The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 9, Issue 15, 2009, Pages 5539-5561

  Lenton, T M ^a   Vaughan, N E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b TYNDALL CENTRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; AEROSOL; ALBEDO; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON DIOXIDE; COOLING; ENERGY BALANCE; LONGWAVE RADIATION; RADIATION BALANCE; RADIATIVE FORCING; SHORTWAVE RADIATION; SOLAR RADIATION;

EID: 75249091885     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-5539-2009     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Ackerman, A. S., Kirkpatrick, M. P., Stevens, D. E., and Toon, O. B.: The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014-1017, 2004.
2. 2, Climatic Change, 94, 275-286, 2009.
3. Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989.
4. Anderson, L. A. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8, 65-80, 1994.
5. Angel, R.: Feasibility of cooling the earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near the inner Lagrange point (11), P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 17184-17189, 2006.
6. Aumount, O. and Bopp, L.: Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2017, doi:10.1029/ 2005GB002591, 2006.
7. Betts, R. A., Falloon, P. D., Goldewijk, K. K., and Ramankutty, N.: Biogeophysical effects of land use on climate: Model simulations of radiative forcing and large-scale temperature change, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 142, 216-233, 2007.
8. Bower, K., Choularton, T., Latham, J., Sahraei, J., and Salter, S.: Computational assessment of a proposed technique for global warming mitigation via albedo enhancement of marine stratocumulus clouds, Atmos. Res., 82, 328-336, 2006.
9. Boyd, P. W.: Ranking geo-engineering schemes, Nat. Geosci., 1, 722-724, 2008.
10. Briegleb, B. P., Minnis, P., Ramanathan, V., and Harrison, E.: Comparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite observations and model computations, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 214-226, 1986.
11. Brion, N., Baeyens, W., De Galan, S., Elskens, M., and Laane, R. W. P. M.: The North Sea: source or sink for nitrogen and phosphorus to the Atlantic Ocean?, Biogeochemistry, 68, 277-296, 2004. (Pubitemid 38871812)
12. Buesseler, K. O., Lamborg, C. H., Boyd, P. W., Lam, P. J., Trull, T. W., Bidigare, R. R., Bishop, J. K. B., Casciotti, K. L., Dehairs, F., Elskens, M., Honda, M., Karl, D. M., Siegel, D. A., Silver, M. W., Steinberg, D. K., Valdes, J., Van Mooy, B., and Wilson, S.: Revisiting Carbon Flux Through the Ocean's Twilight Zone, Science, 316, 567-570, 2007. (Pubitemid 46683136)
13. Caldeira, K. and Wood, L.: Global and Arctic climate engineering: numerical model studies, Philosop. T. R. Soc. A, 366, 4039-4056, 2008.
14. 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 18866-18870, 2007.
15. Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, 1987.
16. Chen, T. S. and Ohring, G.: On the relationship between clear-sky planetary and surface albedos, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 156-158, 1984.
17. Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feed-backs in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184-187, 2000.
18. Crutzen, P. J.: Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulphur injections: A contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?, Climatic Change, 77, 211-219, 2006.
19. Fairall, C. W., Hare, J. E., and Snider, J. B.: An eight-month sample of marine stratocumulus cloud fraction, albedo, and integrated liquid water, J. Climate, 3, 847-864, 1990.
20. 2 in the ocean, Nature, 387, 272-275, 1997.
21. Feingold, G., Eberhard, W. L., Veron, D. A., and Previdi, M.: First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1287, doi:10.1029/2002GL016633, 2003.
22. Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., Bloh, W. v., Brovkin, V, Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Govindasamy, B., John, J., Jones, C., Joos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H. D., Raddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K.-G., Schnur, R., Strassmann, K., Thompson, S., Weaver, A. J., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climatecarbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C4MIP model intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337-3353, 2006.
23. Gaskill, A.: Summary of Meeting with US DOE to discuss Geoengineering options to prevent abrupt and long-term climate change, http://www.global- warming-geo-engineering.org/DOE-Meeting/DOE-Geoengineering-Climate-Change- Meeting/ ag1.html, access: 9 July 2009, 2004.
24. Gehlen, M., Bopp, L., Emprin, N., Aumont, O., Heinze, C., and Ragueneau, O.: Reconciling surface ocean productivity, export fluxes and sediment composition in a global biogeochemical ocean model, Biogeosciences, 3, 521-537, 2006, http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/521/2006/.
25. 2-induced climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett, 27, 2141-2144, 2000.
26. Hamwey, R. M.: Active amplification of the terrestrial albedo to mitigate climate change: An exploratory study, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 419-439, 2007.
27. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G. A., Russell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Bell, N., Cairns, B., Canuto, V., Chandler, M., Cheng, Y., Del Genio, A., Faluvegi, G., Fleming, E., Friend, A., Hall, T., Jackman, C., Kelley, M., Kiang, N., Koch, D., Lean, J., Lerner, J., Lo, K., Menon, S., Miller, R., Minnis, P., Novakov, T., Oinas, V., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Shindell, D., Stone, P., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., Wielicki, B., Wong, T., Yao, M., and Zhang, S.: Efficacy of climate forcings, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 110, D18104, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005776, 2005.
28. Hansen, M. C., DeFries, R. S., Townshend, J. R. G., and Sohlberg, R.: Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach, Int. J. Remote Sens, 21, 1331-1364, 2000.
29. 2 increase and ocean acidification by adding limestone powder to upwelling regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C04028, doi:10.1029/2007JC004373, 2008.
30. Houghton, R. A.: Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850-2005, in: TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennesee, USA, 2008.
31. House, K. Z., Schrag, D. P., Harvey, C. F., and Lackner, K. S.: Permanent carbon dioxide storage in deep-sea sediments, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 12291-12295, 2006.
32. IPCC: Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001.
33. IPCC: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
34. IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
35. Jin, M., Dickinson, R. E., and Zhang, D.-L.: The Footprint of Urban Areas on Global Climate as Characterized by MODIS, J. Climate, 18, 1551-1565, 2005. (Pubitemid 40849768)
36. 2 of iron fertilization induced changes in the ocean's biological pump, Biogeosciences, 5, 385-406, 2008, http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/385/2008/.
37. Joos, F., Bruno, M., Fink, R., Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., LeQuere, C., and Sarmiento, J. L.: An efficient and accurate representation of complex oceanic and biospheric models of anthropogenic carbon uptake, Tellus, 48B, 397-417, 1996.
38. Karl, D. M. and Letelier, R.: Nitrogen fixation-enhanced carbon sequestration in low nitrate, low chlorophyll seascapes, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 364, 257-268, 2008.
39. 2 capture from the air, Climatic Change, 74, 17-45, 2006.
40. 2 and climate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3012, doi:10.1029/2007GB003142, 2008.
41. Kheshgi, H. S.: Sequestering Atmospheric carbon dioxide by increasing ocean alkalinity, Energy, 20, 915-922, 1995.
42. Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: Earth's annual global mean energy budget, B. Am. Meterol. Soc., 78, 197-208, 1997. (Pubitemid 127483193)
43. Lacis, A., Alltop, J. L., Hsiang, S. M., Knobelspiesse, K. D., Li, J., and Pearl, C. B.: Some radiative aspects of proposed geoengineering countermeasures to global warming, Science, submitted, 2009.
44. Lacis, A. A. and Hansen, J. E.: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci, 31, 118-133, 1974.
45. Lackner, K. S., Wendt, C. H., Butt, D. P., Joyce, E. L., and Sharp, D. H.: Carbon dioxide disposal in carbonate minerals, Energy, 20, 1153-1170, 1995.
46. Lampitt, R. S., Achterberg, E. P., Anderson, T. R., Hughes, J. A., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Kelly-Gerreyn, B. A., Lucas, M., Popove, E. E., Sanders, R., Shepherd, J. G., SmytheWright, D., and Yool, A.: Ocean fertilization: a potential means of geoengineering, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 366, 3919-3945 doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0139,.2008.
47. Latham, J.: Control of global warming?, Nature, 347, 339-340, 1990.
48. Latham, J.: Amelioration of global warming by controlled enhancement of the albedo and longevity of low-level maritime clouds, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 3, 52-58,.2002.
49. Latham, J., Rasch, P., Chen, C.-C., Kettles, L., Gadian, A., Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., Bower, K., and Choularton, T.: Global temperature stabilization via controlled albedo enhancement of low-level maritime clouds, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 366, 3969-3987, doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0137, 2008.
50. Laws, E. A., Falkowski, P. G., Smith, W. O., Ducklow, H., and McCarthy, J. J.: Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1231-1246, 2000.
51. Leake, J. E.: "Biosphere carbon stock management: Addressing the threat of abrupt climate change in the next few decades." By Peter Read, An editorial comment., Climatic Change, 87, 329-334, 2008.
52. Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., and Rondon, M.: Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - a review, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 403-427, 2006.
53. Lenton, T. M.: Land and ocean carbon cycle feedback effects on global warming in a simple Earth system model, Tellus, 52B, 1159-1188, doi:10.1034/j.l600-0889.2000.01104.x, 2000.
54. Lenton, T. M. and Watson, A. J.: Redfield revisited: 1. Regulation of nitrate, phosphate and oxygen in the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 225-248, 2000.
55. Lenton, T. M.: Climate Change to the end of the Millennium, Climatic Change, 76, 7-29, doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9022-1, 2006.
56. Lenton, T. M. and Vaughan, N. E.: Interactive comment on "The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options" by T. M. Lenton and N. E. Vaughan, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, S2658-S2672, 2009.
57. Li, Z. and Garand, L.: Estimation of surface albedo from space: A parameterization for global application, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99, 8335-8350, 1994.
58. Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L., and Merchant, J. W.: Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21, 1303-1330, 2000.
59. Lovelock, J. E. and Rapley, C. G.: Ocean pipes could help the earth to cure itself, Nature, 449, p. 403, 2007.
60. MacCracken, M. C.: Geoengineering: Worthy of cautious evaluation?, Climatic Change, 77, 235-243, 2006.
61. Mackenzie, F. T., Ver, L. M., and Lerman, A.: Century-scale nitrogen and phosphorus controls of the carbon cycle, Chem. Geol., 190, 13-32, 2002.
62. Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., and Broenkow, W. W.: VERTEX: Carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 267-285, 1987.
63. Najjar, R. G., Jin, X., Louanchi, F., Aumont, O., Caldeira, K., Doney, S. C., Dutay, J.-C., Follows, M., Gruber, N., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R. J., Matsumoto, K., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Orr, J. C., Plattner, G.-K., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3007, doi:10.1029/2006GB002857, 2007.
64. NAS: Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base, Washington, D.C., 1992.
65. Oman, L., Robock, A., Stenchikov, G. L., Schmidt, G. A., and Ruedy, R.: Climatic response to high-latitude volcanic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D13103, doi:10.1029/2004JD005487, 2005.
66. Pacala, S. and Socolow, R.: Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies, Science, 305, 968-972, 2004. (Pubitemid 39071762)
67. Pearson, J., Oldson, J., and Levin, E.: Earth rings for planetary environment control, Acta Astronaut., 58, 44-57, 2006.
68. Rasch, P J., Crutzen, P. J., and Coleman, D. B.: Exploring the geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols: The role of particle size, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02809, doi:10.1029/2007GL032179, 2008.
69. 2 emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci, 104, 10288-10293, 2007.
70. Read, P. and Lermit, J.: Bio-energy with carbon storage (BECS): A sequential decision approach to the threat of abrupt climate change, Energy, 30, 2654-2671, 2005.
71. Read, P. and Parshotam, A.: Holistic greenhouse gas management strategy (with reviewers' comments and authors' rejoinders), Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, http://ips.ac.nz/publications/publications/ show/205, access: 9 July 2009, 2007.
72. Read, P.: Biosphere carbon stock management: addressing the threat of abrupt climate change in the next few decades: an editorial essay, Climatic Change, 87, 305-320, 2008.
73. Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46, 205-221, 1958.
74. Ridgwell, A., Singarayer, J. S., Hetherington, A. M., and Valdes, P. J.: Tackling regional climate change by leaf albedo biogeoengineering, Curr. Biol., 19, 146-150, 2009.
75. Roberts, G. C., Ramana, M. V., Corrigan, C., Kim, D., and Ramanathan, V.: Simultaneous observations of aerosol-cloudalbedo interactions with three stacked unmanned aerial vehicles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 7370-7375, 2008.
76. 2 injections, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 113, D16101, doi:10.1029/2008JD010050, 2008.
77. Rosenfeld, A. H., Romm, J. J., Akbari, H., and LLoyd, A. C.: Painting the town white and green, Technol. Rev., 100, 52-59, 1997.
78. Shepherd, J. G., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., and Yool, A.: Geoengineering might cause, not cure, problems, Nature, 449, p. 781, 2007.
79. Smith, S. J., Pitcher, H., and Wigley, T. M. L.: Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions, Global Planet. Change, 29, 99-119, 2001.
80. Stenchikov, G. L., Kirchner, I., Robock, A., Graf, H. F., Antuna, J. C., Grainger, R. G., Lambert, A., and Thomason, L.: Radiative forcing from the 1991 mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 13837-13857, 1998.
81. Stern, D. I.: Global sulfur emissions from 1850 to 2000, Chemosphere, 58, 163-175, 2005.
82. Stern, N.: The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, Cambrige, 2006.
83. Taha, H.: Urban surface modification as a potential ozone airquality improvement strategy in California: a mesoscale modelling study, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 127, 219-239, 2008.
84. Teller, E., Wood, L., and Hyde, R.: Global Warming and Ice Ages: I. Prospects For Physics Based Modulation of Global Change, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), CA (USA), Preprint UCRL-JC-128715, 1997.
85. Teller, E., Hyde, R., and Wood, L.: Active Climate Stabilization: Practical Physics-Based Approaches to Prevention of Climate Change, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), CA (USA), Preprint UCRL-JC-148012, 2002.
86. Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Kiehl, J. T.: Earth's global energy budget, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90,.311-323, 2009.
87. Tsvetsinskaya, E. A., Schaaf, C. B., Gao, F., Strahler, A. H., Dickinson, R. E., Zeng, X., and Lucht, W.: Relating MODISderived surface albedo to soils and rock types over Northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula, Geophys. Res. Lett, 29,1353, doi:10.1029/2001GL014096, 2002.
88. Twohy, C. H., Petters, M. D., Snider, J. R., Stevens, B., Tahnk, W., Wetzel, M., Russell, L., and Burnet, F.: Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D08203, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005116, 2005.
89. Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251-1256, 1974.
90. Twomey, S.: Aerosols, clouds and radiation, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2435-2442, 1991.
91. Vaughan, N. E. and Lenton, T. M.: A review of climate geoengineering proposals, Climatic Change, submitted, 2009.
92. Vogt, M., Vallina, S., and von Glasow, R.: New directions: Correspondence on "enhancing the natural cycle to slow global warming", Atmos. Environ., 42,.4803-4805, 2008.
93. Wigley, T. M. L.: A combined mitigation/geoengineering approach to climate stabilization, Science, 314, 452-454, 2006.
94. Wingenter, O. W., Elliot, S. M., and Blake, D. R.: New directions: Enhancing the natural sulphur cycle to slow global warming, Atmos. Environ, 41, 7373-7375, 2007.
95. Winjum, J. K., Dixon, R. K., and Schroeder, P. E.: Estimating the global potential of forest and agroforest management practices to sequester carbon, Water Air Soil Poll., 64, 213-227, 1992.
96. Woodhouse, M. T., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., and Boucher, O.: New Directions: The impact of oceanic iron fertilisation on cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5728-5730, 2008.
97. 2 levels, Geophys. Res. Lett, 32, L09703, doi:10.1029/2005GL022449, 2005.
98. 2 capture from ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7558-7563, 2007.
99. Zhou, S. and Flynn, P. C.: Geoengineering downwelling ocean currents: A cost assessment, Climatic Change, 71, 203-220, 2005.