Cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson disease

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 903-912

  Leverenz, James B ^a,c,d   Quinn, Joseph F ^a,b   Zabetian, Cyrus ^a,c   Zhang, Jing ^c   Montine, Kathleen S ^c   Montine, Thomas J ^c  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; Cognitive impairment; Demenita with Lewy bodies; Dementia; Parkinson disease

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADULT; CAREGIVER; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PARKINSON DISEASE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE;

EID: 74249120831     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156802609789378218     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Dorsey, E.R.; Constantinescu, R.; Thompson, J.P.; Biglan, K.M.; Holloway, R.G.; Kieburtz, K.; Marshall, F.J.; Ravina, B.M.; Schifitto, G.; Siderowf, A.; Tanner, C.M. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology 2007, 68, 384-386.
2. Poewe, W.H.; Wenning, G.K. The natural history of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1996, 47, S146-152.
3. Parkinson, J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy; Sherwood, Neely and Jones: London, 1817.
4. Emre, M.; Aarsland, D.; Brown, R.; Burn, D.J.; Duyckaerts, C.; Mizuno, Y.; Broe, G.A.; Cummings, J.; Dickson, D.W.; Gauthier, S.; Goldman, J.; Goetz, C.; Korczyn, A.; Lees, A.; Levy, R.; Litvan, I.; McKeith, I.; Olanow, W.; Poewe, W.; Quinn, N.; Sampaio, C.; Tolosa, E.; Dubois, B. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2007, 22, 1689-1707; quiz 1837.
5. Schrag, A.; Jahanshahi, M.; Quinn, N. How does Parkinson's disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population. Mov. Disord. 2000, 15, 1112-1118.
6. Nussbaum, M.; Treves, T.A.; Inzelberg, R.; Rabey, J.M.; Korczyn, A.D. Survival in Parkinson's disease: the effect of dementia. Parkinsonism Rel. Disord. 1998, 4, 179-181.
7. Aarsland, D.; Larsen, J.P.; Karlsen, K.; Lim, N.G.; Tandberg, E. Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease are important contributors to caregiver distress. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychol. 1999, 14, 866-874.
8. Mayeux, R.; Denaro, J.; Hemenegildo, N.; Marder, K.; Tang, M.X.; Cote, L.J.; Stern, Y. A population-based investigation of parkinsons-disease with and without dementia - relationship to age and gender. Arch. Neurol. 1992, 49, 492-497.
9. Aarsland, D.; Tandberg, E.; Larsen, J.P.; Cummings, J.L. Frequency of dementia in Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 1996, 53, 538-542.
10. Hobson, P.; Meara, J. Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom. Mov. Disord. 2004, 19, 1043-1049.
11. Marttila, R.J.; Rinne, U.K. Dementia in Parkinsons-Disease. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 1976, 54, 431-441.
12. Buter, T.C.; van den Hout, A.; Matthews, F.E.; Larsen, J.P.; Brayne, C.; Aarsland, D. Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology 2008, 70, 1017-1022.
13. Mayeux, R.; Chen, J.; Mirabello, E.; Marder, K.; Bell, K.; Dooneief, G.; Cote, L.; Stern, Y. An estimate of the incidence of dementia in idiopathic parkinsons-disease. Neurology 1990, 40, 1513-1517.
14. Kraybill, M.L.; Larson, E.B.; Tsuang, D.W.; Teri, L.; McCormick, W.C.; Bowen, J.D.; Kukull, W.A.; Leverenz, J.B.; Cherrier, M.M. Cognitive differences in dementia patients with autopsy-verified AD, Lewy body pathology, or both. Neurology 2005, 64, 2069-2073.
15. Galasko, D.; Katzman, R.; Salmon, D.P.; Hansen, L. Clinical and neuropathological findings in Lewy body dementias. Brain Cogn. 1996, 31, 166-175.
16. Lees, A.J.; Smith, E. Cognitive Deficits in the Early Stages of Parkinsons-Disease. Brain 1983, 106, 257-270.
17. Taylor, A.E.; Saintcyr, J.A.; Lang, A.E. Frontal-lobe dysfunction in parkinsons-disease - the cortical focus of neostriatal Outflow. Brain 1986, 109, 845-883.
18. Owen, A.M.; James, M.; Leigh, P.N.; Summers, B.A.; Marsden, C.D.; Quinn, N.P.; Lange, K.W.; Robbins, T.W. Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1992, 115 (Pt. 6), 1727-1751.
19. Dubois, B.; Pillon, B. Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. 1997, 244, 2-8.
20. Aarsland, D.; Bronnick, K.; Larsen, J.P.; Tysnes, O.B.; Alves, G. Cognitive impairment in incident, untreated Parkinson disease: the Norwegian ParkWest study. Neurology 2009, 72, 1121-1126.
21. Williams-Gray, C.H.; Foltynie, T.; Brayne, C.E.; Robbins, T.W.; Barker, R.A. Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort. Brain 2007, 130, 1787-1798.
22. Woods, S.P.; Troster, A.I. Prodromal frontal/executive dysfunction predicts incident dementia in Parkinson's disease. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2003, 9, 17-24.
23. Braak, H.; Rub, U.; Jansen Steur, E.N.; Del Tredici, K.; de Vos, R.A. Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005, 64, 1404-1410.
24. Leverenz, J.B.; McKeith, I.G. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Med. Clin. North Am. 2002, 86, 519-535.
25. McKeith, I.G.; Burn, D.J.; Ballard, C.G.; Collerton, D.; Jaros, E.; Morris, C.M.; McLaren, A.; Perry, E.K.; Perry, R.; Piggott, M.A.; O'Brien, J.T. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 2003, 8, 46-57.
26. McKeith, I.G.; Dickson, D.W.; Lowe, J.; Emre, M.; O'Brien, J.T.; Feldman, H.; Cummings, J.; Duda, J.E.; Lippa, C.; Perry, E.K.; Aarsland, D.; Arai, H.; Ballard, C.G.; Boeve, B.; Burn, D.J.; Costa, D.; Del Ser, T.; Dubois, B.; Galasko, D.; Gauthier, S.; Goetz, C.G.; Gomez-Tortosa, E.; Halliday, G.; Hansen, L.A.; Hardy, J.; Iwatsubo, T.; Kalaria, R.N.; Kaufer, D.; Kenny, R.A.; Korczyn, A.; Kosaka, K.; Lee, V.M.; Lees, A.; Litvan, I.; Londos, E.; Lopez, O.L.; Minoshima, S.; Mizuno, Y.; Molina, J.A.; Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B.; Pasquier, F.; Perry, R.H.; Schulz, J.B.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Yamada, M. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005, 65, 1863-1872.
27. Langston, J.W. The Parkinson's complex: parkinsonism is just the tip of the iceberg. Ann. Neurol. 2006, 59, 591-596.
28. Lowe, J.L.; Graham, D.I.; Leigh, P.N. In Greenfield's Neuropathology. Graham, D.I.; Lantos, P.L., Eds.; Arnold: London, 1997, pp 281-366.
29. Jankovic, J.; Kapadia, A.S. Functional decline in Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 2001, 58, 1611-1615.
30. Fearnley, J.M.; Lees, A.J. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 1991, 114 (Pt. 5), 2283-2301.
31. Forno, L.S. Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1996, 55, 259-272.
32. Gibb, W.R. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease and the Lewy body disorders. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1986, 12, 223-234.
33. Braak, H.; Del Tredici, K.; Bratzke, H.; Hamm-Clement, J.; Sandmann-Keil, D.; Rub, U. Staging of the intracerebral inclusion body pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (preclinical and clinical stages). J. Neurol. 2002, 249 (Suppl. 3), III/1-5.
34. Jellinger, K.A. The pathology of Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol. 2001, 86, 55-72.
35. Jellinger, K.A. Recent developments in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2002, 347-376.
36. Braak, H.; Del Tredici, K.; Rub, U.; de Vos, R.A.; Jansen Steur, E.N.; Braak, E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2003, 24, 197-211.
37. Jellinger, K.A. Alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brain: incidence and topographic distribution - a pilot study. Acta Neuropathol. 2003, 106, 191-201.
38. Hurtig, H.I.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Galvin, J.; Ewbank, D.; Schmidt, M.L.; Lee, V.M.Y.; Clark, C.M.; Glosser, G.; Stern, M.B.; Gollomp, S.M.; Arnold, S.E. Alpha-synuclein cortical Lewy bodies correlate with dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2000, 54, 1916-1921.
39. Haroutunian, V.; Serby, M.; Purohit, D.P.; Perl, D.P.; Marin, D.; Lantz, M.; Mohs, R.C.; Davis, K.L. Contribution of lewy body inclusions to dementia in patients with and without Alzheimer disease neuropathological conditions. Arch. Neurol. 2000, 57, 1145-1150.
40. Aarsland, D.; Perry, R.; Brown, A.; Larsen, J.P.; Ballard, C. Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a prospective, community-based study. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 58, 773-776.
41. Bancher, C.; Braak, H.; Fischer, P.; Jellinger, K.A. Neuropathological staging of alzheimer lesions and intellectual status in Alzheimers and Parkinsons-disease patients. Neurosci. Lett. 1993, 162, 179-182.
42. Jendroska, K. The relationship of Alzheimer-type pathology to dementia in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm.-Suppl. 1997, 23-31.
43. Papapetropoulos, S.; Lieberman, A.; Gonzalez, J.; Mash, D.C. Can Alzheimer's type pathology influence the clinical phenotype of Parkinson's disease? Acta Neurol. Scand. 2005, 111, 353-359.
44. Rinne, J.O.; Rummukainen, J.; Paljarvi, L.; Sako, E.; Molsa, P.; Rinne, U.K. Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in relation to extrapyramidal symptoms and dementia. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1989, 317, 325-332.
45. Emre, M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2003, 2, 229-237.
46. Rub, U.; Del Tredici, K.; Schultz, C.; Ghebremedhin, E.; de Vos, R.A.I.; Steur, E.J.; Braak, H. Parkinson's disease: the thalamic components of the limbic loop are severely impaired by asynuclein immunopositive inclusion body pathology. Neurobiol. Aging 2002, 23, 245-254.
47. Torack, R.M.; Morris, J.C. The Association of Ventral Tegmental Area Histopathology with Adult Dementia. Arch. Neurol. 1988, 45, 497-501.
48. Lippa, C.F.; Duda, J.E.; Grossman, M.; Hurtig, H.I.; Aarsland, D.; Boeve, B.F.; Brooks, D.J.; Dickson, D.W.; Dubois, B.; Emre, M.; Fahn, S.; Farmer, J.M.; Galasko, D.; Galvin, J.E.; Goetz, C.G.; Growdon, J.H.; Gwinn-Hardy, K.A.; Hardy, J.; Heutink, P.; Iwatsubo, T.; Kosaka, K.; Lee, V.M.; Leverenz, J.B.; Masliah, E.; McKeith, I.G.; Nussbaum, R.L.; Olanow, C.W.; Ravina, B.M.; Singleton, A.B.; Tanner, C.M.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Wszolek, Z.K. DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology 2007, 68, 812-819.
49. Galvin, J.E.; Pollack, J.; Morris, J.C. Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology 2006, 67, 1605-1611.
50. Hughes, A.J.; Daniel, S.E.; Blankson, S.; Lees, A.J. A clinicopathological study of 100 cases of parkinsons-disease. Arch. Neurol. 1993, 50, 140-148.
51. Apaydin, H.; Ahlskog, J.E.; Parisi, J.E.; Boeve, B.F.; Dickson, D.W. Parkinson disease neuropathology: later-developing dementia and loss of the levodopa response. Arch. Neurol. 2002, 59, 102-112.
52. Williams, S.M.; Goldman-Rakic, P.S. Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system. Cereb. Cortex 1998, 8, 321-345.
53. Mattay, V.S.; Tessitore, A.; Callicott, J.H.; Bertolino, A.; Goldberg, T.E.; Chase, T.N.; Hyde, T.M.; Weinberger, D.R. Dopaminergic modulation of cortical function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2002, 51, 156-164.
54. Monchi, O.; Petrides, M.; Mejia-Constain, B.; Strafella, A.P. Cortical activity in Parkinson's disease during executive processing depends on striatal involvement. Brain 2007, 130, 233-244.
55. Levy, G.; Tang, M.X.; Cote, L.J.; Louis, E.D.; Alfaro, B.; Mejia, H.; Stern, Y.; Marder, K. Motor impairment in PD: relationship to incident dementia and age. Neurology 2000, 55, 539-544.
56. Scatton, B.; Javoy-Agid, F.; Rouquier, L.; Dubois, B.; Agid, Y. Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 1983, 275, 321-328.
57. Zaja-Milatovic, S.; Keene, C.D.; Montine, K.S.; Leverenz, J.B.; Tsuang, D.; Montine, T.J. Selective dendritic degeneration of medium spiny neurons in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2006, 66, 1591-1593.
58. Zaja-Milatovic, S.; Milatovic, D.; Schantz, A.M.; Zhang, J.; Montine, K.S.; Samii, A.; Deutch, A.Y.; Montine, T.J. Dendritic degeneration in neostriatal medium spiny neurons in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005, 64, 545-547.
59. Koerts, J.; Leenders, K.L.; Koning, M.; Portman, A.T.; van Beilen, M. Striatal dopaminergic activity (FDOPA-PET) associated with cognitive items of a depression scale (MADRS) in Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 25, 3132-3136.
60. Sawamoto, N.; Honda, M.; Hanakawa, T.; Aso, T.; Inoue, M.; Toyoda, H.; Ishizu, K.; Fukuyama, H.; Shibasaki, H. Cognitive slowing in Parkinson disease is accompanied by hypofunctioning of the striatum. Neurology 2007, 68, 1062-1068.
61. Rinne, J.O.; Portin, R.; Ruottinen, H.; Nurmi, E.; Bergman, J.; Haaparanta, M.; Solin, O. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson disease: [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. Arch. Neurol. 2000, 57, 470-475.
62. Kish, S.J.; Shannak, K.; Hornykiewicz, O. Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 318, 876-880.
63. Halliday, G.M.; Li, Y.W.; Blumbergs, P.C.; Joh, T.H.; Cotton, R.G.; Howe, P.R.; Blessing, W.W.; Geffen, L.B. Neuropathology of immunohistochemically identified brainstem neurons in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 1990, 27, 373-385.
64. Mattila, P.M.; Roytta, M.; Lonnberg, P.; Marjamaki, P.; Helenius, H.; Rinne, J.O. Choline acetytransferase activity and striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease in relation to cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 2001, 102, 160-166.
65. Tiraboschi, P.; Hansen, L.A.; Alford, M.; Sabbagh, M.N.; Schoos, B.; Masliah, E.; Thal, L.J.; Corey-Bloom, J. Cholinergic dysfunction in diseases with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2000, 54, 407-411.
66. Bohnen, N.I.; Kaufer, D.I.; Ivanco, L.S.; Lopresti, B.; Koeppe, R.A.; Davis, J.G.; Mathis, C.A.; Moore, R.Y.; DeKosky, S.T. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60, 1745-1748.
67. Leroi, I.; Brandt, J.; Reich, S.G.; Lyketsos, C.G.; Grill, S.; Thompson, R.; Marsh, L. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2004, 19, 1-8.
68. Brotchie, J.M.; Lee, J.; Venderova, K. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2005, 112, 359-391.
69. Oh, J.D.; Vaughan, C.L.; Chase, T.N. Effect of dopamine denervation and dopamine agonist administration on serine phosphorylation of striatal NMDA receptor subunits. Brain Res. 1999, 821, 433-442.
70. Chase, T.N. Striatal plasticity and extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Parkinsonism Rel. Disord. 2004, 10, 305-313.
71. Marin, C.; Jimenez, A.; Bonastre, M.; Chase, T.N.; Tolosa, E. Non-NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms are involved in levodopainduced motor response alterations in Parkinsonian rats. Synapse 2000, 36, 267-274.
72. Hadj Tahar, A.; Gregoire, L.; Darre, A.; Belanger, N.; Meltzer, L.; Bedard, P.J. Effect of a selective glutamate antagonist on L-dopainduced dyskinesias in drug-naive parkinsonian monkeys. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 15, 171-176.
73. Blanchet, P.J.; Calon, F.; Morissette, M.; Hadj Tahar, A.; Belanger, N.; Samadi, P.; Grondin, R.; Gregoire, L.; Meltzer, L.; Di Paolo, T.; Bedard, P.J. Relevance of the MPTP primate model in the study of dyskinesia priming mechanisms. Parkinsonism Rel. Disord. 2004, 10, 297-304.
74. Ismayilova, N.; Crossman, A.; Verkhratsky, A.; Brotchie, J. Effects of adenosine A1, dopamine D1 and metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors-modulating agents on locomotion of the reserpinised rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 497, 187-195.
75. Senkowska, A.; Ossowska, K. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 55, 935-950.
76. Gilgun-Sherki, Y.; Melamed, E.; Ziv, I.; Offen, D. Riluzole, an inhibitor of glutamatergic transmission, suppresses levodopainduced rotations in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2003, 93, 54-56.
77. Bezard, E.; Stutzmann, J.M.; Imbert, C.; Boraud, T.; Boireau, A.; Gross, C.E. Riluzole delayed appearance of parkinsonian motor abnormalities in a chronic MPTP monkey model. Eur. J. Pharm. 1998, 356, 101-104.
78. Boraud, T.; Bezard, E.; Stutzmann, J.M.; Bioulac, B.; Gross, C.E. Effects of riluzole on the electrophysiological activity of pallidal neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinetreated monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 281, 75-78.
79. Centonze, D.; Calabresi, P.; Pisani, A.; Marinelli, S.; Marfia, G.A.; Bernardi, G. Electrophysiology of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on striatal spiny neurons. Neuropharmacology 1998, 37, 1063-1070.
80. Verhagen Metman, L.; Del Dotto, P.; van den Munckhof, P.; Fang, J.; Mouradian, M.M.; Chase, T.N. Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1998, 50, 1323-1326.
81. Merims, D.; Ziv, I.; Djaldetti, R.; Melamed, E. Riluzole for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in advanced Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1999, 353, 1764-1765.
82. Bara-Jimenez, W.; Dimitrova, T.D.; Sherzai, A.; Aksu, M.; Chase, T.N. Glutamate release inhibition ineffective in levodopa-induced motor complications. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21, 1380-1383.
83. Day, M.; Wang, Z.; Ding, J.; An, X.; Ingham, C.A.; Shering, A.F.; Wokosin, D.; Ilijic, E.; Sun, Z.; Sampson, A.R.; Mugnaini, E.; Deutch, A.Y.; Sesack, S.R.; Arbuthnott, G.W.; Surmeier, D.J. Selective elimination of glutamatergic synapses on striatopallidal neurons in Parkinson disease models. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9, 251-259.
84. Bonifati, V.; Rizzu, P.; van Baren, M.J.; Schaap, O.; Breedveld, G.J.; Krieger, E.; Dekker, M.C.; Squitieri, F.; Ibanez, P.; Joosse, M.; van Dongen, J.W.; Vanacore, N.; van Swieten, J.C.; Brice, A.; Meco, G.; van Duijn, C.M.; Oostra, B.A.; Heutink, P. Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism. Science 2003, 299, 256-259.
85. Kitada, T.; Asakawa, S.; Hattori, N.; Matsumine, H.; Yamamura, Y.; Minoshima, S.; Yokochi, M.; Mizuno, Y.; Shimizu, N. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 1998, 392, 605-608.
86. Paisan-Ruiz, C.; Jain, S.; Evans, E.W.; Gilks, W.P.; Simon, J.; van der Brug, M.; de Munain, A.L.; Aparicio, S.; Gil, A.M.; Khan, N.; Johnson, J.; Martinez, J.R.; Nicholl, D.; Carrera, I.M.; Pena, A.S.; de Silva, R.; Lees, A.; Marti-Masso, J.F.; Perez-Tur, J.; Wood, N.W.; Singleton, A.B. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2004, 44, 595-600.
87. Polymeropoulos, M.H.; Lavedan, C.; Leroy, E.; Ide, S.E.; Dehejia, A.; Dutra, A.; Pike, B.; Root, H.; Rubenstein, J.; Boyer, R.; Stenroos, E.S.; Chandrasekharappa, S.; Athanassiadou, A.; Papapetropoulos, T.; Johnson, W.G.; Lazzarini, A.M.; Duvoisin, R.C.; Di Iorio, G.; Golbe, L.I.; Nussbaum, R.L. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science 1997, 276, 2045-2047.
88. Valente, E.M.; Abou-Sleiman, P.M.; Caputo, V.; Muqit, M.M.; Harvey, K.; Gispert, S.; Ali, Z.; Del Turco, D.; Bentivoglio, A.R.; Healy, D.G.; Albanese, A.; Nussbaum, R.; Gonzalez-Maldonado, R.; Deller, T.; Salvi, S.; Cortelli, P.; Gilks, W.P.; Latchman, D.S.; Harvey, R.J.; Dallapiccola, B.; Auburger, G.; Wood, N.W. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 2004, 304, 1158-1160.
89. Zimprich, A.; Biskup, S.; Leitner, P.; Lichtner, P.; Farrer, M.; Lincoln, S.; Kachergus, J.; Hulihan, M.; Uitti, R.J.; Calne, D.B.; Stoessl, A.J.; Pfeiffer, R.F.; Patenge, N.; Carbajal, I.C.; Vieregge, P.; Asmus, F.; Muller-Myhsok, B.; Dickson, D.W.; Meitinger, T.; Strom, T.M.; Wszolek, Z.K.; Gasser, T. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 2004, 44, 601-607.
90. Hardy, J.; Cai, H.; Cookson, M.R.; Gwinn-Hardy, K.; Singleton, A. Genetics of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol. 2006, 60, 389-398.
91. Abeliovich, A.; Flint Beal, M. Parkinsonism genes: culprits and clues. J. Neurochem. 2006, 99, 1062-1072.
92. Gandhi, S.; Wood, N.W. Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2005, 14, 2749-2755.
93. Moore, D.J.; West, A.B.; Dawson, V.L.; Dawson, T.M. Molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 28, 57-87.
94. Maraganore, D.M.; de Andrade, M.; Elbaz, A.; Farrer, M.J.; Ioannidis, J.P.; Kruger, R.; Rocca, W.A.; Schneider, N.K.; Lesnick, T.G.; Lincoln, S.J.; Hulihan, M.M.; Aasly, J.O.; Ashizawa, T.; Chartier-Harlin, M.C.; Checkoway, H.; Ferrarese, C.; Hadjigeorgiou, G.; Hattori, N.; Kawakami, H.; Lambert, J.C.; Lynch, T.; Mellick, G.D.; Papapetropoulos, S.; Parsian, A.; Quattrone, A.; Riess, O.; Tan, E.K.; Van Broeckhoven, C. Collaborative analysis of alpha-synuclein gene promoter variability and Parkinson disease. JAMA 2006, 296, 661-670.
95. Zabetian, C.P.; Hutter, C.M.; Factor, S.A.; Nutt, J.G.; Higgins, D.S.; Griffith, A.; Roberts, J.W.; Leis, B.C.; Kay, D.M.; Yearout, D.; Montimurro, J.S.; Edwards, K.L.; Samii, A.; Payami, H. Association analysis of MAPT H1 haplotype and subhaplotypes in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2007, 62, 137-144.
96. Depaolo, J.; Goker-Alpan, O.; Samaddar, T.; Lopez, G.; Sidransky, E. The association between mutations in the lysosomal protein glucocerebrosidase and parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 2009.
97. Mata, I.F.; Samii, A.; Schneer, S.H.; Roberts, J.W.; Griffith, A.; Leis, B.C.; Schellenberg, G.D.; Sidransky, E.; Bird, T.D.; Leverenz, J.B.; Tsuang, D.; Zabetian, C.P. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations: a risk factor for Lewy body disorders. Arch. Neurol. 2008, 65, 379-382.
98. Aharon-Peretz, J.; Rosenbaum, H.; Gershoni-Baruch, R. Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene and Parkinson's disease in Ashkenazi Jews. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1972-1977.
99. Clark, L.N.; Nicolai, A.; Afridi, S.; Harris, J.; Mejia-Santana, H.; Strug, L.; Cote, L.J.; Louis, E.D.; Andrews, H.; Waters, C.; Ford, B.; Frucht, S.; Fahn, S.; Mayeux, R.; Ottman, R.; Marder, K. Pilot association study of the beta-glucocerebrosidase N370S allele and Parkinson's disease in subjects of Jewish ethnicity. Mov. Disord. 2005, 20, 100-103.
100. Sato, C.; Morgan, A.; Lang, A.E.; Salehi-Rad, S.; Kawarai, T.; Meng, Y.; Ray, P.N.; Farrer, L.A.; St George-Hyslop, P.; Rogaeva, E. Analysis of the glucocerebrosidase gene in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2005, 20, 367-370.
101. Goker-Alpan, O.; Giasson, B.I.; Eblan, M.J.; Nguyen, J.; Hurtig, H.I.; Lee, V.M.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Sidransky, E. Glucocerebrosidase mutations are an important risk factor for Lewy body disorders. Neurol. 2006, 67, 908-910.
102. Neumann, J.; Bras, J.; Deas, E.; O'Sullivan, S.S.; Parkkinen, L.; Lachmann, R.H.; Li, A.; Holton, J.; Guerreiro, R.; Paudel, R.; Segarane, B.; Singleton, A.; Lees, A.; Hardy, J.; Houlden, H.; Revesz, T.; Wood, N.W., Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain 2009, 132 (Pt. 7), 1783-1794.
103. Parkinson Study Group, Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 2002, 287, 1653-1661.
104. Reichmann, H. Neuroprotection in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. 2002, 249, III21-III23.
105. Vingerhoets, F.J.; Snow, B.J.; Lee, C.S.; Schulzer, M.; Mak, E.; Calne, D.B. Longitudinal fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies of the evolution of idiopathic parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 36, 759-764.
106. Lee, C.S.; Samii, A.; Sossi, V.; Ruth, T.J.; Schulzer, M.; Holden, J.E.; Wudel, J.; Pal, P.K.; de la Fuente-Fernandez, R.; Calne, D.B.; Stoessl, A.J. In vivo positron emission tomographic evidence for compensatory changes in presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47, 493-503.
107. Winogrodzka, A.; Bergmans, P.; Booij, J.; van Royen, E.A.; Janssen, A.G.; Wolters, E.C. [123I]FP-CIT SPECT is a useful method to monitor the rate of dopaminergic degeneration in earlystage Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. 2001, 108, 1011-1019.
108. Marek, K.; Jennings, D.; Seibyl, J. Do dopamine agonists or levodopa modify Parkinson's disease progression? Eur. J. Neurol. 2002, 9 (Suppl. 3), 15-22.
109. Clarke, C.E.; Guttman, M. Dopamine agonist monotherapy in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2002, 360, 1767-1769.
110. Whone, A.L.; Watts, R.L.; Stoessl, A.J.; Davis, M.; Reske, S.; Nahmias, C.; Lang, A.E.; Rascol, O.; Ribeiro, M.J.; Remy, P.; Poewe, W.H.; Hauser, R.A.; Brooks, D.J. Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: The REALPET study. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 54, 93-101.
111. Thobois, S.; Guillouet, S.; Broussolle, E. Contributions of PET and SPECT to the understanding of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurophysiol. Clin. 2001, 31, 321-340.
112. Maruyama, W.; Abe, T.; Tohgi, H.; Naoi, M. An endogenous MPTP-like dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, in the cerebrospinal fluid decreases with progression of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 262, 13-16.
113. Kikuchi, A.; Takeda, A.; Onodera, H.; Kimpara, T.; Hisanaga, K.; Sato, N.; Nunomura, A.; Castellani, R.J.; Perry, G.; Smith, M.A.; Itoyama, Y. Systemic increase of oxidative nucleic acid damage in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2002, 9, 244-248.
114. Aoyama, K.; Matsubara, K.; Fujikawa, Y.; Nagahiro, Y.; Shimizu, K.; Umegae, N.; Hayase, N.; Shiono, H.; Kobayashi, S. Nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase in cerebrospinal fluids is a marker for peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47, 524-527.
115. Cheng, F.C.; Kuo, J.S.; Chia, L.G.; Dryhurst, G. Elevated 5-Scysteinyldopamine/homovanillic acid ratio and reduced homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: possible markers for and potential insights into the pathoetiology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 1996, 103, 433-446.
116. LeWitt, P.A. Assessment of the dopaminergic lesion in Parkinson's disease by CSF markers. Adv. Neurol. 1993, 60, 544-547.
117. Konings, C.H.; Kuiper, M.A.; Bergmans, P.L.; Grijpma, A.M.; van Kamp, G.J.; Wolters, E.C. Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in cerebrospinal fluid of treated patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 1994, 231, 101-106.
118. Borghi, R.; Marchese, R.; Negro, A.; Marinelli, L.; Forloni, G.; Zaccheo, D.; Abbruzzese, G.; Tabaton, M. Full length alphasynuclein is present in cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinson's disease and normal subjects. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 287, 65-67.
119. Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J.; Molina, J.A.; Vargas, C.; Gomez, P.; De Bustos, F.; Zurdo, M.; Gomez-Escalonilla, C.; Barcenilla, B.; Berbel, A.; Camacho, A.; Arenas, J. Normal cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2000, 107, 445-449.
120. Holmberg, B.; Rosengren, L.; Karlsson, J.E.; Johnels, B. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament protein in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple-system atrophy compared with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 1998, 13, 70-77.
121. Harrington, M.G.; Merril, C.R. Cerebrospinal fluid protein analysis in diseases of the nervous system. J. Chromatogr. 1988, 429, 345-358.
122. Calne, D.B.; Snow, B.J.; Lee, C. Criteria for diagnosing Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 1992, 32, S125-127.
123. Gelb, D.J.; Oliver, E.; Gilman, S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 1999, 56, 33-39.
124. Gibb, W.R.; Lees, A.J. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1988, 51, 745-752.
125. Jankovic, J.; Rajput, A.H.; McDermott, M.P.; Perl, D.P. The evolution of diagnosis in early Parkinson disease. Parkinson Study Group. Arch. Neurol. 2000, 57, 369-372.
126. Hughes, A.J.; Daniel, S.E.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Lees, A.J. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain 2002, 125, 861-870.
127. Litvan, I.; MacIntyre, A.; Goetz, C.G.; Wenning, G.K.; Jellinger, K.; Verny, M.; Bartko, J.J.; Jankovic, J.; McKee, A.; Brandel, J.P.; Chaudhuri, K.R.; Lai, E.C.; D'Olhaberriague, L.; Pearce, R.K.; Agid, Y. Accuracy of the clinical diagnoses of Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study. Arch. Neurol. 1998, 55, 969-978.
128. Rajput, A.H.; Rozdilsky, B.; Rajput, A. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in parkinsonism - a prospective study. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1991, 18, 275-278.
129. Hughes, A.J.; Daniel, S.E.; Kilford, L.; Lees, A.J. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1992, 55, 181-184.
130. Hughes, A.J.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Daniel, S.E.; Lees, A.J. What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology 1992, 42, 1142-1146.
131. Colosimo, C.; Albanese, A.; Hughes, A.J.; de Bruin, V.M.; Lees, A.J. Some specific clinical features differentiate multiple system atrophy (striatonigral variety) from Parkinson's disease. Arch. Neurol. 1995, 52, 294-298.
132. Daniel, S.E.; de Bruin, V.M.; Lees, A.J. The clinical and pathological spectrum of Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy): a reappraisal. Brain 1995, 118, 759-770.
133. Hughes, A.J.; Colosimo, C.; Kleedorfer, B.; Daniel, S.E.; Lees, A.J. The dopaminergic response in multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1992, 55, 1009-1013.
134. Wenning, G.K.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Magalhaes, M.; Daniel, S.E.; Quinn, N.P. Clinicopathological study of 35 cases of multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1995, 58, 160-166.
135. Louis, E.D.; Klatka, L.A.; Liu, Y.; Fahn, S. Comparison of extrapyramidal features in 31 pathologically confirmed cases of diffuse Lewy body disease and 34 pathologically confirmed cases of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1997, 48, 376-380.
136. Rossi, P.; Colosimo, C.; Moro, E.; Tonali, P.; Albanese, A. Acute challenge with apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinsonism. Eur. Neurol. 2000, 43, 95-101.
137. Birdi, S.; Rajput, A.H.; Fenton, M.; Donat, J.R.; Rozdilsky, B.; Robinson, C.; Macaulay, R.; George, D. Progressive supranuclear palsy diagnosis and confounding features: report on 16 autopsied cases. Mov. Disord. 2002, 17, 1255-1264.
138. Li, G.; Sokal, I.; Quinn, J.F.; Leverenz, J.B.; Brodey, M.; Schellenberg, G.D.; Kaye, J.A.; Raskind, M.A.; Zhang, J.; Peskind, E.R.; Montine, T.J. CSF tau/Abeta42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Neurology 2007, 69, 631-639.
139. Fagan, A.M.; Roe, C.M.; Xiong, C.J.; Mintun, M.A.; Morris, J.C.; Holtzman, D.M. Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64, 343-349.
140. Parnetti, L.; Tiraboschi, P.; Lanari, A.; Peducci, M.; Padiglioni, C.; D'Amore, C.; Pierguidi, L.; Tambasco, N.; Rossi, A.; Calabresi, P. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Biol. Psychiat. 2008, 64, 850-855.
141. Mollenhauer, B.; Trenkwalder, C.; von Ahsen, N.; Bibl, M.; Steinacker, P.; Brechlin, P.; Schindehuette, J.; Poser, S.; Wiltfang, J.; Otto, M. Beta-amlyoid 1-42 and tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. 2006, 22, 200-208.
142. Montine, T.J.; Kaye, J.A.; Montine, K.S.; McFarland, L.; Morrow, J.D.; Quinn, J.F. Cerebrospinal fluid abeta42, tau, and f2-Segarane, B.; Singleton, A.; Lees, A.; Hardy, J.; Houlden, H.; Revesz, T.; Wood, N.W., Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain 2009, 132 (Pt. 7), 1783-1794.
143. Parkinson Study Group, Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 2002, 287, 1653-1661.
144. Reichmann, H. Neuroprotection in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. 2002, 249, III21-III23.
145. Vingerhoets, F.J.; Snow, B.J.; Lee, C.S.; Schulzer, M.; Mak, E.; Calne, D.B. Longitudinal fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies of the evolution of idiopathic parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 36, 759-764.
146. Lee, C.S.; Samii, A.; Sossi, V.; Ruth, T.J.; Schulzer, M.; Holden, J.E.; Wudel, J.; Pal, P.K.; de la Fuente-Fernandez, R.; Calne, D.B.; Stoessl, A.J. In vivo positron emission tomographic evidence for compensatory changes in presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47, 493-503.
147. Winogrodzka, A.; Bergmans, P.; Booij, J.; van Royen, E.A.; Janssen, A.G.; Wolters, E.C. [123I]FP-CIT SPECT is a useful method to monitor the rate of dopaminergic degeneration in earlystage Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. 2001, 108, 1011-1019.
148. Marek, K.; Jennings, D.; Seibyl, J. Do dopamine agonists or levodopa modify Parkinson's disease progression? Eur. J. Neurol. 2002, 9 (Suppl. 3), 15-22.
149. Clarke, C.E.; Guttman, M. Dopamine agonist monotherapy in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2002, 360, 1767-1769.
150. Whone, A.L.; Watts, R.L.; Stoessl, A.J.; Davis, M.; Reske, S.; Nahmias, C.; Lang, A.E.; Rascol, O.; Ribeiro, M.J.; Remy, P.; Poewe, W.H.; Hauser, R.A.; Brooks, D.J. Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: The REALPET study. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 54, 93-101.
151. Thobois, S.; Guillouet, S.; Broussolle, E. Contributions of PET and SPECT to the understanding of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurophysiol. Clin. 2001, 31, 321-340.
152. Maruyama, W.; Abe, T.; Tohgi, H.; Naoi, M. An endogenous MPTP-like dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, in the cerebrospinal fluid decreases with progression of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 262, 13-16.
153. Kikuchi, A.; Takeda, A.; Onodera, H.; Kimpara, T.; Hisanaga, K.; Sato, N.; Nunomura, A.; Castellani, R.J.; Perry, G.; Smith, M.A.; Itoyama, Y. Systemic increase of oxidative nucleic acid damage in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2002, 9, 244-248.
154. Aoyama, K.; Matsubara, K.; Fujikawa, Y.; Nagahiro, Y.; Shimizu, K.; Umegae, N.; Hayase, N.; Shiono, H.; Kobayashi, S. Nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase in cerebrospinal fluids is a marker for peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47, 524-527.
155. Cheng, F.C.; Kuo, J.S.; Chia, L.G.; Dryhurst, G. Elevated 5-Scysteinyldopamine/homovanillic acid ratio and reduced homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: possible markers for and potential insights into the pathoetiology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 1996, 103, 433-446.
156. LeWitt, P.A. Assessment of the dopaminergic lesion in Parkinson's disease by CSF markers. Adv. Neurol. 1993, 60, 544-547.
157. Konings, C.H.; Kuiper, M.A.; Bergmans, P.L.; Grijpma, A.M.; van Kamp, G.J.; Wolters, E.C. Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in cerebrospinal fluid of treated patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 1994, 231, 101-106.
158. Borghi, R.; Marchese, R.; Negro, A.; Marinelli, L.; Forloni, G.; Zaccheo, D.; Abbruzzese, G.; Tabaton, M. Full length alphasynuclein is present in cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinson's disease and normal subjects. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 287, 65-67.
159. Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J.; Molina, J.A.; Vargas, C.; Gomez, P.; De Bustos, F.; Zurdo, M.; Gomez-Escalonilla, C.; Barcenilla, B.; Berbel, A.; Camacho, A.; Arenas, J. Normal cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2000, 107, 445-449.
160. Holmberg, B.; Rosengren, L.; Karlsson, J.E.; Johnels, B. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament protein in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple-system atrophy compared with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 1998, 13, 70-77.
161. Harrington, M.G.; Merril, C.R. Cerebrospinal fluid protein analysis in diseases of the nervous system. J. Chromatogr. 1988, 429, 345-358.
162. Calne, D.B.; Snow, B.J.; Lee, C. Criteria for diagnosing Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 1992, 32, S125-127.
163. Gelb, D.J.; Oliver, E.; Gilman, S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 1999, 56, 33-39.
164. Gibb, W.R.; Lees, A.J. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1988, 51, 745-752.
165. Jankovic, J.; Rajput, A.H.; McDermott, M.P.; Perl, D.P. The evolution of diagnosis in early Parkinson disease. Parkinson Study Group. Arch. Neurol. 2000, 57, 369-372.
166. Hughes, A.J.; Daniel, S.E.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Lees, A.J. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain 2002, 125, 861-870.
167. Litvan, I.; MacIntyre, A.; Goetz, C.G.; Wenning, G.K.; Jellinger, K.; Verny, M.; Bartko, J.J.; Jankovic, J.; McKee, A.; Brandel, J.P.; Chaudhuri, K.R.; Lai, E.C.; D'Olhaberriague, L.; Pearce, R.K.; Agid, Y. Accuracy of the clinical diagnoses of Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study. Arch. Neurol. 1998, 55, 969-978.
168. Rajput, A.H.; Rozdilsky, B.; Rajput, A. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in parkinsonism - a prospective study. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1991, 18, 275-278.
169. Hughes, A.J.; Daniel, S.E.; Kilford, L.; Lees, A.J. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1992, 55, 181-184.
170. Hughes, A.J.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Daniel, S.E.; Lees, A.J. What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology 1992, 42, 1142-1146.
171. Colosimo, C.; Albanese, A.; Hughes, A.J.; de Bruin, V.M.; Lees, A.J. Some specific clinical features differentiate multiple system atrophy (striatonigral variety) from Parkinson's disease. Arch. Neurol. 1995, 52, 294-298.
172. Daniel, S.E.; de Bruin, V.M.; Lees, A.J. The clinical and pathological spectrum of Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy): a reappraisal. Brain 1995, 118, 759-770.
173. Hughes, A.J.; Colosimo, C.; Kleedorfer, B.; Daniel, S.E.; Lees, A.J. The dopaminergic response in multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1992, 55, 1009-1013.
174. Wenning, G.K.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Magalhaes, M.; Daniel, S.E.; Quinn, N.P. Clinicopathological study of 35 cases of multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1995, 58, 160-166.
175. Louis, E.D.; Klatka, L.A.; Liu, Y.; Fahn, S. Comparison of extrapyramidal features in 31 pathologically confirmed cases of diffuse Lewy body disease and 34 pathologically confirmed cases of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1997, 48, 376-380.
176. Rossi, P.; Colosimo, C.; Moro, E.; Tonali, P.; Albanese, A. Acute challenge with apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinsonism. Eur. Neurol. 2000, 43, 95-101.
177. Birdi, S.; Rajput, A.H.; Fenton, M.; Donat, J.R.; Rozdilsky, B.; Robinson, C.; Macaulay, R.; George, D. Progressive supranuclear palsy diagnosis and confounding features: report on 16 autopsied cases. Mov. Disord. 2002, 17, 1255-1264.
178. Li, G.; Sokal, I.; Quinn, J.F.; Leverenz, J.B.; Brodey, M.; Schellenberg, G.D.; Kaye, J.A.; Raskind, M.A.; Zhang, J.; Peskind, E.R.; Montine, T.J. CSF tau/Abeta42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Neurology 2007, 69, 631-639.
179. Fagan, A.M.; Roe, C.M.; Xiong, C.J.; Mintun, M.A.; Morris, J.C.; Holtzman, D.M. Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64, 343-349.
180. Parnetti, L.; Tiraboschi, P.; Lanari, A.; Peducci, M.; Padiglioni, C.; D'Amore, C.; Pierguidi, L.; Tambasco, N.; Rossi, A.; Calabresi, P. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Biol. Psychiat. 2008, 64, 850-855.
181. Mollenhauer, B.; Trenkwalder, C.; von Ahsen, N.; Bibl, M.; Steinacker, P.; Brechlin, P.; Schindehuette, J.; Poser, S.; Wiltfang, J.; Otto, M. Beta-amlyoid 1-42 and tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. 2006, 22, 200-208.
182. Montine, T.J.; Kaye, J.A.; Montine, K.S.; McFarland, L.; Morrow, J.D.; Quinn, J.F. Cerebrospinal fluid abeta42, tau, and f2-isoprostane concentrations in patients with Alzheimer disease, other dementias, and in age-matched controls. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2001, 125, 510-512.
183. de Leon, M.J.; DeSanti, S.; Zinkowski, R.; Mehta, P.D.; Pratico, D.; Segal, S.; Rusinek, H.; Li, J.; Tsui, W.; Saint Louis, L.A.; Clark, C.M.; Tarshish, C.; Li, Y.; Lair, L.; Javier, E.; Rich, K.; Lesbre, P.; Mosconi, L.; Reisberg, B.; Sadowski, M.; DeBernadis, J.F.; Kerkman, D.J.; Harnpel, H.; Wahlund, L.O.; Davies, P. Longitudinal CSF and MRI biomarkers improve the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 2006, 27, 394-401.
184. Pratico, D.; Clark, C.M.; Liun, F.; Lee, V.Y.M.; Trojanowski, J.Q. Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment - A possible predictor of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 2002, 59, 972-976.
185. Quinn, J.F.; Montine, K.S.; Moore, M.; Morrow, J.D.; Kaye, J.A.; Montine, T.J. Suppression of longitudinal increase in CSFF2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2004, 6, 93-97.
186. Montine, K.S.; Quinn, J.F.; Zhang, J.; Fessel, J.P.; Roberts, L.J.; Morrow, J.D.; Montine, T.J. Isoprostanes and related products of lipid peroxidation in neurodegenerative diseases. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2004, 128, 117-124.
187. Fessel, J.P.; Hulette, C.; Powell, S.; Roberts, L.J.; Zhang, J. Isofurans, but not F-2-isoprostanes, are increased in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease and with dementia with Lewy body disease. J. Neurochem. 2003, 85, 645-650.
188. Pratico, D.; Lee, V.M.Y.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Rokach, J.; Fitzgerald, G.A. Increased F-2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo. FASEB J. 1998, 12, 1777-1783.
189. Barber, R.; McKeith, I.G.; Ballard, C.; Gholkar, A.; O'Brien, J.T. A comparison of medial and lateral temporal lobe atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: magnetic resonance imaging volumetric study. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. 2001, 12, 198-205.
190. Harvey, G.T.; Hughes, J.; McKeith, I.G.; Briel, R.; Ballard, C.; Gholkar, A.; Scheltens, P.; Perry, R.H.; Ince, P.; O'Brien, J.T. Magnetic resonance imaging differences between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Psychol. Med. 1999, 29, 181-187.
191. Higuchi, M.; Tashiro, M.; Arai, H.; Okamura, N.; Hara, S.; Higuchi, S.; Itoh, M.; Shin, R.W.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Sasaki, H. Glucose hypometabolism and neuropathological correlates in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies. Exp. Neurol. 2000, 162, 247-256.
192. Imamura, T.; Ishii, K.; Hirono, N.; Hashimoto, M.; Tanimukai, S.; Kazui, H.; Hanihara, T.; Sasaki, M.; Mori, E. Occipital glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies with and without Parkinsonism: a study using positron emission tomography. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. 2001, 12, 194-197.
193. Tschampa, H.J.; Schulz-Schaeffer, W.; Wiltfang, J.; Poser, S.; Otto, M.; Neumann, M.; Kretzschmar, H.A. Decreased CSF amyloid β42 and normal tau levels in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2001, 56, 576.
194. Gomez-Tortosa, E.; Gonzalo, I.; Fanjul, S.; Sainz, M.J.; Cantarero, S.; Cemillan, C.; Yebenes, J.G.; del Ser, T. Cerebrospinal fluid markers in dementia with lewy bodies compared with Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60, 1218-1222.
195. Blennow, K.; Vanmechelen, E. CSF markers for pathogenic processes in Alzheimer's disease: diagnostic implications and use in clinical neurochemistry. Brain Res. Bull. 2003, 61, 235-242.
196. Mitsui, S.; Okui, A.; Uemura, H.; Mizuno, T.; Yamada, T.; Yamamura, Y.; Yamaguchi, N. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurosin (KLK6), an aging-related protease, as a possible new risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2002, 977, 216-223.
197. Kanemaru, K.; Yamanouchi, H. Assessment of CSF homovanillic acid levels distinguishes dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. 2002, 249, 1125-1126.
198. Molina, J.A.; Leza, J.C.; Ortiz, S.; Moro, M.A.; Perez, S.; Lizasoain, I.; Uriguen, L.; Oliva, J.M.; Manzanares, J. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites are increased in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 333, 151-153.
199. Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The National Institute on Aging, and Reagan Institute Working Group on Diagnostic Criteria for the Neuropathological Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiol. Aging 1997, 18, S1-2.