Should catheter ablation be the preferred therapy for reducing ICD shocks?: Ventricular tachycardia in patients with an implantable defibrillator warrants catheter ablation

Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 713-720

  Kuck, Karl Heinz ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardioverter defibrillator, implantable; Catheter ablation; Defibrillation; Sudden death; Tachycardia, ventricular

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; SOTALOL; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT;

CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEFIBRILLATOR; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; KAPLAN MEIER METHOD; NOTE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENCE RISK; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; SHOCK; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; CARDIOVERSION; EQUIPMENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; INSTRUMENTATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENT DISEASE; SUDDEN DEATH;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; CATHETER ABLATION; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENCE; TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 73949120276     PISSN: 19413149     EISSN: 19413084     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.109.896571     Document Type: Note

References (73)

1. Bayés de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J. 1989;117:151-159.
2. Myerburg RJ, Interian A Jr, Mitrani RM, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:10F-19F.
3. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L, Breithardt G, Brugada P, Camm AJ, Cappato R, Cobbe SM, Di Mario C, Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Pedersen AK, Ravens U, Schwartz PJ, Trusz-Gluza M, Vardas P, Wellens HJ, Zipes DP. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1374-1450.
4. de Vreede-Swagemakers JJ, Gorgels AP, Dubois-Arbouw WI, van Ree JW, Daemen MJ, Houben LG, Wellens HJ. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the 1990s: a population-based study in the Maastricht area on incidence, characteristics and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30: 1500-1505.
5. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Toff WD, Tonkin AM, Smith W, Dorian P, Packer DL, White RD, Longstreth WT Jr, Anderson J, Johnson G, Bischoff E, Yallop JJ, McNulty S, Ray LD, Clapp-Channing NE, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB; HAT Investigators. Home use of automated external defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2008;358: 1793-1804.
6. Myerburg RJ. Sudden cardiac death: exploring the limits of our knowledge. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:369-381.
7. Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillator (AVID) Investigators: A comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-1583.
8. Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation. 2000;102:748-754.
9. Conolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Dorian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, Mitchell LB, Green MS, Klein GJ, O'Brien B. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation. 2000;101:1297-1302.
10. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Canon DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia: Multicentre Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335: 1933-1940.
11. Moss AJ, Zarebra W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-883.
12. Schron EB, Exner DV, Yao Q, Jenkins LS, Steinberg JS, Cook JR, Kutalek SP, Friedman PL, Bubien RS, Page RL, Powell J. Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks. Circulation. 2002;105:589-594.
13. Irvine J, Dorian P, Baker B, O'Brien BJ, Roberts R, Gent M, Newman D, Connolly SJ. Quality of life in the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). Am Heart J. 2002;144:282-289.
14. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, Marchlinski FE, Yee R, Guarnieri T, Talajic M, Wilber DJ, Fishbein DP, Packer DL, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1009-1017.
15. Bansch D, Steffgen F, Gronefeld G, Wolpert C, Bocker D, Mletzko RU, Schols W, Seidl K, Piel M, Ouyang F, Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH. The 1 1 trial: a prospective trial of a dual- versus a single-chamber implantable defibrillator in patients with slow ventricular tachycardias. Circulation. 2004;110:1022-1029.
16. Friedman PA, McClelland RL, Bamlet WR, Acosta H, Kessler D, Munger TM, Kavesh NG, Wood M, Daoud E, Massumi A, Schuger C, Shorofsky S, Wilkoff B, Glikson M. Dual-chamber versus single-chamber detection enhancements for implantable defibrillator rhythm diagnosis: the detect supraventricular tachycardia study. Circulation. 2006;113:2871-2879.
17. Anderson KP. Sudden cardiac death unresponsive to implantable defibrillator therapy: an urgent target for clinicians, industry and government. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005;14:71-78.
18. Mitchell LB, Pineda EA, Titus JL, Bartosch PM, Benditt DG. Sudden death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the importance of post-shock electromechanical dissociation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1323-1328.
19. Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Bailin S, Fain ES, Thorpe K, Champagne J, Talajic M, Coutu B, Gronefeld GC, Hohnloser SH; Optimal Pharmacological Therapy in Cardioverter Defibrillator Patients (OPTIC) Investigators. Comparison of -blockers, amiodarone plus -blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006; 295:165-171.
20. Pacifico A, Hohnloser SH, Williams JH, Tao B, Saksena S, Henry PD, Prystowsky EN. Prevention of implantable-defibrillator shocks by treatment with sotalol: d,l-Sotalol Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1855-1862.
21. Hohnloser SH, Dorian P, Roberts R, Gent M, Israel CW, Fain E, Champagne J, Connolly SJ. Effect of amiodarone and sotalol on ventricular defibrillation threshold: the optimal pharmacological therapy in cardioverter defibrillator patients (OPTIC) trial. Circulation. 2006;114: 104-109.
22. Kavesh NG, Olsovsky MR, Freudenberger RS, Conte JV, Peters RW, Shorofsky SR, Gold MR. Intravenous amiodarone suppression of electrical storm refractory to chronic oral amiodarone. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:665-667.
23. Srivatsa UN, Ebrahimi R, El-Bialy A, Wachsner RY. Electrical storm: case series and review of management. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2003;8:237-246.
24. Pinter A, Dorian P. Approach to antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with ICDs and frequent activations. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2005;7:376-381.
25. Villacastín J, Almendral J, Arenal A, Albertos J, Ormaetxe J, Peinado R, Bueno H, Merino JL, Pastor A, Medina O, Tercedor L, Jiménez F, Delcán JL. Incidence and clinical significance of multiple consecutive, appropriate, high-energy discharges in patients with implanted cardioverterdefibrillators. Circulation. 1996;93:753-762.
26. Credner SC, Klingenheben T, Mauss O, Sticherling C, Hohnloser SH. Electrical storm in patients with transvenous implantable cardioverterdefibrillators: incidence, management and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1909-1915.
27. Hartzler GO. Electrode catheter ablation of refractory focal ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;2:1107.
28. Fontaine G, Tonet JL, Frank R, Gallais Y, Farenq. G, Grosgogeat Y. La fulguration endocavitaire. Une nouvelle methode de traitment des troubles du rhythme? Am Cardiol Angeul. 1984;33:543.
29. Evans GT Jr, Scheinman MM, Zipes DP, Benditt D, Camm AJ, el-Sherif N, Fisher J, Fontaine G, German L, Hartzler G. Catheter ablation for control of ventricular tachycardia: a report of the percutaneous cardiac mapping and ablation registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1986;9: 1391-1395.
30. Gursoy S, Chiladakis I, Kuck KH. First lessons from radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993;16:687-691.
31. Morady F, Harvey M, Kalbfleisch SJ, el-Atassi R, Calkins H, Langberg JJ. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1993;87:363-372. (Pubitemid 23040904)
32. Stevenson WG, Khan H, Sager P, Saxon LA, Middlekauff HR, Natterson PD, Wiener I. Identification of reentry circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia late after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88:1647-1670.
33. Gonska BD, Cao K, Schaumann A, Dorszewski A, von zur Mühlen F, Kreuzer H. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in 136 patients with coronary artery disease: results and long-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1506-1514.
34. Kim YH, Sosa-Suarez G, Trouton TG, O'Nunain SS, Osswald S, McGovern BA, Ruskin JN, Garan H. Treatment of ventricular tachycardia by transcatheter radiofrequency ablation in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1994;89:1094-1102.
35. Wilber DJ, Kopp DE, Glascock DN, Kinder CA, Kall JG. Catheter ablation of the mitral isthmus for ventricular tachycardia associated with inferior infarction. Circulation. 1995;92:3481-3489.
36. Stevenson WG, Friedman PL, Kocovic D, Sager PT, Saxon LA, Pavri B. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;98:308-314.
37. Bogun F, Kim HM, Han J, Tamirissa K, Tschopp D, Reich S, Elmouchi D, Igic P, Lemola K, Good E, Oral H, Chugh A, Pelosi F, Morady F. Comparison of mapping criteria for hemodynamically tolerated, postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:20-26.
38. de Chillou C, Lacroix D, Klug D, Magnin-Poull I, Marquié C, Messier M, Andronache M, Kouakam C, Sadoul N, Chen J, Aliot E, Kacet S. Isthmus characteristics of reentrant ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;105:726-731.
39. Marchlinski FE, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Zado E. Linear ablation lesions for control of unmappable ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2000;101:1288-1296.
40. Reddy VY, Neuzil P, Taborsky M, Ruskin JN. Short-term results of substrate mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ischemic ventricular tachycardia using a saline-irrigated catheter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41:2228-2236.
41. Volkmer M, Ouyang F, Deger F, Ernst S, Goya M, Bansch D, Berodt K, Kuck KH, Antz M. Substrate mapping vs. tachycardia mapping using CARTO in patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular tachycardia: impact on outcome of catheter ablation. Europace. 2006;8: 968-976.
42. Soejima K, Suzuki M, Maisel WH, Brunckhorst CB, Delacretaz E, Blier L, Tung S, Khan H, Stevenson WG. Catheter ablation in patients with multiple and unstable ventricular tachycardias after myocardial infarction: short ablation lines guided by reentry circuit isthmuses and sinus rhythm mapping. Circulation. 2001;104:664-669.
43. Strickberger SA, Man KC, Daoud EG, Goyal R, Brinkman K, Hasse C, Bogun F, Knight BP, Weiss R, Bahu M, Morady F. A prospective evaluation of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia as adjuvant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circulation. 1997;96:1525-1531.
44. Calkins H, Epstein A, Packer D, Arria AM, Hummel J, Gilligan DM, Trusso J, Carlson M, Luceri R, Kopelman H, Wilber D, Wharton JM, Stevenson W. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease using cooled radiofrequency energy: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1905-1914.
45. Stevenson WG, Wilber DJ, Natale A, Jackman WM, Marchlinski FE, Talbert T, Gonzalez MD, Worley SJ, Daoud EG, Hwang C, Schuger C, Bump TE, Jazayeri M, Tomassoni GF, Kopelman HA, Soejima K, Nakagawa H; Multicenter Thermocool VT Ablation Trial Investigators. Irrigated radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by electroanatomic mapping for recurrent ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: the multicenter thermocool ventricular tachycardia ablation trial. Circulation. 2008;118:2773-2782.
46. Tanner H, Hindricks G, Volkmer M, Furniss S, Kuhlkamp V, Lacroix D, de Chillou C, Almendral J, Caponi D, Kuck K, Kottkamp H. Catheter ablation of recurrent scar-related ventricular tachycardia using electroanatomical mapping and irrigated ablation technology: results of the prospective multicenter Euro-VT-study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. E-pub: 2009 Jul 28.
47. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, ClappChanning N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH; Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:225-237.
48. Roguin A, Bomma CS, Nasir K, Tandri H, Tichnell C, James C, Rutberg J, Crosson J, Spevak PJ, Berger RD, Halperin HR, Calkins H. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1843-1852.
49. Hsia HH, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Characterization of endocardial electrophysiological substrate in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2003;108: 704-710.
50. Marchlinski FE, Zado E, Dixit S, Gerstenfeld E, Callans DJ, Hsia H, Lin D, Nayak H, Russo A, Pulliam W. Electroanatomic substrate and outcome of catheter ablative therapy for ventricular tachycardia in setting of right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004;110:2293-2298.
51. Ouyang F, Fotuhi P, Goya M, Volkmer M, Ernst S, Cappato R, Kuck K. Ventricular tachycardia around the tricuspid annulus in right ventricular dysplasia. Circulation. 2001;103:913-914.
52. Soejima K, Stevenson WG, Sapp JL, Selwyn AP, Couper G, Epstein LM. Endocardial and epicardial radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia associated with dilated cardiomyopathy: the importance of low-voltage scars. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1834-1842.
53. Delacretaz E, Stevenson WG, Ellison KE, Maisel WH, Friedman PL. Mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation of the three types of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000;11:11-17.
54. Nazarian S, Bluemke DA, Lardo AC, Zviman MM, Watkins SP, Dickfeld TL, Meininger GR, Roguin A, Calkins H, Tomaselli GF, Weiss RG, Berger RD, Lima JA, Halperin HR. Magnetic resonance assessment of the substrate for inducible ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005;112:2821-2825.
55. Verma A, Kilicaslan F, Schweikert RA, Tomassoni G, Rossillo A, Marrouche NF, Ozduran V, Wazni OM, Elayi SC, Saenz LC, Minor S, Cummings JE, Burkhardt JD, Hao S, Beheiry S, Tchou PJ, Natale A. Short- and long-term success of substrate-based mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Circulation. 2005;111:3209-3216.
56. Dalal D, Jain R, Tandri H, Dong J, Eid SM, Prakasa K, Tichnell C, James C, Abraham T, Russell SD, Sinha S, Judge DP, Bluemke DA, Marine JE, Calkins H. Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:432-440.
57. Borger van der Burg AE, de Groot NM, van Erven L, Bootsma M, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ. Long-term follow-up after radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia: a successful approach? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002;13:4174-14123
58. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:e247-e346.
59. Cao K, Gonska BD. Catheter ablation of incessant ventricular tachycardia: acute and long-term results. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:756-763.
60. Hariman RJ, Hu DY, Gallastegui JL, Beckman KJ, Bauman JL. Long-term follow-up in patients with incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:831-836.
61. Brugada J, Berruezo A, Cuesta A. Nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial radiofrequency ablation: an alternative in incessant ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2036-2043.
62. Arya A, Haghjoo M, Dehghani MR, Fazelifar AF, Nikoo MH, Bagherzadeh A, Sadr-Ameli MA. Prevalence and predictors of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:389-392. (Pubitemid 43133056)
63. Hohnloser SH, Al-Khalidi HR, Pratt CM, Brum JM, Tatla DS, Tchou P, Dorian P; SHock Inhibition Evaluation with AzimiLiDe (SHIELD) Investigators. Electrical storm in patients with an implantable defibrillator: incidence, features, and preventive therapy: insights from a randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;24:3027-3032.
64. Verma A, Kilicaslan F, Marrouche, Minor S, Khan M, Wazni O, Burkhardt JD, Belden WA, Cummings JE, Abdul-Karim A, Saliba W, Schweikert RA, Tchou PJ, Martin DO, Natale A. Prevalence, predictors, and mortality significance of the causative arrhythmia in patients with electrical storm. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;11:1265-1270.
65. Bansch D, Bocker D, Brunn J, Weber M, Breithardt G, Block M. Clusters of ventricular tachycardias signify impaired survival in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:566-573.
66. Bansch D, Ouyang F, Antz M, Arentz T, Weber R, Val-Mejias JE, Ernst S, Kuck KH. Successful catheter ablation of electrical storm after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003;108:3011-3016.
67. Silva RM, Mont L, Nava S, Rojel U, Matas M, Brugada J. Radiofrequency catheter ablation for arrhythmic storm in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004; 27:971-975.
68. Haïssaguerre M, Shoda M, Jaïs P, Nogami A, Shah DC, Kautzner J, Arentz T, Kalushe D, Lamaison D, Griffith M, Cruz F, de Paola A, Gaïta F, Hocini M, Garrigue S, Macle L, Weerasooriya R, Clémenty J. Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2002;106: 962-967.
69. Della Bella P, Riva S, Fassini G, Giraldi F, Berti M, Klersy C, Trevisi N. Incidence and significance of pleomorphism in patients with postmyocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia: acute and long-term outcome of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1127-1138.
70. Carbucicchio C, Santamaria M, Trevisi N, Maccabelli G, Giraldi F, Fassini G, Riva S, Moltrasio M, Cireddu M, Veglia F, Della Bella P. Catheter ablation for the treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: short- and long-term outcomes in a prospective single-center study. Circulation. 2008;117:456-457.
71. Reddy VY, Reynolds MR, Neuzil P, Richardson AW, Taborsky M, Jongnarangsin K, Kralovec S, Sediva L, Ruskin JN, Josephson ME. Prophylactic catheter ablation for the prevention of defibrillator therapy. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2657-2665.
72. Kuck K, Schaumann A, Eckardt L, Willems S, Ventura R, Delacrétaz E, Pitschner H, Kautzner J, Schumacher B, Hansen PS; VTACH Study Investigators. Catheter ablation of stable ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary heart disease before defibrillator implantation (VTACH study): a randomized controlled multicenter trial. In Press. Current Controlled Trials number NCT00919373.
73. Aliot EM, Stevenson WG, Almendral-Garrote JM, Bogun F, Calkins CH, Delacretaz E, Della Bella P, Hindricks G, Jaïs P, Josephson ME, Kautzner J, Kay GN, Kuck KH, Lerman BB, Marchlinski F, Reddy V, Schalij MJ, Schilling R, Soejima K, Wilber D; European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA); Registered Branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); American College of Cardiology (ACC); American Heart Association (AHA). EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias: developed in a partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a Registered Branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:886-933.