Some aspects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidative system agent's action. Short review

Acta Toxicologica

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 5-19

  Zasadowski, Arkadiusz ^a   Wysocki, Adam ^a   Barski, Dariusz ^a   Spodniewska, Anna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN   (Poland)

Author keywords

Antioxidative system; Dioxygen; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; CATALASE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROPEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; HYPOCHLORITE; LIPID; LIPID PEROXIDE; MELATONIN; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; NITROUS ACID; NUCLEIC ACID; OXYGEN; OZONE; PEROXY RADICAL; PEROXYNITRITE; PEROXYNITROUS ACID; PROTEIN; RADICAL; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SUPEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; UBIQUINONE;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL REACTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HOST RESISTANCE; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 7544246638     PISSN: 17316383     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (144)

1. Halliwell B, Chirico S. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurment, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;57(Suppl):715-25.
2. Scandalios JG. Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. Plainview. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press;1997.
3. Halliwell B, Gutteridge J.M. Oxygen free radicals and iron relation to biology and medicine: some problems and concepts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986;246:501-14.
4. Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem 1993;59:1609-23.
5. Abuja PM, Albertini R. Methods for monitoring oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and oxidation resistance of lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 2001;306:1-17.
6. Richter C, Schweizer M. Oxidative stress in mitochondria. In: Scandalios JG, editor. Oxidative Stress and the Molecular Biology of Antioxidant Defenses. Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press;1997. p. 169-200.
7. Gralla EB. Superoxide dismutase: studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Scandalios JG, editor. Oxidative Stress and the Molecular Biology of Antioxidant Defenses. Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press;1997. p. 495-525.
8. Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989;320:365-76.
9. Sun J, Trumpower BL. Superoxide anion generation by the cytochrome bc1 complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003;419:198-206.
10. Park JW, Babior BM. Activation of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox by protein kinase C. A phosphorylation-dependent change in the conformation of the C-terminal end of p47phox. Biochemistry 1997;36:7474-80.
11. Bomzon A, Ljubuncic P, Puiol J-PL. The role of reactive oxygen species in homeostasis and degradation of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003;11:747-55.
12. Van der Vliet A, Bast A. Effect of oxidative stress on receptors and signaling transmission. Chem Biol Interact 1992;85:95-116.
13. Halliwell B, Zhao K, Whiteman M. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good - a personal view of recent controversies. Free Radic Res 1999;31:651-69.
14. Suzuki H, DeLano FA, Parks DA, Jamshidi N, Granger DN, Ishii H, et al. Xanthine oxidase activity associated with arterial blood preassure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:4754-9.
15. Houston M, Estevez A, Chumley P, Aslan M, Marklund S, Parks DA, et al. Binding of xanthine oxidase to vascular endothelium. Kinetic characterization and oxidative impairment of nitric oxide-dependent signaling. J Biol Chem 1999;274:4985-94.
16. Kehrer JP. Free radicals as medistors of tissue injury and dissease. Crit Rev Toxicol 1993;1:21-48.
17. Pourahmad J, O'Brien PJ, Jokar F, Daraei B. Carcinogenic metal induced sites of reactive oxygen species formation in hepatocytes. Toxicol in Vitro 2003;17:803-10.
18. Lutz W, Wasowicz W. Metal-Induced Modulation of Redox Cell-Signaling in the Immune System. In: Hayes Wallace A, editor. Comments on Toxicology. Special Issue Reactive Oxygen in Biological Systems. Taylor & Francis 2003;9(1):59-83.
19. Monks TJ, Hanzlik RP, Cohen GM, Ross D, Graham D. Quinone chemistry and toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992;112:2-16.
20. Bonorden WR, Pariza MW. Antioxidant nutrients and protection from free radicals. In: Kotsonis FN, Mackey M, Hjelle J, editors. Nutritional Toxicology. New York: Raven Press Ltd; 1994. p. 19-48.
21. Fleury Ch, Mignotte B, Vayssiere J-L. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cell death signaling. Biochimie 2002;84:131-41.
22. Henrotin YE, Bruckner P, Puiol J-PL. The role of reactive oxygen species in homeostasis and degradation of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003;11:747-55.
23. Kim T-S, Yun BY, Kim IY. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by selenium. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;66:2301-11.
24. Scorrano L, Petronilli V, Bernardi P. On the voltage dependence of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. A critical appraisal. J Biol Chem 1997;272:12295-9.
25. Niu X, Smith CW, Kubes P. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases endothelial cell adhesion to neutrophils. Circ Res 1994;74:1133-40.
26. Reichard P, Ehrenburg A. Ribonucleotide reductase - a radical enzyme. Science 1983;221:514-9.
27. Sohal RS. The free radical hypothesis of aging: An appraisal of the current status. Ageing Clin Exp Res 1993;5:3-17.
28. Scott JA, Rabito CA. Oxygen radicals and plasma membrane potential. Free Radic Biol Med 1988;5:237-46.
29. Sevanian A, Nordenbrand E, Kim L, Hochstein E, Hochstein P. Microsomal lipid peroxidation: the role of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P450. Free Radic Biol Med 1990;8:145-52.
30. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications;1999.
31. Allen RG, Tresini M. Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:463-99.
32. Gamaley IA, Klyubin IV. Roles of reactive oxygen species: signaling and regulation of cellular functions. Int Rev Cytol 1999;188:203-55.
33. Hensley K, Robinson KA, Gabbita SP, Salsman S, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling, and cell injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1456-62.
34. Lounsbury KM, Hu Q, Ziegelstein RC. Calcium signaling and oxidant stress in the vasculature. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1362-9.
35. Irani K. Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death and survival - a review of the roles of reactive oxygen species in smooth muscle and endothelial cell mitogenic and apoptotic signaling. Circ Res 2000;87:179-83.
36. Rubanyi GM, Vanhoutte PM. Oxygen-derived free radicals endothelium, and responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 1986a;250:H815-21.
37. Rubanyi GM, Vanhoutte PM. Superoxide anions and hypoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol 1986b;250:H822-7.
38. Pagano PJ, Griswold MC, Najibi S, Marklund SL, Cohen RA. Resistance of endothelium-dependent relaxation to elevation of O2- levels in rabbit carotid artery. Am J Physiol 1999;277:H2109-14.
39. Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. An adaptation to a paramagnetic gas. J Biol Chem 1989;264:7761-4.
40. Li J, Li W, Su J, Liu W, Altura BT, Artura BM. Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptosis in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relation to neurodegenerative disease and strokes. Brain Res Bull 2003;62:1016.
41. Barlow RS, El-Mowafy AM, White RE. H2O2 opens BKCa channels via the PLA2-arachidonic acid signaling cascade in coronary artery smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 2000;279: H475-83.
42. Iesaki T, Gupte SA, Kamiński PM, Wolin MS. Inhibition of guanylate cyclase stimulation by NO and bovine arterial relaxation to peroxynitrate and H2O2. Am J Physiol 1999;277:H987-5.
43. Shen JZ, Zheng XF, Kwan CY. Differential contractile actions of reactive oxygen species on rat aorta: selective activation of ATP receptor by H2O2. Life Sci 2000;66: PL291-6.
44. Rodriguez-Martinez MA, Garcia-Cohen EC, Baena AB, Gonzalez M, Salaices M, Marin J. Contractile responses elicited by hydrogen peroxide in aorta from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Endothelial modulation and mechanism involved. Br J Pharmacol 1998b;125:1329-35.
45. Gazawi H, Ljubuncic P, Cogan U, Hochgraff E, Ben-Shachar D, Bomzon A. The effects of bile acids on β-adrenoceptors, fluidity and the extent of lipid peroxidation in rat cardiac membranes. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;59:1623-8.
46. Bomzon A, Huang YT. Vascular smooth muscle cell signaling in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2001;89:255-72
47. Sroka Z, Cisowski W. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids. Food Chem Toxicol 2003;41:753-8.
48. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overwiev. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:1-85.
49. Huie RE, Padmaja S. The reaction of NO with superoxide. Free Radic Res Commun 1993;18:195-9.
50. Beckman JS, Chen J, Ischiropoulos H, Crow JP. Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite. Methods Enzymol 1994;233:229-49.
51. Van der Vliet A, O'Neill CA, Halliwell B, Cross CE, Kaur H. Aromatic hydroxylation and nitration of phenylalanine and tyrosine by peroxynitrite. FEBS Lett 1994;339:89-92.
52. Bartosz G. The other face of oxygen [in Polish]. Warsaw: PWN Polish Scientific Publishers; 1995.
53. Von Sonntag C. The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology. London: Taylor & Francis; 1988.
54. Bauer V, Sotnikova R, Machova J, Matyas S, Pucovsky V, Stefek M. Reactive oxygen species induced smooth muscle responses in the intestine, vessels and airways and the effect of antioxidants. Life Sci 1999;65:1909-17.
55. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Breeman BA. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:1620-4.
56. Murphy MP, Packer MA, Scarlett JL, Martin SW. Peroxynitrite: a biologically significant oxidant. Gen Pharmacol 1998;31:179-86.
57. Squadrito GL, Pryor WA. Oxidative chemistry of nitric oxide: the roles of superoxide, peroxynitrite, and carbon dioxide. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;25:392-403.
58. Barlow RS, White RE. Hydrogen peroxide relaxes porcine coronary arteries by stimulating BKCa channel activity. Am J Physiol 1998;275:H1283-9.
59. Patel RP, McAndrew J, Sellak H, White CR, Jo HJ, Freeman BM, et al. Biological aspects of reactive nitrogen species. Biochim Biophys Acta: Bioenergetics 1999;1411:385-400.
60. Elliot SJ, Lacey DJ, Chilian WM, Brzezińska AK. Peroxynitrite is a contractile agonist of cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol: Heart Circ Physiol 1998;275: H1585-91.
61. Sevilla MD, Yan M, Becker D, Gillich S. ESR investigations of the reactions of radiation-producent thiyl and DNA peroxyl radicals: Formation of sulfoxyl radicals. Free Radic Res Commun 1989;6:21-4.
62. Fahey RC. Protection of DNA by thiols. Pharmacol Ther 1988;39:101-8.
63. Wefers H. Singlet oxygen in biological systems. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1987;18:91-104.
64. Di Mascio P, Bechara EJH, Medeiros MHG, Biviba K, Sies H. Singlet molecular oxygen production in the reaction of peroxynitrite with hydrogen peroxide. FEBS Lett 1994;355:287-9.
65. Porter NA. Chemistry of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:273-82.
66. Porter NA. Autooxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids: initiation, propagation and product distribution (Basic Chemistry). In: Vigo-Pelfrey C, editor. Membrane Lipid Oxidation vol. I Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;1990. p. 33-62.
67. Pozzi M, Carugo S, Boari G, Pecci V, De Ceglia S, Maggioloni S, et al. Evidence of functional and structural cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 1997;26:1131-7.
68. Cheeseman KH, Slater TF. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br Med Bull 1993;49:481-93.
69. Esterbauer H, Cheeseman KH. Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:407-21.
70. Uchida K. Role of reactive aldehyde in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1685-96.
71. Leonarduzzi G, Arkan MC, Basaga H, Chiarpotto E, Sevanian A, Poli G. Lipid oxidation products in cell signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1370-8.
72. Dean RT, Fu S, Stocker R, Davies MJ. Biochemistry and pathology of radical-mediated protein oxidation. Biochem J 1997;324:1-18.
73. Stadtman ER, Berlett BS. reactive oxygen-mediated protein oxidation in aging and disease. Chem Res Toxicol 1997;10:485-94.
74. Gromadzińska J, Wa̧sowicz W. Oxidative Stress-Inducing Workplace Agents. In: Hayes Wallace A, editor. Comments on Toxicology. Special Issue Reactive Oxygen in Biological Systems. Taylor & Francis 2003;9(1):23-37.
75. Buettner GR. The packing order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, α-tocopherol and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993;300:535-543.
76. Stadtman ER. Protein oxidation and ageing. Science 1992;257:1220-4.
77. Kowald A, Kirkwood TBL. Towards a network theory of ageing: A model combining the free radical theory and the protein error theory. J Theor Biol 1994;168:75-94.
78. Gardner PR. Superoxide-driven aconitase FE-S center cycling. Biosci Rep 1997;17:33-42.
79. Flint DH, Allen RM. Iron-sulfur proteins with non redox functions. Chem Rev 1996;96:2315-34.
80. Keyer K, Imaly JA. Superoxide accelerates DNA damage by elevating free-iron levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:13635-40.
81. Box HC, Freund HG, Budzinski EE, Wallace JC, Maccubbin AE. Free radical-induced double base lesions. Radiat Res 1995;141:91-4.
82. Henle ES, Linn S. Formation, prevention, and repair of DNA damage by iron/hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 1997;272:19095-8.
83. Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Site-specific DNA damage induced by NADH in the presence of cooper(II): Role of active oxygen species. Biochemistry 1996;35:4584-90.
84. Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur J Biochem 1993;215:213-9.
85. Dreher D, Junod AF. Role of oxygen free radicals in cancer development. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:30-8.
86. Thomas MJ. The Role of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Nutrition 2000;16:716-8.
87. Berger TM, Polidori MC, Dabbagh A, Evans PJ, Halliwell B, Morrow JD, et al. Antioxidant activity of vitamin C in iron-overloaded human plasma. J Biol Chem 1997;272:15656-60.
88. Fridrovich I. Superoxide anion radical (O2®-), superoxide dismutases, and related matters. J Biol Chem 1997;272:18515-7.
89. May JM, Mendiratta S, Hill KE, Burk RF. Reduction of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate by the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase. J Biol Chem 1997;272:22607-10.
90. Halliwell B. How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Res Commun 1990;9:1-32.
91. Marklund S. Distribution of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase in human tissues and extracellulars fluids. Acta Physiol Scand 1980;492:19-23.
92. Harrison DG. Endothelial function and oxidant stress. Clin Cardiol 1997;20(Suppl 2):II-1-17.
93. Youn HD, Kim EJ, Roe JH, Hah YC, Kang SO. A novel nickel-containing superoxide dismutase from Streptomyces spp. Biochem J 1996;318:889-96.
94. Benov L, Sage H, Fridovich I. The cooper-and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli: molecular weight and stability. Arch Biochim Biophys 1997;340:305-10.
95. Liczmański AE. Oxygen toxicity II. Defense mechanisms [in Polish]. Postepy Biochem 1988;4:293-333.
96. Zachara BA. The unusual structure and unknown function of selenoprotein P. Appl Biol Commun 1992;2:89-100.
97. Guidi G, Schavion R, Sheiban I, Perona G. Platelet glutathione peroxidase in impared in patients with coronary heart disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1984;46/6:549-51.
98. Ho Y-S, Magnenat J-L, Bronson RT, Cao J, Gargano M, Sugawara M, et al. Mice deficient in cellular glutathione peroxidase develop normally and show no increased sensitivity to hyperoxia. J Biol Chem 1997;272:16644-51.
99. Michiels C, Raes M, Toussaint O, Remacle J. Importance of Se-glutathione peroxidase, catalase and Cu/Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 1994;3:235-48.
100. Omoto E, Tavassoli M. purification and partial characterization ceruloplasmin receptors from rat liver endothelium. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;282:34-9.
101. Gutteridge JMC. Antioxidants properties of protein ceruloplasmin, albumin and transferrin. A study of their activity with rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Acta 1986;869:119-27.
102. Ryan TP, Aust SD. The role of iron in oxygen-mediated toxicities. Circ Res Toxicol 1992;1:119-41.
103. Levine M, Rumsey SC, Doruwala R, Park JB, Wang Y. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA 1999;281:1415-23.
104. Briviba K, Sies H. Nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In: Frei B, editor. Natural antioxidants in human health and disease. Ca: Acad Press San Diego;1994. p. 107-28.
105. Haramaki N, Stewart DB, Aygarwal S, Ikeda H, Reznick AZ, Pader C. Networking antioxidants in the isolated rat heart are selectively depleted by ischemia-reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;25:329-39.
106. Slow RC, Richards JP, Pedley RC, Leake DS, Mann GE. Vitamin C protects human vascular smooth muscle cells against apoptosis induced by moderately oxidized LDL containing high levels of lipid hydroxyperoxides. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2387-94.
107. Hwang J, Peterson H, Hodis HN, Choi B, Sevanian A. Ascorbic acid enhances 17beta-estradiol-mediated inhibition of oxidized low density lipoprotein formation. Atherosclerosis 2000;150:275-84.
108. Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. District mechanism of site-specific DNA damage induced by endogenous reductants in the presence of iron(III) and cooper(II). Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1399:19-30.
109. Schneider JE, Browning MM, Zhu X, Eneff KL, Floyd RA. Characterization of hydroxyl free radical mediated damage to plasmid pBR322DNA. Mutat Res 1989;214:23-31.
110. Nagel E, Meyer zu Vilsendorf A, Bartels M, Pichlmayr R. Antioxidative vitamins in prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1992;67:298-306.
111. Traber MG, Diamond SR, Lane JC, Broody RJ, Kayden HJ. β-carotene transport in human lipoproteins. Comparison with α-tocopherol. Lipids 1994;10:665-9.
112. Upston JM, Terentis AC, Stoder R. Tocopherol-mediated peroxidation of lipoproteins implications for vitamin E as a potential antiatherogenic supplement. FASEB J 1999;13:977-94.
113. Burton GW, Ingold KW. Vitamin E. Application of the principles of physiol organic chemistry to the exploration of its structure and formation. Acc Chem Res 1986;19:194-201.
114. Sacheck JM, Decker EA, Clarkson PM. The effect of diet on vitamin E intake and oxidative stress in response to acute exercise in female athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000;83:40-6.
115. Palace VP, Khaper N, Qin Q, Singal PK. Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:746-61.
116. Wu RM, Murphy DL, Chiueh CC. Protection of nigral neurons against MPP+-induced oxidative injury by deprenyl (selegiline) U-78517F and DMSO. N Trends Clin Neuropharmacol 1994;8:187-8.
117. Coyle JM, Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 1993;262:689-95.
118. Singh SP, Wishnok JS, Keshive M, Deen WM, Tannenbaum SR. The chemistry of the S-nitrosoglutathione/glutathione system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:14428-33.
119. Chance B, Sies H, Boveris A. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev 1979;59:527-603.
120. Toborek M, Hennig B. Fatty acid-mediated effects on the glutathione redox cycle in cultured endothelial cells. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:60-5.
121. Lornaestro BM, Malone M. Glutathione in health and disease: pharmacotherapeutic issues. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:1263-73.
122. Poot M, Teubert H, Rabinovitch PS, Kavanagh TJ. De novo synthesis of glutathione is required for both entry into end progression through the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 1995;163:555-60.
123. Hall AG. The role of glutathione in the regulation of apoptosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1999;29:238-45.
124. Shaw CA, Pasqualotto BA, Curry K. Glutathione-induced sodium currents in neocortex. Neuroreport 1996;7:1149-52.
125. Sandri G, Panfili E, Ernster L. Hydrogen peroxide production by monoaminooxidase in isolated rat brain mitochondria, its effect on glutathione levels and Ca2+ efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990;1035:300-5.
126. Reed DJ. Glutathione: toxicological implications. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1990;30:603-1.
127. Reiter JG. melatonin: that ubiquitously acting pineal hormone. News Physiol Sci 1991;6:223-7.
128. Shida CS, Castrucci AML, Lamy-Freund MT. High melatonin solubility in aqueous media. J Pineal Res 1994;15:59-69.
129. Mendez-Pelaez A, Reiter RJ. Distribution of melatonin in mammalian tissues: the relative importance of cytosolic versus nuclear localization. J Pineal Res 1993;15:59-69.
130. Huether G, Poeggler B, Reimer A, George A. Effect of tryptophan administration on circulating melatonin levels in chicks and rats: evidence for stimulation of melatonin synthesis and release in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 1992;51:945-53.
131. Tijimes M, Pedraza R, Valladers L. Melatonin in the rat testis: evidence for local synthesis. Steroids 1996;61:65-8.
132. Conti A, Conconi S, Hertens E, Skwarlo-Sonta K, Markowska M, Maestroni GJM. Evidence for melatonin synthesis in mouse and human bone marrow cells. J Pineal Res 2000;28:193-202.
133. Tan D-X, Chen LD, Poeggler B, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocr J 1993;1:57-60.
134. Blanchard B, Pompon D, Ducrocq C. Nitrosation of melatonin by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. J Pineal Res 2000;29:184-92.
135. Brömme H-J, Ebelt H, Peschke D, Peschke E. Alloxan acts as a prooxidant only under reducing conditions: influence of melatonin. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999;55:487-93.
136. Tan D-X, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, Plummer BF, Limson J, Weintraub ST, et al. Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: a new metabolic pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:1117-85.
137. Cagnoli CM, Atabay C, Kharlamov E, Manev H. Melatonin protects neurons from singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis. J Pineal Res 1995;18:222-6.
138. Urata Y, Honma S, Goto S, Todoroki S, Iida T, Cho S, et al. Melatonin induces -glutamylcysteine synthetase mediated by activator protein-1 human vascular endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;27:838-903.
139. Sewerynek E, Reiter RJ, Melchiorri D, Ortiz GG, Lewinski A. Oxidative damage in the liver induced by ischemia-reperfusion: protection by melatonin. Hepatogastroenterology 1996;43:898-903.
140. Pierrefiche G, Laborit H. Oxygen radicals, melatonin and aging. Exp Gerontol 1995;30:213-27.
141. Montilla P, Tunez I, Munoz MC, Soria JV, Lopez A. Antioxidative effect of melatonin in rat brain oxidative stress induced by adriamycin. Rev Esp Fisiol 1997;53:301-5.
142. Antolin I, Rodriguez C, sainz RM, Mayo JC, Uria H, Kotier ML, et al. Neurohormone melatonin prevents cell damage: effect on gene expression for antioxidant enzymes. FASEB J 1996;10:882-90.
143. Bettahi I, Pozo D, Osuna C, Reiter RJ, Acuna-castroviejo D, Guerrero JM. Physiological concentrations of melatonin inhibit nitric oxide synthase activity in the rat hypothalamus. J Pineal Res 1996;20:205-10.
144. Martin M, Macias G, Escames G, Reiter RJ, Agapito MT, Ortiz GG, et al. Melatonin-induced increased activity of the respiratory chain complexes I and IV can prevent mitochondrial damage induced by ruthenium red in vivo. J Pineal Res 2000;28:242-8.