Future landscapes in south-eastern australia: The role of protected areas and biolinks in adaptation to climate change

Biodiversity

Volumn 9, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 59-70

  Mansergh, Ian ^a,b   Cheal, David ^c   Fitzsimons, James A ^d  

^a Department of Sustainability and Environment   (Australia)

^b LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c ARTHUR RYLAH INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^d DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Biolinks; Climate and land use change; Eastern Australia; Ecological connectivity

Indexed keywords

EID: 73849152780     PISSN: 14888386     EISSN: 21600651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2008.9712908     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Adam, P., and Robinson, D., 1996. Negative effects of fuel reduction burning on the habitat of the Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis. Victorian Naturalist, 113:4–9.
2. Allaby, M., 1985. The Oxford Dictionary of Natural History, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
3. Andreasen, J. K., O'Neill, R. V., Noss, R., and Slosser, N. C., 2001. Considerations for the development of a terrestrial index of ecological integrity. Ecological Indicators, 1:21–35.
4. Australian Government. 2008. “ National Inventory Report 2005(Revised) ”. In The Australian Government Submission to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008, Canberra:Department of Climate Change.
5. Barr, N., 2005. The Changing Social Landscape of Rural Victoria., Melbourne:Department of Primary Industries.
6. Barr, N., 2008. “ The social landscapes of rural Victoria ”. In Landscape Analysis and Visualisation., Edited by:Pettit, C., William Cartwright, W., Bishop, I., Lowell, K., Pullar, D., and Duncan, D., 305–324. Berlin:Springer. Lecturer Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series
7. Beaumont, L. J., Hughes, L., and Poulsen, M., 2005. Predicting species distributions:use of climatic parameters in BIOCLIM and its impact on predictions of species' current and future distributions. Ecological Modelling, 186:250–269.
8. Bennett, S., Brereton, R., and Mansergh, I., 1992. Enhanced Greenhouse and the Wildlife of South Eastern Australia. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report No. 127. Heidelberg
9. Bennett, A. F., 1999. Linkages in the Landscape., Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
10. Blakers, M., Davies, S. J. J. F., and Reilly, P. N., 1984. The Atlas of Australian Birds., Melbourne:RAOU and Melbourne University Press.
11. Boitani, L., Falcucci, A., Maiorano, L., and Rondinini, C., 2007. Ecological networks as conceptual frameworks or operational tools in conservation. Conservation Biology, 21:1414–22.
12. Brereton, R., Bennett, S., and Mansergh, I., 1995. Enhanced greenhouse climate change and its potential effect on selected fauna of south-eastern Australia:a trend analysis. Biological Conservation, 72:39–354.
13. Brooker, M. G., and Margules, C. R., 1996. The relative conservation value of remnant patches of native vegetation in the wheatbelt of Western Australia:I. Plant Diversity. Pacific Conservation Biology, 2:268–278.
14. Burbidge, A. A., Williams, M. R., and Abbott, I., 1997. Mammals of Australian islands:factors influencing species richness. Journal of Biogeography, 24 (6):703–715.
15. Cabena, P. B., 1983. Victoria's water frontages:an historical review and resource appreciation., Melbourne:Department of Crown Lands and Survey.
16. Callister, K. E., 2004. Casuarina pauper (Belah) Woodlands of Northwest Victoria:Monitoring and Regeneration., PhD thesis Ballarat:University of Ballarat.
17. Chalmers, A., McIntyre, S., Whalley, R. D. B., and Reid, N., 2005. Grassland species response to soil disturbance and nutrient enrichment on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Botany, 53:485–499.
18. Clode, D., 2006. As if for a Thousand Years:a History of Victoria's Land Conservation and Environment Conservation Councils., Melbourne:Victorian Environmental Assessment Council.
19. Commonwealth of Australia. 1999. Australian Guidelines for Establishing the National Reserve System, Canberra:Environment Australia.
20. Conran, J. G., and Lowrie, A., 2007. The Biogeography of Drosera striaticaulis (Droseraceae) in Australia:A Disjunct ‘Island’ Refugee?. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 132 (2):142–151.
21. Cowell, S., and Williams, C., 2006. Conservation through buyer-diversity:A key role for not-for-profit land-holding organizations in Australia. Ecological Management & Restoration, 7:5–20.
22. Crisp, M. D., and Chandler, G. T., 1996. Paraphyletic species. Telopea, 6 (4):813–844.
23. Crosthwaite, J., Malcolm, B., Moll, J., and Dorrough, J., 2008. Future investment in landscape change in southern Australia. Landscape Research, 33:239–255.
24. Cunningham, S. A., 2000. Effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive ecology of four plant species in Mallee woodland. Conservation Biology, 14:758–768.
25. Damschen, E. I., Haddad, N. M., Orrock, J. L., Tewksbury, J. J., and Levey, D. J., 2006. Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science, 313:1284–86.
26. Dean, C., Roxburgh, S., and Mackey, B., 2003. “ Growth modelling of Eucalyptus regnans for carbon accounting at the landscape scale ”. In Modelling forest ecosystems, Edited by:Amaro, A., Reed, D., and Soaro, P., 27–39. Wallingford, UK:CAB International.
27. Dorrough, J., and Moxham, C., 2005. Eucalypt establishment in agricultural landscapes and implications for landscape-scale restoration. Biological Conservation, 123:56–66.
28. Dorrough, J., Moxham, C., Turner, V., and Sutter, G., 2006. Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in an Australian grassy woodland. Biological Conservation, 130:394–405.
29. DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment). 2008. Net Gain Accounting First Approximation Report, Melbourne:Department of Sustainability and Environment.
30. Drayton, B., and Primack, R. B., 1996. Plant Species Lost in an Isolated Conservation Area in Metropolitan Boston from 1894 to 1993. Conservation Biology, 10 (1):30–39.
31. Dunlop, M., and Brown, P., 2008. Implications of climate change for Australia's National Reserve System:a preliminary assessment, Canberra:Department of Climate Change and Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
32. ECC. 1997. Box-Ironbark Forests and Woodlands Investigation:Resources and Issues Report, Melbourne:Environment Conservation Council.
33. ECC. 2001. Box-Ironbark Forest and Woodlands Investigation:Final Report, Melbourne:Environment Conservation Council.
34. Eddy, D. A., 1990. “ Conservation management of native grassland in travelling stock reserves and cemeteries of the Monaro ”. In Native Grass Workshop, Edited by:Dowling, P. M., and Garden, D. L., Dubbo, NSW:Australian Wool Corporation Research and Development Group.
35. Eigenraam, M., Stoneham, G., Beverly, C., and Todd, J., Emerging environmental markets:a catchment modelling framework to meet new information requirements. Proceedings of the OECD Workshop on Agriculture and Water:Sustainability, Markets and Policies. November14–182005, Adelaide. Available:http://www.oecd.org/secure/docDocument/0,2827,en_21571361_34281952_35567168_1_1_1_1,00.doc
36. Ferwerda, F., 2003. Assessing the Importance of Remnant Vegetation for Maintaining Biodiversity in Rural Landscapes Using Geospatial Analysis, MAppSci thesis Melbourne:RMIT University.
37. Figgis, P., 2004. Conservation on Private Lands:The Australian Experience, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK:IUCN.
38. Fischlin, A., and Midley, G., 2007. “ Ecosytems, their properties, goods and services ”. In IPCC Fourth Assessment report–Working Group 2 report:Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability Chapter 4. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm
39. Fitzsimons, J., and Wescott, G., 2001. The role and contribution of private land in Victoria to biodiversity conservation and the protected area system. Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 8:142–157.
40. Fitzsimons, J. A., 2004. The Contribution of Multi-tenure Reserve Networks to Biodiversity Conservation, PhD thesis Melbourne:School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University.
41. Fitzsimons, J. A., 2006a. Private Protected Areas? Determining the suitability for incorporating conservation agreements over private land into the National Reserve System:A case study of Victoria. Environmental and Planning Law Journal, 23:365–385.
42. Fitzsimons, J. A., 2006b. Public land use planning using bioregions and other attributes:determining the study area of the VEAC River Red Gum Forests investigation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 118:75–85.
43. Fitzsimons, J. A., and Ashe, C., 2003. Some recent strategic additions to Victoria's protected area system, 1997–2002. Victorian Naturalist, 120:98–108.
44. Fitzsimons, J. A., and Wescott, G., 2008a. The role of multi-tenure reserve networks in improving reserve design and connectivity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85:163–173.
45. Fitzsimons, J. A., and Wescott, G., 2008b. Ecosystem conservation in multi-tenure reserve networks:the contribution of land outside of publicly protected areas. Pacific Conservation Biology, 14 in press
46. Fleishman, E., Ray, C., Sjogren-Gulve, P., Boggs, C. L., and Murphy, D. D., 2002. Assessing the Roles of Patch Quality, Area, and Isolation in Predicting Metapopulation Dynamics. Conservation Biology, 16 (3):706–716.
47. Garnaut Review. 2008. Issues Paper 1. Climate Change:Land use–Agriculture and forestry. Garnaut Review, Melbourne
48. Gibbons, P., and Lindenmayer, D., 2002. Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia, Collingwood:CSIRO Publishing.
49. Gilbee, A., 1999. “ Tree Cover Change in Victoria c. 1869–1993:An Outline of Methods for Mapping and Monitoring ”. In Natural Resource Systems, Melbourne:Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
50. Hannah, D., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Catterall, C. P., McCosker, J. C., Thurgate, N. Y., and Fensham, R. J., 2007. Impacts of clearing, fragmentation and disturbance on the bird fauna of Eucalypt savanna woodlands in central Queensland, Australia. Austral Ecology, 32 (3):261–276.
51. Heikkinen, R. K., Luoto, M., Araújo, M. B., Virkkala, R., Thuiller, W., and Sykes, M. T., 2006. Methods and uncertainties in bioclimatic envelope modelling under climate change. Progress in Physical Geography, 30:751–777.
52. Hennessy, K., Lucas, C., Nicholls, N., Bathols, J., Suppiah, R., and Ricketts, J., 2005. Climate change impacts on fire weather in southeastern Australia, Melbourne:CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology.
53. Hilbert, D. W., Hughes, L., Johnson, J., Lough, J. M., Low, T., Pearson, R. G., Sutherst, R. W., and Whittaker, S., 2007. “ Biodiversity conservation research in a changing climate ”. In Workshop report:research needs and information gaps for the implementation of the key objectives of the National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan, Canberra:Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Available:www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/climate-priorities/pubs/climatepriorities.pdf
54. Hilty, J. A., Lidicker, W. Z., and Merenlender, A. M., 2006. Corridor Ecology:the science and practice of linking landscapes for biodiversity conservation, 323Washington:Island Press.
55. Hobbs, R. J., and Yates, C., eds. 2000. Temperate Eucalypt Woodlands in Australia:biology, conservation, management and restoration, Sydney:Surrey Beatty and Sons.
56. Hobbs, R. J., and Yates, C. J., 2003. Turner Review No. 7:Impacts of ecosystem fragmentation on plant populations:generalising the idiosyncratic. Australian Journal of Botany, 51:471–488.
57. Hoctor, T. S., Carr, M. H., and Zwick, P. D., 2000. Identifying a linked reserve system using a regional landscape approach:the Florida Ecological Network. Conservation Biology, 14:984–1000.
58. Hoctor, T. S., Allen, W. L., III, Carr, M. H., Zwick, P. D., Huntley, E., Smith, D. J., Maehr, D. S., Buch, R., and Hilsenbeck, R., 2008. Land corridors in the southeast USA:Connectivity to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. Journal of Conservation Planning, 4:90–122.
59. Hughes, L., 2003. Climate change and Australia:Trends, projections and impacts. Austral Ecology, 28:423–443.
60. Hurlbert, S. H., 1997. Functional importance vs keystoneness:Reformulating some questions in theoretical biocenology. Australian Journal of Ecology, 22:369–382.
61. International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. The physical science basis:Summary for policymakers, Paris:UNEP.
62. JANIS. 1997. Nationally Agreed Criteria for the Establishment of a Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative Reserve System for Forests in Australia, Canberra:Joint ANZECC/MCFFA NFPS Implementation Subcommittee.
63. Jones, R., and Durack, P., 2005. Estimating the impacts of climate change on Victoria's runoff using hydrological sensitivity model, East Melbourne:CSIRO and DSE.
64. Jones, R. N., Dettman, P., Park, G., Rogers, M., and White, T., 2007. The relationship between adaptation and mitigation in managing climate change risks:a regional response for north central Victoria, Australia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12:685–712.
65. Jones-Walters, L., 2007. Pan-European ecological networks. Journal for Nature Conservation, 15:262–264.
66. Kent, M., and Coker, P., 1994. Vegetation Description and Analysis:A practical approach, Singapore:John Wiley and Sons.
67. Kile, G., Greig, P., and Edgar, J., 1980. Tree decline in rural Victoria, Melbourne:Institute of Foresters.
68. Kirchner, F., Ferdy, J., Andalo, C., Colas, B., and Moret, J., 2003. Role of corridors in plant dispersal:an example with the endangered Ranunculus nodiflorus. Conservation Biology, 17:401–410.
69. Ladiges, P. Y., and Whiffin, T., 1993. Taxonomic Revision of Eucalyptus alpina s.l. and Recognition of Three New Species, E. victoriana, E. serraensis and E. verrucosa. Australian Systematic Botany, 6 (4):365–370.
70. Lamont, B. B., 1992. “ Functional interactions within plants–the contribution of keystone and other species to biological diversity ”. In Biodiversity of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Australia, Edited by:Hobbs, R. J., 95–127. Chipping Norton, NSW:Surrey Beatty and Sons.
71. Lindenmayer, D., Fischer, J., and Cunningham, R., 2005. Native vegetation cover thresholds associated with species response. Biological Conservation, 124:311–316.
72. Lloyd, A. H., and Graumlich, L. J., 1997. Holocene Dynamics of Treeline Forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology, 78 (4):1199–1210.
73. Lunt, I. D., 1991. Management of remnant lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands for nature conservation; a review. Victorian Naturalist, 108 (3):56–66.
74. Lunt, I. D., 1995. European Management of Remnant Grassy Forests and Woodlands in South-eastern Australia–Past, Present and Future?. Victorian Naturalist, 112 (6):239–249.
75. Mackey, B. G., Soulé, M. E., Nix, H. A., Recher, H. F., Leslie, R. G., Williams, J. E., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Hobbs, R. J., and Possingham, H. P., 2007. “ Towards a scientific framework for the WildCountry project ”. In Key Topics and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology, Edited by:Wu, J., and Hobbs, R. J., 192–213. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
76. Macphail, M. K., 1997. Late Neogene Climates in Australia:Fossil Pollenand Spore-based Estimates in Retrospect and Prospect. Australian Journal of Botany, 45 (3):425–464.
77. Main, A., 1988. “ Climate change and its effect on nature conservation in Australia ”. In Greenhouse:Planning for climate change in Australia, Edited by:Pearman, G., Melbourne:CSIRO.
78. Manning, A., Fischer, J., and Lindenmayer, D., 2006. Scattered trees are keystone structures–implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 132:311–321.
79. Mansergh, I., and Anderson, H., 2006. “ Institutions for providing Global Environmental Goods ”. In ‘Managing uncertainty, complexity and change in the field of biodiversity and climate change’ Available:http://biogov.cpdr.ucl.ac.be/bioinstit/NEW%20N%20PAPERS/I.%20Mansergh%20&%20Anderson-Paper21–07–2006.pdf
80. Mansergh, I., Anderson, H., and Amos, N., 2006a. Victoria's living natural capital–decline and replenishment:1880–2050 (Part 2)–The new millennium:replenishment. Victorian Naturalist, 123:288–322.
81. Mansergh, I., Anderson, H., and Amos, N., 2006b. Victoria's living natural capital–decline and replenishment:1880–2050 (Part 1). Victorian Naturalist, 123:4–28.
82. Mansergh, I., and Bennett, S., 1989. ‘Greenhouse’ and wildlife management. Victorian Naturalist, 106:248–52.
83. Mansergh, I., and Cheal, D., Protected area planning and management for eastern Australian temperate forests and woodland ecosystems under climate change–a landscape approach. Protected areas:buffering against climate change:Proceedings of a WWF and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas symposium. June18–192007, Canberra. Edited by:Taylor, M., and Figgis, P., pp. 58–72. Sydney:WWF Australia.
84. Mansergh, I., Lau, A., and Anderson, R., 2008. “ Geographic landscape visualisation in planning adaptation to climate change in Victoria, Australia ”. In Landscape Analysis and Visualisation, Edited by:Pettit, C., William Cartwright, W., Bishop, I., Lowell, K., Pullar, D., and Duncan, D., Berlin:Springer. Lecturer Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series, Chapter 23
85. Markgraf, V., and McGlone, M., 2005. “ Southern temperate ecosystems responses ”. In Climate change and biodiversity, Edited by:Lovejoy, T. E., and Hannah, L. J., 142–156. New Haven:Yale University Press.
86. Maron, M., and Fitzsimons, J. A., 2007. Agricultural intensification and loss of matrix habitat over 23 years in the West Wimmera, south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation, 134:587–593.
87. McAlpine, C. A., Syktus, J., Deo, R. C., Lawrence, P. J., McGowan, H. A., Watterson, I. G., and Phinn, S. R., 2007. Modelling the impact of historical land cover change on Australia's regional climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 34:L22711
88. McIntyre, S., and Hobbs, R. J., 2000. “ Human impacts on landscapes:matrix condition and management priorities ”. In Nature Conservation 5–Conservation in Production Environments:Managing the Matrix, Edited by:Craig, J. L., Mitchell, N., and Saunders, D. A., 301–307. Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty and Sons.
89. McIntyre, S., and Martin, T. G., 2001. Biophysical and human influences on plant species richness in grasslands:Comparing variegated landscapes in subtropical and temperate regions. Austral Ecology, 26:233–245.
90. McKenzie, G. M., 2002. The late Quaternary vegetation history of the south-central highlands of Victoria, Australia. II. Sites below 900m. Austral Ecology, 27:32–54.
91. Mendel, L. C., and Kirkpatrick, J. B., 2002. Historical Progress of Biodiversity Conservation in the Protected-Area System of Tasmania, Australia. Biological Conservation, 16 (6):1520–1529.
92. Menzel, A., Sparks, T. H., Estrella, N., Koch, E., Aaasa, A., Ahas, R., Alm-Kübler, K., Bissolli, P., Braslavska?, O., Briede, A., Chmielewski, F. M., Crepinsek, Z., Curnel, Y., Dahl, Å., Defila, C., Donnelly, A., Filella, Y., Jatczak, K., Måge, F., Mestre, A., Nordli, Ø., Pen?uelas, J., Pirinen, P., Remisová, V., Scheifinger, H., Striz, M., Susnik, A., Van Vliet, A. J. H., Wielgolaski, F. E., Zach, S., and Zust, A., 2006. European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Global Change Biology, 13:1–8.
93. Miller-Rushing, A. J., and Primack, R. B., 2004. Climate change and plant conservation. Plant Talk, 35:34–38.
94. Morgan, G., 2000. Landscape Health in Australia:A rapid assessment of the relative condition of Australia's bioregions and subregions, Canberra:Environment Australia.
95. Mouillot, F., Rambal, S., and Joffre, R., 2002. Simulating climate change impacts on fire frequency and vegetation dynamics in Mediterraneantype ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 8:423–437. National Forest Inventory. 2004
96. National Land and Water Resources Audit. 2001. Australian Native Vegetation Assessment 2001, Canberra, ACT, Australia:National Land and Water Resources Audit.
97. National Plantation Inventory Update–March. 2004. Canberra:Bureau of Rural Sciences.
98. Nemani, R., Keeling, C., Hashimoto, H., Jolly, W., Piper, S., Tucker, C., Myneni, R., and Running, S., 2003. Climate–driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 300:1560–1563.
99. Newell, G., Griffioen, P., and Cheal, D., 2001. The potential effect of ‘Greenhouse’ climate warming scenarios upon selected Victorian plant and vegetation communities, Melbourne:Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research.
100. Nitscke, C., and Hickey, G., 2007. Assessing the vulnerability of Victoria's Central Highlands to climate Change, Melbourne:Department of Sustainability and Environment Technical report.
101. NLWRA. 2001a. Australian Agricultural Assessment–2001, Canberra:National Land and Water Resources Audit.
102. NLWRA. 2001b. Australian Native Vegetation Assessment–2001
103. National Land and Water Resources Audit:Canberra NLWRA. 2002a. Australians and Natural Resource Management–2002, Canberra:National Land and Water Resources Audit.
104. NLWRA. 2002b. Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment–2002, Canberra:National Land and Water Resources Audit.
105. Ogden, J., and Powell, J. A., 1979. A quantitative description of the forest vegetation on an altitudinal gradient in the Mount Field National Park, Tasmania, and a discussion of its history and dynamics. Australian Journal of Ecology, 4:293–325.
106. Opdam, P., and Wascher, D., 2004. Climate change meets habitat fragmentation:linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation. Biological Conservation, 117:285–297.
107. Paine, R. T., 1969. A note on trophic complexity and community stability. American Naturalist, 103:91–93.
108. Parkes, D., Newell, G., and Cheal, D., 2003. Assessing the quality of native vegetation:the ‘Habitat Hectares’ approach. Ecological Management and Restoration, 4:S29–S38.
109. Palmer, G. C., and Bennett, A. F., 2006. Riparian zones provide for distinct bird assemblages in forest mosaics of south-east Australia. Biological Conservation, 130:447–457.
110. Peters, R., and Darling, J., 1985. The greenhouse effect and nature reserves. BioScience, 35:707–717.
111. Pieck, A., 2003. “ The distribution and habitat use of the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula ”. In the yellow-tailed black cockatoo breeding area, thesis Edited by:Hills, Koppio, Peninsula, Eyre, and South Australia, B. Sc., Adelaide, South Australia:Environmental and Recreational Management, University of South Australia.
112. Porteners, M. 1993. The natural vegetation of the Hay Plain:Booligal-Hay and Deniliquin-Bendigo 1:250 000 maps Cunninghamia 3:1–122
113. Price, O. F., Woinarski, J. C. Z., and Robinson, D., 1999. Very large area requirements for frugivorous birds in monsoon rainforests of the Northern Territory, Australia. Biological Conservation, 91:169–180.
114. Prober, S. M., and Thiele, K. R., 1993. The Ecology and Genetics of Remnant Grassy White Box Woodlands in Relation to their Conservation. Victorian Naturalist, 110 (1):30–36.
115. Radford, J. Q., Bennett, A. F., and Cheers, G. J., 2005. Landscape level thresholds of habitat cover for woodland dependant birds. Biological Conservation, 124:317–337.
116. Reid, J. B., Hill, R. S., Brown, M. J., and Hovenden, M. J., 1999. Vegetation of Tasmania. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series, Volume 8, Canberra:Australian Biological Resources Study.
117. Richardson, D. M., Cowling, R. M., Lamont, B. B., and van Hensbergen, H. J., 1995. Coexistence of Banksia species in southwestern Australia:the role of regional and local processes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6:329–342.
118. Rosenweig, C., Karoly, D., Vicarelli, M., Neofotis, P., Wu, Q., Casassa, G., Menzel, A., Root, T., Estrella, N., Suguin, B., Tryjanowski, P., Liu, C., Rawlins, S., and Imeson, A., 2008. Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change. Nature, 453:352–358.
119. Sala, O, Ill, F, Armesto, J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L., Jackson, R., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D., Mooney, H., Oesterheld, M., Poff, N., Sykes, M., Walker, H., Walker, M., and Wall, D., 2003. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287:1770–1774.
120. Schama, S., 1998. Landscape and Memory, New York:Vintage Publications.
121. Serong, M., and Lill, A., 2008. The timing and nature of floristic and structural changes during secondary succession in wet forests. Australian Journal of Botany, 56 (3):220–231.
122. Shapcott, A., 2000. Conservation and genetics in the fragmented monsoon rainforest in the Northern Territory, Australia; a case study of three frugivore-dispersed species. Australian Journal of Botany, 48 (3):397–407.
123. Sluiter, I. R. K., Minchin, P. R., and Jaensch, S. C., 1997. The Buloke and Pine Woodlands of Semi-arid and Dry Sub-humid Victoria and Nearby Areas, Canberra, ACT, Australia:Australian Nature Conservation Agency. Report by Ogyris Research
124. Soderquist, T. R., and Mac Nally, R., 2000. The conservation value of mesic gullies in dry forest landscapes:mammal populations in the Box-Ironbark ecosystem of southern Australia. Biological Conservation, 93:281–291.
125. Soule, M. E., Mackey, B. G., Recher, H. F., Williams, J. E., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Driscoll, D., Dennison, W. G., and Jones, M. E., 2004. The role of connectivity in Australian conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology, 10:266–79.
126. Stern, N., 2007. The Stern Review:the economics of climate change, United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
127. Stoneham, G., Chaudhri, V., Ha, A., and Strappazzon, L., 2003. Auctions for conservation contracts:an empirical examination of Victoria's BushTender trial. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47:477–500.
128. Suppiah, R., Hennessy, K. J., Whetton, P. H., McInnes, K., Macadam, I., Bathols, J., Ricketts, J., and Page, C. M., 2007. Australian climate change projections derived from simulations performed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 56:131–152.
129. Taylor, M., and Figgis, P., eds. Protected areas:buffering against climate change:Proceedings of a WWF and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas symposium. June18–192007, Canberra. Canberra:WWF and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas.
130. Thomas, C. D., Cameron, A., Green, R. E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L. J., Collingham, Y. C., Erasmus, B. F. N., de Siqueira, M. F., Gralinger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaasvel, A. S., Midgley, G. F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M. A., Peterson, A. T., Phillips, O. L., and Williams, S. E., 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, 427:145–148.
131. Truswell, E. M., 1993. Vegetation changes in the Australian tertiary in response to climatic and phytogeographic forcing factors. Australian Systematic Botany, 6:533–557.
132. Umina, P. A., Weeks, A. R., Kearney, M., McKechnie, S. W., and Hoffmann, A. A., 2005. A rapid shift in a classic clinal pattern in Drosophila reflecting climate change. Science, 308:691–693.
133. van der Ree, R., and Bennett, A. F., 2001. Woodland remnants along roadsides:A reflection of pre-European structure in temperate woodlands?. Ecological Management & Restoration, 2:224–226.
134. VEAC. 2007. River Red Gum Forests Investigation Draft Proposals Paper for Public Comment, Melbourne:Victorian Environmental Assessment Council.
135. Vesk, P. A., and Dorrough, J. W., 2006. Getting trees on farms the easy way? Lessons from a model of eucalypt regeneration on pastures. Australian Journal of Botany, 54:509–519.
136. Victorian Government. 2008a. Land and Biodiversity at a Time of Climate Change, Melbourne:Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment. Green Paper, Victorian Government. 2008b. Victorian Environmental Assessment Council Remnant Native Vegetation Investigation Draft Terms of Reference for Public Comment. Available:http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/F1B8623360DBBC1FCA25742D000A32D4/$File/Remnant+Native+Vegetation+draft+TOR+for+advert.pdf
137. Watson, D. M., Mac Nally, R., and Bennett, A. F., 2000. The avifauna of severely fragmented Buloke Allocasuarina luehmannii woodland in western Victoria, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology, 6:46–60.
138. Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists. 2003. Blueprint for a National Water Plan, Sydney:World Wildlife Fund Australia.
139. Wilson, J. A., and Lowe, K. W., 2003. Planning for the restoration of native biodiversity within the Goulburn Broken Catchment, Victoria, using spatial modelling. Ecological Management and Restoration, 4:212–219.
140. Witkowski, E. T. F., and Lamont, B. B., 1997. Does the rare Banksia goodii have inferior vegetative, reproductive or ecological attributes compared with its widespread co-occurring relative B. gardneri? Journal of Biogeography, 24:469–482.
141. Woldendorp, G., and Keenan, R. J., 2005. Coarse woody debris in Australian forest ecosystems:A review. Austral Ecology, 30:834–843.
142. Woodgate, P. W., Peel, B. D., Coram, J. E., Farrell, S. J., Ritman, K. T., and Lewis, A., 1996. Old-growth forest studies in Victoria, Australia Concepts and principles. Forest Ecology and Management, 85:79–94.
143. Woodward, F. I., and Rochefort, L., 1991. Sensitivity analysis of vegetation diversity to environmental change. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 1:7–23.
144. Yates, C. J., Norton, D. A., and Hobbs, R. J., 2000. Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south-western Australia:implications for restoration. Austral Ecology, 25:36–47.
145. Yen, A. L., Hinkley, S., Lillywhite, P., Wainer, J., and Walker, K., 2002. A preliminary survey of the arboreal invertebrate fauna of two River Red Gum trees (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) near the Murray River. Victorian Naturalist, 119:180–185.