Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact

Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres

Volumn 110, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1-16

  Twohy, Cynthia H ^a   Petters, Markus D ^b   Snider, Jefferson R ^b   Stevens, Bjorn ^c   Tahnk, William ^a   Wetzel, Melanie ^d   Russell, Lynn ^e   Burnet, Frédéric ^f  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f CENTRE NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL PROPERTY; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; OPTICAL DEPTH; RADIATIVE FORCING; STRATOCUMULUS;

OCEANIC REGIONS; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTHEAST); WORLD;

EID: 21244493561     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004JD005116     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Ackerman, A. S., O. B. Toon, and P. V. Hobbs (1993), Dissipation of marine stratiform clouds and collapse of the marine boundary layer due to the depletion of cloud condensation nuclei by clouds, Science, 262, 226-228.
2. Ackerman, A. S., O. B. Toon, D. E. Stevens, A. J. Heyrnsfield, V. Ramanathan, and E. J. Welton (2000), Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288, 1042-1047.
3. Ackerman, A. S., O. B. Toon, D. E. Stevens, and J. A. Coakley Jr. (2003), Enhancement of cloud cover and suppression of nocturnal drizzle in stratocumulus polluted by haze, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1381, doi:10.1029/2002GL016634.
4. Ackerman, A. S., M. Kilpatrick, D. Stevens, and O. B. Toon (2004), Entraimment, drizzle, and stratocumulus cloud albedo, paper presented at 14th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, World Meteorol. Org., Bologna, Italy, 18-23 July.
5. Albrecht, B. A. (1989), Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230.
6. Austin, P. H., Y. Wang, R. Pincus, and V. Kujala (1995), Precipitation in stratocumulus clouds: Observational and modeling results, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2329-2352.
7. Barrett, E. W., F. P. Parungo, and R. F. Pueschel (1979), Cloud modification by urban pollution: A physical demonstration, Meteorol. Rundsch., 32, 136-149.
8. Baumgardner, D., W. A. Cooper, and J. E. Dye (1990), Optical and electronic limitations of the forward-scattering spectrometer probe, in Liquid Particle Size Techniques, vol. 2, edited by E. D. Hirleman, W. D. Bachalo, and P. G. Felton, ASTM STP 1083, pp. 115-127, Am. Soc. for Test. and Mater., West Conshohocken, Pa.
9. Bougeaut, P. (1985), The diumal cycle of the marine stratocumulus layer: A higher-order model study, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2826-2843.
10. Brenguier, J. L., T. Bourrianne, A. A. Coelho, J. Isbert, R. Peytavi, D. Trevarin, and P. Wechsler (1998), Improvements of the droplet size distribution measurements with the Fast-FSSP, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1077-1090.
11. Brenguier, J. L., P. Y. Chuang, Y. Fouquart, D. W. Johnson, F. Parol, H. Pawlowska, J. Pelon, L. Schüller, F. Schröder, and J. R. Snider (2000a), An overview of the ACE-2 CLOUDY- COLUMN Closure Experiment, Tellus, Ser. B, 52, 814-826.
12. Brenguier, J. L., H. Pawlowska, L. Schuller, R. Preusker, J. Fischer, and Y. Fouquart (2000b), Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: Droplet effective radius versus number concentration, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 803-821.
13. Brenguier, J. L., H. Pawlowska, and L. Schüller (2003), Cloud microphysical and radiative properties for parameterization and satellite monitoring of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D 15), 8632, doi:10.1029/2002JD002682.
14. Charlson, R. J., J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, and S. G. Warren (1987), Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 325, 655-661.
15. Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley Jr., J. E. Hansen, and D. J. Hofftman (1992), Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255, 423-430.
16. Coakley, J. A., and C. D. Walsh (2002), Limits to the aerosol indirect radiative effect derived from observations of ship tracks, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 668-680.
17. Conant, W. C., et al. (2004), Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure in warm clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13204, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD004324.
18. Durkee, P. A., K. J. Noone, and R. T. Bluth (2000), The Monterey Area Ship Track experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2523-2541.
19. Faloona, I., D. Lenschow, T. Campos, B. Stevens, M. Van Zanten, B. Blomquist, D. Thornton, A. Bandy, and H. Gerber (2005), Observations of entrainment in eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus using three conserved scalars, J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
20. Feingold, G., and P. Y. Chuang (2002), Analysis of the influence of film-forming compounds on droplet growth: Implications for cloud microphysical processes and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2006-2018.
21. Fitzgerald, J. W., and P. A. Spyers-Duran (1973), Changes in cloud nucleus concentration and cloud droplet size distribution associated with pollution from St. Louis, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 511-516.
22. Frick, G. M., and W. A. Hoppel (1993), Airship measurements of aerosol size distributions, cloud droplet spectra, and trace gas concentrations in the marine boundary layer, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2195-2202.
23. Guibert, S., J. R. Snider, and J. L. Brenguier (2003), Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 1. Measurement validation for a closure study, J. Geophys. Res., 108(DI5), 8629, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002692.
24. Gultepe, I., G. A. Isaac, W. R. Leaitch, and C. M. Banic (1996), Parameterizations of marine stratus microphysics based on in situ observations: Implications for GCMS, J. Clim., 9, 345-357.
25. Han, Q., W. B. Rossow, and A. A. Lacis (1994), Near-global survey of effective droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data, J. Clim., 7, 465-497.
26. Han, Q., W. B. Rossow, J. Zeng, and R. Welch (2002), Three different behaviors of liquid water path of water clouds in aerosol-cloud-interactions, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 726-735.
27. Hansen, J. E., and L. D. Travis (1974), Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 16, 527-610.
28. Hegg, D. A. (1999), Dependence of marine stratocumulus formation on aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1429-1432.
29. Heintzenberg, J., D. C. Covert, and R. Van Dingenen (2000), Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: A compilation and review, Tellus, Ser. B, 52, 1104-1122.
30. Hoppel, W. A., G. M. Frick, J. W. Fitzgerald, and R. E. Larson (1994), Marine boundary layer measurements of new particle formation and the effects of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14,443-14,459.
31. Jaffe, D., et al. (1999), Transport of Asian air pollution to North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 711-714.
32. Kim, Y., and R. D. Cess (1993), Effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols on low-level cloud albedo over oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14,883-14,885.
33. King, W. D., J. E. Dye, J. W. Strapp, D. Baumgardner, and D. Huffman (1985), Icing wind tunnel tests on the CSIRO liquid water probe, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 293-303.
34. Leaitch, W. R., G. A. Isaac, J. W. Strapp, C. M. Banic, and H. A. Wiebe (1992), The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution: Observations and climatic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2463-2472.
35. Martin, G. M., D. W. Johnson, and A. Spice (1994), The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842.
36. McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield (2001), Parameterizations of INDOEX microphysical measurements and calculations of cloud susceptibility: Applications for climate studies, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,675-28,698.
37. Meador, W. E., and W. R. Weaver (1980), Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres: A unified description of existing methods and a new improvement, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 630-643.
38. Nakajima, T., M. D. King, J. D. Spinhirne, and L. F. Radke (1991), Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part II: Marine stratocumulus observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 728-750.
39. Nakajima, T., A. Higurashi, K. Kawamoto, and J. E. Penner (2001), A possible correlation between satellite-derived cloud and aerosol microphysical properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1171-1174.
40. Noonkester, V. R. (1984), Droplet spectra observed in marine stratus cloud layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 829.
41. O'Dowd, C. D., J. Lowe, M. H. Smith, and A. D. Kaye (1999), The relative importance of sea-salt and nss-sulphate aerosol to the marine CCN population: An improved multi-component aerosol-droplet parameterization, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1295-1313.
42. Pawlowska, H., and J.-L. Brenguier (2003), An observational study of drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds for general circulation model (GCM) parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 8630, doi:10.1029/2002JD002679.
43. Petters, M. D. (2004), Cloud condensation nuclei: Measurement, prediction and effects on remote marine stratocumulus clouds, Ph.D. dissertation, 154 pp., Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie.
44. Pincus, R., and M. B. Baker (1994), Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer, Nature, 372, 250-252.
45. Platnick, S., and S. Twomey (1994), Determining the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in droplet concentration with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 334-347.
46. Radke, L. F., J. A. Coakley Jr., and M. D. King (1989), Direct and remote sensing observations of the effects of ships on clouds, Science, 246, 1146-1148.
47. Raga, G. B., and P. R. Jonas (1993), On the link between cloud-top radiative properties and sub-cloud aerosol concentrations, Q. J R. Meteorol. Soc., 119, 1419-1425.
48. Rosenfeld, D. (2000), Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution, Science, 287, 1793-1796.
49. Russell, L. M., S. H. Zhang, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, M. R. Stolzenburg, and R. Caldow (1996), Radially classified aerosol detector for aircraft-based submicron aerosol measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 598-609.
50. Sassen, K., D. Starr, G. G. Mace, M. R. Poellot, S. H. Melfi, W. L. Eberhard, J. D. Spinhirne, E. W. Eloranta, D. E. Hagan, and J. Hallett (1995), The 5-6 December 1991 FIRE IFO-II jet-stream cirrus case-study-Possible influences of volcanic aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 97-123.
51. Schubert, W. H. (1976), Experiments with Lilly's cloud-topped mixed layer model, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 436-446.
52. Schüller, L., J. L. Brenguier, and H. Pawlowska (2003), Retrieval of microphysical, geometrical, and radiative properties of marine stratocumulus from remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D15), 8631, doi:10.1029/2002JD002680.
53. Snider, J. R., S. Guibert, J.-L. Brenguier, and J.-P. Putand (2003), Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. Köhler and parcel theory closure studies, J. Geophys. Res., 108(DI5), 8629, doi:10.1029/2002JD002692.
54. Stephens, G. L. (1978), Radiation profiles in extended water clouds, II, Parametrization schemes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132.
55. Stevens, B., W. R. Cotton, G. Feingold, and C. H. Moeng (1998), Large eddy simulations of strongly precipitating, shallow, stratocumulus-topped boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616-3638.
56. Stevens, B., et al. (2003), Dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus-DYCOMS-II (and electronic supplement), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 579-593.
57. Stevens, B., G. Vali, K. Comstock, R. Wood, M. C. Van Zanten, P. H. Austin, C. S. Bretherton, and D. H. Lenschow (2005), Pockets of open cells (POCs) and drizzle in marine stratocumulus, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86(1), 51-57, doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-1-51.
58. Ström, J., and S. Ohlsson (1998), In situ measurements of enhanced crystal number densities in cirrus clouds caused by aircraft exhaust, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,355-11,361.
59. Taylor, J. P., M. D. Glew, J. A. Coakley Jr., W. R. Tahnk, S. Platnick, P. V. Hobbs, and R. J. Ferek (2000), Effects of aerosols on the radiative properties of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2656-2670.
60. Twohy, C. H. (1991), Airborne Condensation Nucleus Counter user's guide, Tech. Note TN-356+EDD, 21 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
61. Twohy, C. H., A. D. Clarke, S. G. Warren, L. F. Radke, and R. J. Charlson (1989), Light-absorbing material extracted from cloud droplets and its effect on cloud albedo, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8623-8631.
62. Twohy, C. H., P. A. Durkee, B. J. Huebert, and R. J. Charlson (1995), Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds, J. Clim., 8, 773-783.
63. Twohy, C. H., J. G. Hudson, S. S. Yum, J. R. Anderson, S. K. Durlak, and D. Baumgardner (2001), Characteristics of cloud nucleating aerosols in the Indian Ocean region, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,699-28,710.
64. Twomey, S. (1974), Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251-1256.
65. Twomey, S. (1991), Aerosols, clouds andradiation, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 25, 2435-2442.
66. VanReken, T. M., T. A. Rissman, G. C. Roberts, V. Varutbangkul, H. H. Jonsson, R. C. Flagan, and J. H. Seinfeld (2003), Toward aerosol/cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) closure during CRYSTAL-FACE, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4633, doi:10.1029/2003JD003582.
67. Van Zanten, M. C., B. Stevens, G. Vali, and D. H. Lenschow (2005), Observations of drizzle in nocturnal marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
68. Vong, R. J., and D. S. Covert (1998), Simultaneous observations of aerosol and cloud droplet size spectra in marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2180-2192.
69. Weber, R. J., A. D. Clarke, M. Litchy, J. Li, G. Kok, R. D. Schillawski, and P. H. McMurry (1998), Spurious aerosol measurements when sampling from aircraft in the vicinity of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,337-28,346.
70. Wetzel, M. A., and L. L. Stowe (1999), Satellite-observed patterns in stratus microphysics, aerosol optical thickness, and shortwave radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31,287-31,299.
71. Yum, S. S., and J. G. Hudson (2002), Maritime/continental microphysical contrasts in stratus, Tellus, Ser. B, 54, 61-73.