Geochemistry and palaeogeography of upper Ordovician glaciogenic sedimentary rocks in the Table Mountain Group, South Africa

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 214, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 323-345

  Young, Grant M ^a   Minter, W E L ^b   Theron, J N ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^c Geological Survey of South Africa   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Geochemistry; Glaciation; Ordovician; Shale

Indexed keywords

DEGLACIATION; DIAMICTITE; GEOCHEMISTRY; GLACIAL DEPOSIT; ORDOVICIAN; SEA LEVEL CHANGE;

AFRICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WORLD;

EID: 7744230626     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00399-2     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. R.J. Aldridge, and J.N. Theron Conodonts with preserved soft tissue from a new Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstäate J. Micropaleontol. 12 1993 113 117
2. R.J. Aldridge, J.N. Theron, and S.E. Gabbott The Soom Shale: a unique Ordovician fossil horizon in South Africa Geol. Today 10 1994 218 221
3. H.A. Armstrong, and A.L. Coe Deep-sea sediments record the geophysiology of the late Ordovician glaciation J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 154 1997 929 934
4. R.A. Astini, J.L. Benedetto, and N.E. Vaccari The early Paleozoic evolution of the Argentine Precordillera as a Laurentian rifted, drifted and collided terrane: a geodynamic model Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 107 1995 253 273
5. C.R. Barnes Patterns of eustasy, paleoceanography and conodont biotic change associated with the terminal Ordovician glaciation (abs.) Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 33 2001 214
6. 2 over Phanerozoic time Am. J. Sci. 291 1991 339 376
7. B.N. Berry, and S.C. Finney The Queenston sedimentary complex; a link with late Ordovician glaciation? (abs.) Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 33 2001 215
8. S. Beuf, B. Biju-Duval, O. De Charpal, P. Rognon, O. Gariel, and A. Bennacef Les Gres du Paleozoique Inferieur au Sahara. Sedimentation et discontinuites, evolution structurale d'un craton 1971 Technip Paris 464
9. Blignault, H.J., 1970. Contemporaneous glacial folding in the Table Mountain Group, Western Cape. M.Sc. thesis, University of Stellenbosch.
10. A.J. Boucot The Ordovician-Silurian boundary in South America. British Museum of Natural History Geol. Bull. 43 1988 285 290
11. P.J. Brenchley, and G. Newall A facies analysis of upper Ordovician regressive sequences in the Oslo region, Norway-a record of glacio-eustatic changes Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 31 1980 1 38
12. P.J. Brenchley, J.D. Marshall, G.A.F. Carden, D.B.R. Robertson, D.G.F. Long, T. Meidla, L. Himts, and T.F. Anderson Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period Geology 22 1994 295 298
13. H.J. Brumsack Geochemistry of recent TOC-rich sediments from the Gulf of California and the Black Sea Geol. Rundsch. 78 1989 851 882
14. S.E. Calvert The mineralogy and geochemistry of near-shore sediments J.R. Riley R. Chester Chemical Oceanography 2nd ed. 1976 Academic Press NY 187 280
15. J. Carroll, and W.S. Moore Uranium removal during low discharge in the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 1994 4987 4995
16. L.R.M. Cocks, and W.S. McKerrow A reassessment of the early Ordovician "Celtic" brachiopod province J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 150 1993 1039 1042
17. L.R.M. Cocks, and T.H. Torsvig Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and palaeomagnetic review J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 159 2002 631 644
18. K.C. Condie Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales Chem. Geol. 104 1993 1 37
19. J.C. Crowell Pre-Mesozoic Ice ages: their bearing on understanding the climate system Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. 192 1999 (106 pp.)
20. 2 levels J. Geophys. Res. 96 1991 22597 22610
21. T.J. Crowley, S.K. Baum, and K.Y. Kim General-circulation model sensitivity, experiments with pole-centred supercontinents J. Geophys. Res. 98 1993 8793 8800
22. B. Daily, and M.R. Cooper Clastic wedges and patterned ground in the late Ordovician-early Silurian tillites of South Africa Sedimentology 23 1976 271 283
23. I.W.D. Dalziel, L.H. Dalla Salda, and L.M. Gahagan Paleozoic Laurentia-Gondwana interaction and the origin of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 106 1994 243 252
24. J.S. Davis, S.M. Roeske, W.C. McLelland, and S.M. Kay Mafic and ultramafic crustal fragments of the southwestern Precordillera terrane and their bearing on tectonic models of the early Paleozoic in western Argentina Geology 28 2000 171 174
25. M. Deynoux, and R. Trompette Late Ordovician tillites of the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa M.J. Hambrey W.B. Harland Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record 1981 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 582 584
26. R.H. Dott The importance of eolian abrasion in supermature sandstones and the paradox of weathering on vegetation-free landscapes J. Geol. 111 2003 387 405
27. N. Eyles Earth's glacial record and its tectonic setting Earth-Sci. Rev. 35 1993 1 248
28. C.M. Fedo, H.W. Nesbitt, and G.M. Young Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance Geology 23 1995 921 924
29. C.M. Fedo, G.M. Young, and H.W. Nesbitt Paleoclimatic control on the composition of the Paleoproterozoic Serpent Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada: a greenhouse to icehouse transition Precambrian Res. 86 1997 201 223
30. Q.J. Fisher, and P.B. Wignall Palaeoenvironmental controls on the uranium distribution in an Upper Carboniferous black shale, Gastrioceras listeri Marien Band and associated strata; England Chem. Geol. 175 2001 605 621
31. R.A. Fortey, and R.M. Cocks Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions Earth-Sci. Rev. 61 2003 245 307
32. S.H. Gabbott Taphonomy of the Ordovician Soom Shale Lagerstatte: an example of soft tissue preservation in clay minerals Palaeontology 41 1998 631 667
33. S.H. Gabbott, R.J. Aldridge, and J.N. Theron Chitinozoan chains and cocoons from the Upper Ordovician Soom Shale lagerstatte, South Africa: implications for affinity J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 155 1998 447 452
34. J.F. Ghienne, H. Kozla, W.T. Dean, Y. Gunay, and O. Monod Discovery of the northernmost Gondwanian evidence of an Upper Ordovician glacier, Southern Turkey (abs.) Abstracts of the European Union of Geosciences vol. XI 2001 103
35. 2 threshold for glaciation in the late Ordovician Geology 25 1997 447 450
36. W.D. Goodfellow, G.S. Nowlan, A.D. McCracken, A.C. Lenz, and D.C. Gregoire Geochemical anomalies near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, northern Yukon Territory, Canada Hist. Biol. 6 1992 1 23
37. Y. Grahn, and M.V. Caputo Early Silurian glaciations in Brazil Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 99 1992 9 15
38. M.J. Hambrey The late Ordovician-early Silurian glacial period Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 51 1985 273 289
39. S.H. Haughton, A.V. Krige, and L.J. Krige On intraformational folding connected with the glacial bed in the Table Mountain Sandstone Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 28 1925 19 26
40. G.R. Helz, C.V. Miller, J.M. Charnock, J.F.W. Mosselmans, R.A.D. Patrick, C.D. Garner, S. Hunt, and M. Nixon Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales: EXAFS evidence Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1996 3631 3642
41. R.M. Junnila, and G.M. Young The Paleoproterozoic upper Gowganda Formation, Whitefish Falls area, Ontario, Canada: subaqueous deposits of a braid delta Can. J. Earth Sci. 32 1995 197 209
42. G.P. Klinkhammer, and M.R. Palmer Uranium in the oceans: where it goes and why Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 1991 1799 1806
43. L.R. Kump, M.T. Gibbs, M.A. Arthur, M.E. Patzkowsky, and P.M. Sheehan Hirnantian glaciation and the carbon cycle J.D. Cooper M.L. Droser S.C. Finney 7th International Symposium on the Ordovician System: Fullerton, California 1995 Pacific Section, Society for Sedimentary Geology, SEPM 299 302
44. D.A. Lindsey Glacial sedimentation of the Precambrian Gowganda formation, Ontario, Canada Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 80 1969 1685 1704
45. S. Luning, J. Craig, D.K. Loydell, P. Storch, and B. Fitches Lower Silurian "hot shales" in North Africa and Arabia: regional distribution and depositional model Earth-Sci. Rev. 49 2000 121 200
46. C. Mac Niocaill, B.A. Van der Pluijm, and R. Van der Voo Ordovician paleogeography and the evolution of the Iapetus Ocean Geology 25 1997 159 162
47. J.W. Marchant, and A.E. Moore Geochemistry of the Table Mountain Group: II. Analysis of two suites of western Graafwater rocks Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 81 1978 353 359
48. J.D. Marshall, B. P.J., P. Mason, G.A. Wolff, R.A. Astini, L. Hints, and T. Meidla Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the late Ordovician Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 132 1997 195 210
49. W.S. McKerrow Ordovician and Silurian changes in sea level J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 136 1979 137 145
50. H.W. Nesbitt, and G.M. Young Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites Nature 299 1982 715 717
51. H.W. Nesbitt, and G.M. Young Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 1984 1523 1534
52. H.W. Nesbitt, and G.M. Young Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles J. Geol. 97 1989 129 147
53. H.W. Nesbitt, G.M. Young, S.M. McLennan, and R.R. Keays Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies J. Geol. 104 1996 525 542
54. R.B. Neuman Geology and paleobiology of islands in the Ordovician Iapetus Ocean Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 95 1984 1188 1201
55. C.J. Orth, J.S. Gilmore, L.R. Quintana, and P.M. Sheehan Terminal Ordovician extinction: geochemical analysis of the Ordovician/Silurian boundary, Anticosti Island, Quebec Geology 14 1986 433 436
56. F. Paris, Z. Elaouad-Debbaj, J.C. Jaglin, D. Massa, and L. Oulebsir Chitinozoans and late Ordovician glacial events on Gondwana J.D. Cooper M.L. Droser S.C. Finney Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System, Las Vegas, Nevada 1995 Pacific Section, Society for Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Fullerton, California 171 176
57. M.C. Pope, and J.B. Steffen Upwelling in the Montoya Group; evidence for prolonged Ordovician glaciation (abs.) Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am. 33 2001 214 215
58. R.H. Rainbird, and J.A. Donaldson Nonglaciogenic deltaic deposits in the early Proterozoic Gowganda Formation, Cobalt Basin, Ontario Can. J. Earth Sci. 25 1988 710 724
59. R.H. Rainbird, H.W. Nesbitt, and J.A. Donaldson Formation and diagenesis of a sub-Huronian saprolith: comparison with a modern weathering profile J. Geol. 98 1990 801 822
60. M.E. Raymo Geochemical evidence supports T.C. Chamberlin's theory of glaciation Geology 19 1991 344 347
61. M.E. Raymo, and W.F. Ruddiman Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate Nature 359 1992 117 122
62. P.C. Reid, and M.E. Tucker Probable late Ordovician glacial marine deposits from northern Sierra Leone Nat. Phys. Sci. 238 1972 38 40
63. Rust, I.C., 1967. On the sedimentation of the Table Mountain Group in the Western Cape Province. D.Sc. thesis, University of Stellenbosch.
64. I.C. Rust The evolution of the Paleozoic Cape Basin, southern margin of Africa A.E.M. Nairn F.G. Stehli The Ocean Basins and Margins, v. 1, The Southern Atlantic 1973 Plenum Press New York 247 276
65. I.C. Rust Lower Palaeozoic rocks of southen Africa C.H. Holland Lower Palaeozoic of the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Africa and Antarctica 1981 John Wiley and Sons Chichester 165 187
66. S. Sharma, G.R. Dix, and J.F.V. Riva Late Ordovician platform foundering, its paleoceanography and burial, as preserved in separate, eastern Michigan Basin, Ottawa Embayment basins, southern Ontario Can. J. Earth Sci. 40 2003 135 148
67. P.M. Sheehan Late Ordovician events and the terminal Ordovician extinction D.L. Wolberg Contributions to Paleozoic Paleontology and Stratigraphy in honor of Rousseau H. Flower 1988 New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources 405 415
68. A.G. Smith Estimates of the Earth's spin, geographic axis relative to Gondwana from glacial sediments and paleomagnetism Earth-Sci. Rev. 42 1997 161 179
69. A.D. Stewart Geochemistry, provenance and climate of the Upper Proterozoic Stoer Group in Scotland Scott. J. Geol. 26 1990 89 97
70. O.E. Sutcliffe, J.A. Dowdeswell, R.J. Whittington, J.N. Theron, and J. Craig Calibrating the late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction by the eccentricity cycles of Earth's orbit Geology 28 2000 967 970
71. M.R. Talbot Evidence for the late Ordovician glaciation in Ghana? 19th Annual Report of the Research Institute on African Geology 1975 University of Leeds 15 18
72. A.J. Tankard, M.P.A. Jackson, K.A. Eriksson, D.K. Hobday, D.R. Hunter, and W.E.L. Minter Crustal Evolution of Southern Africa: 3.8 Billion Years of Earth History 1982 Springe-Verlag Berlin 523 pp.
73. R.S. Taylor, and S.M. McLennan The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution 1985 Blackwell Oxford 312 pp.
74. J.N. Theron, and A.G. Thamm Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Cape Supergroup in the Western Cape. Guidebook Geocongress '90 Geol. Soc. S. Afr. PR2 1990 1 64
75. P.C. van de Kamp, and B.E. Leake Mineralogy, geochemistry, provenance and sodium metasomatism of Torridonian rift basin clastic rocks, NW Scotland Scott. J. Geol. 33 1997 105 124
76. D. Vaslet Upper Ordovician glacial deposits in Saudi Arabia Episodes 13 1990 147 161
77. Visser, J.N.J., 1962. Die Voorkoms en Oorsprong van die Tillietband in die Serie Tafelberg.M.Sc. thesis, University of the Orange Free State, South Africa.
78. J.N.J. Visser The Table Mountain Group: a study in the deposition of quartz arenites on a stable shelf Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 77 1974 229 237
79. P. Wilde, W.B.N. Berry, M.S. Quinby-Hunt, C.J. Orth, and L.R. Quintana Iridium abundance across the Ordovician-Silurian stratotype Science 233 1986 339 341
80. G.M. Young, and H.W. Nesbitt Geochemical investigation of the paleoclimatology and provenance of the Paleoproterozoic Gowganda Formation, Ontario, Canada Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 111 1999 264 274