potentiation of small cell lung cancer-related SIADH by trifluoperazine. Eur J Respir Dis 1987 Nov; 71 (5): 450-454
92. Gibb WRG, Wedzicha JA, Hoffbrand BI. Recurrent neuroleptic malignant syndrome and hyponatraemia. J Neu-rol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49 (8): 960-961
93. Ananth J, Lin KM. SIADH: a serious side effect of psychotropic drugs. Int J Psychiatry Med 1986; 16 (4): 401-407
94. Wedzicha JA, Hoffbrand BI. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and hyponatraemia [letter]. Lancet 1984 Apr 28; 1 (8383): 963
95. Kramer DS, Drake Jr ME. Assessment of SIADH in psychosis with a water-loading test: case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 45 (1): 40-41
96. Khamnei AK. Psychosis, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and water intoxication [letter]. Lancet 1984 Apr 28; 1 (8383): 963
97. Tildesley HD, Toth E, Crockford PM. Syndrome of in-appropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in association with chlorpromazine ingestion. Can J Psychiatry 1983 Oct; 28 (6): 487-488
98. Kramer DS, Drake ME. Acute psychosis, polydipsia, and inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone. Am J Med 1983; 75 (4): 712-714
99. Gleadhill IC, Smith TA, Yium JJ. Hyponatremia in patients with schizophrenia. South Med J 1982 Apr; 75 (4): 426-428
100. Husband C, Mai FM, Carruthers G. Syndrome of in-appropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone in a patient treated with haloperidol. Can J Psychiatry 1981; 26 (3): 196-197
101. Weitzel WD, Shraberg D, Work J. Inappropriate ADH secretion: the role of drug re-challenge. Psychosomatics 1980; 21 (9): 771-779
102. Nardelli E, Luzzani A. Water intoxication from fluphenazine therapy. Ital J Neurol Sci 1980 Jun; 1 (3): 193-196
103. Kosten TR, Camp W. Inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone in a patient receiving piperazine phe-nothiazines. Psychosomatics 1980 Apr; 21 (4): 351, 354-355
104. Hamburger S, Langley H, Bowers G. The syndrome of in-appropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with amitriptyline or trifluoperazine administration. J Kans Med Soc 1980 Oct; 81 (10): 469-470
105. Caron C, Shooner K, Martineau M, et al. Water intoxication in a schizophrenic patient under treatment with thioridazine: study of the physiopathological mechanisms involved. Union Med Can 1979 Sep; 108 (9): 1078-1082
106. Vincent FM, Emery S. Antidiuretic hormone syndrome and thioridazine. Ann Intern Med 1978 Jul; 89 (1): 147-148
107. Gipson WT, Price TR. Inappropriate ADH secretion in a psychiatric setting. Psychiatr Opin 1978; 15 (7): 43-46
108. Cordoba OA, Chapel JL. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secondary to antipsychotic drug therapy: case report. Mo Med 1978 Apr; 75 (4): 177-8, 181
109. Matuk F, Kalyanaraman K. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in patients treated with psychotherapeutic drugs. Arch Neurol 1977 Jun; 34 (6): 374-375
110. de Rivera JL. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone from fluphenazine therapy [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1975 Jun; 82 (6): 811-812
111. Rao KJ, Miller M, Moses A. Water intoxication and thioridazine (mellaril) [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1975 Jan; 82 (1): 61
112. Fischman CM. Water intoxication and thioridazine [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1975 Jun; 82 (6): 852
113. Logue DD, Gonzalez N, Heligman SDK, et al. Hyperglycemia in a 7-year-old child treated with aripiprazole. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164 (1): 173
114. Niazy MN, Baidas G, Neyyarapally TI, et al. Severe diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by an atypical anti-psychotic drug. Bahrain Med Bull 2007; 29 (4): 143-145
115. Rodrigo Jarque I, Serrano Corredor S, Porras Obeso S, et al. Coexistence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome and syndrome of inappropiate antidiuretic hormone secretion in a patient with psychogenic polydypsia. Anales de Psi-quiatria 1995; 11 (6): 227-229
116. Adler S. Hyponatremia and rhabdomyolysis: a possible relationship. Southern Med J 1980; 73 (4): 511-513
117. Azuma H, Akechi T, Furukawa TA. Absence status associated with focal activity and polydipsia-induced hypo-natremia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4 (2): 495-498
118. Bouizegarene P, Lamoril J, Deybach JC. An abdominal pain. Immuno-Analyse et Biologie Specialisee 2008; 23 (5): 326-329
119. Kohen I, Voelker S, Manu P. Antipsychotic-induced hyponatremia: case report and literature review. Am J Ther 2008 Sep-Oct; 15 (5): 492-494
120. Makhoul B, Hochberg I, Rispler S, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy: an unusual complication of clozapine therapy. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008 Sep; 5 (9): 566-570
121. Verre M, Bossio F, Mammone A, et al. Serotonin syndrome caused by olanzapine and clomipramine. Minerva Anestesiol 2008 Jan-Feb; 74 (1-2): 41-45
122. Escribano Gonzaleza L, Nunez Martineza V, De Lorenzo-Caceres Ascanio A. Unspecific dizziness as form of presentation of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Formacion Medica Continuada en Atencion Primaria 2008; 15 (2): 116-117
123. Mannesse CK, van Puijenbroek EP, Jansen PAF, et al. Hyponatremia as adverse drug reaction of anti-psychotic drugs: a case-control study in VigiBase. Drug Saf. In press
124. Spigset O, Hedenmalm K. Hyponatraemia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) induced by psychotropic drugs. Drug Saf 1995 Mar; 12 (3): 209-225
125. Chan TYK. Drug-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: causes, diagnosis and management. Drugs Aging 1997; 11 (1): 27-44
126. Spigset O, Wilhelmsson C, Mjorndal T, et al. Low serum sodium concentrations during treatment with citalopram in elderly patients: relationship to serum citalopram levels and to platelet serotonin 5-HT2A receptor status. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20 (5): 582-584
127. Blum A. The possible role of tobacco cigarette smoking in hyponatremia of long-term psychiatric patients. JAMA 1984; 252 (20): 2864-2865
128. Tomson CR. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with inappropriate antidiuresis and psychogenic poly-dipsia [letter]. Br Med J 1986 Jan 18; 292 (6514): 171
129. Looi JC, Cubis JC, Saboisky J. Hyponatremia, convulsions and neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a male with schizoaffective disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1995 Dec; 29 (4): 683-687
130. Lydakis C,ApostolakisS,ThalassinosE,et al. PIP syndrome: a potentially threatening manifestation of a psychiatric disorder. Int J Clin Pract 2005; 59 (5): 612-613
131. Vieweg WV, Carey RM, Godleski LS, et al. The syndrome of psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia: evidence for diurnal volume expansion. Psychiatr Med 1990; 8 (4): 135-144
132. Goldman MB, Luchins DJ, Robertson GL. Mechanisms of altered water metabolism in psychotic patients with polydipsia and hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 1988 Feb 18; 318 (7): 397-403
133. Goldman MB, Robertson GL, Luchins DJ, et al. The influence of polydipsia on water excretion in hyponatremic, polydipsic, schizophrenic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 Apr; 81 (4): 1465-1470
134. Luchins DJ, Nettles KW, Goldman MB. Anterior medial temporal lobe volumes in polydipsic schizophrenic patients with and without hypo-osmolemia: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 1997 Nov 1; 42 (9): 767-770
135. Goldman MB, Torres IJ, Keedy S, et al. Reduced anterior hippocampal formation volume in hyponatremic schizophrenic patients. Hippocampus 2007; 17 (7): 554-562
136. Hariprasad MK, Eisinger RP. SIADH in psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 1980 Apr; 41 (4): 148
137. Brunot A, Lachaux B, Sontag H, et al. Pharmaco-epidemiological study on antipsychotic drug prescription in French psychiatry: patient characteristics, antipsychotic treatment, and care management for schizophrenia. En-cephale 2002 Mar-Apr; 28 (2): 129-138
138. Linden M, Thiels C. Epidemiology of prescriptions for neuroleptic drugs: tranquilizers rather than anti-psychotics. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001 Jul; 34 (4): 150-154
139. Siegel AJ, Baldessarini RJ, Klepser MB, et al. Primary and drug-induced disorders of water homeostasis in psychiatric patients: principles of diagnosis and management. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1998 Nov-Dec; 6 (4): 190-200
140. Vieweg WV, David JJ, Rowe WT, et al. Death from selfinduced water intoxication among patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985 Mar; 173 (3): 161-165
141. de Leon J, Tracy J, McCann E, et al. Polydipsia and schizophrenia in a psychiatric hospital: a replication study. Schizophr Res 2002 Oct 1; 57 (2-3): 293-301 (Pubitemid 35240032)
142. de Leon J, Verghese C, Tracy JI, et al. Polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric patients: a review of the epi-demiological literature. Biol Psychiatry 1994 Mar 15; 35 (6): 408-419
143. Gillum DM, Linas SL. Water intoxication in a psychotic patient with normal renal water excretion. Am J Med 1984 Oct; 77 (4): 773-774
144. Cadnapaphornchai MA, Summer SN, Falk S, et al. Effect of primary polydipsia on aquaporin and sodium transporter abundance. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003 Nov; 285 (5): F965-71
145. Hariprasad MK, Eisinger RP, Nadler IM, et al. hyponatremia in psychogenic polydipsia. Arch Intern Med 1980 Dec; 140 (12): 1639-1642
146. de Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, et al. Polydipsia and water intoxication in a long-term psychiatric hospital. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Jul 1; 40 (1): 28-34
147. Ohsawa H, Kishimoto T, Shimayoshi N, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin secretion in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993 Aug; 88 (2): 130-134
148. Raskind M, Barnes RF. Water metabolism in psychiatric disorders. Semin Nephrol 1984; 4 (4): 316-324
149. Raskind MA, Courtney N, Murburg MM, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and plasma vasopressin in normals and acute schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1987 Apr; 22 (4): 453-462
150. Thomas A, Verbalis JG. Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic-hormone secretion associated with drug therapy in psychiatric patients. CNS Drugs 1995 Nov; 4 (5): 357-369
151. Vieweg WVR, Leadbetter RA. Polydipsia-hyponatraemia syndrome: epidemiology, clinical features and treatment. CNS Drugs 1997; 7 (2): 121-138
152. Verghese C, De Leon J, Simpson GM. Neuroendocrine factors influencing polydipsia in psychiatric patients: an hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993 Sep; 9 (2): 157-166
153. Malidelis YI, Panayotacopoulou MT, van Heerikhuize JJ, et al. Absence of a difference in the neurosecretory activity of supraoptic nucleus vasopressin neurons of neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 82 (2): 63-69
154. Bersani G, Pesaresi L, Orlandi V, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and polydipsia: a cause or a treatment? Hum Psychopharmacol 2007; 22: 103-107
155. Wilke RA. Posterior pituitary sigma receptors and drug-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1999 Nov 16; 131 (10): 799